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无定代词小结

无定代词

有一類代詞所指代的不是具體的人或事，所以稱之為“無定代詞”。

無定代詞可以分為兩種情況：一種是雖無具體的某人、某事、某物，卻有說話人意料中的某人、某事、某物，表示部分存在的肯定意義，有的語法書把它稱作“分指”，如“或”；一種是雖無具體的某人、某事、某物，實際上卻是指這些人、事、物的全體，表示概莫例外的否定意義，有的語法書把它稱作“無指”，如“莫”。

（五）肯定性無定代詞“或”

1.“或”，如果是實指，其前一般有先行詞，“或”字指代其中的某些人或者某一个人；如：

今此下民，或敢侮予？（詩·豳風）（下民，先行詞）

宋人或得玉，獻諸子罕，子罕弗受。（左傳·襄公十四年）（宋人，先行詞）

人固有一死，或重於泰山，或輕於鴻毛。（文選·報任少卿書）（死，先行詞）

2.如果是表示假設的虛指，則可以沒

有先行詞。“或”可以翻譯為“有人”、“有的”，但不定誰何。一般作主語。

一夫不耕，或受之饑；一女不織，或受之寒。《漢書·食貨志》（一个农夫不耕种，有的人就可能因此而挨饿；一女子不纺织，有的人就可能因此而挨冻。）

如或知尔，则何以哉？《论语·先进》

或謂孔子曰：“子奚不為政？”《論語·為政》

3.“或”字还常常前后呼应，表示列举不同的情况。这是“或”仍然是无定代词，它既可以指人，又可以指物。“有人.....有人....”“有的...有的...”

或百步而后止，或五十步而后止。《孟子·梁惠王上》

夫物之不齐，物之情也；或相倍蓰，或相什伯，或相千万。《孟子·许行》（物品千差万别，这是客观情形。（它们的价值）有的相差一倍、五倍，有的相差十倍、百倍，有的相差千倍万倍）

这种用法的“或”字不是连词，不能译为“或者”。

（六）否定性无定代词“莫”

1.表示否定意義的無定代詞只作主語，其前一般有先行詞。先行詞規定了這些無定代詞所替代的範圍。

“莫”，可以代人，也可以代事，表示“沒有人”或“沒有事情”。如：

群臣莫對。（戰國策·楚策）（“群臣”是“莫”的先行詞）

一府中皆懾伏，莫敢起。（史記·項羽本紀）（一府中，先行詞）

東西南北，莫可奔走。（鹽鐵論·非鞅）（東西南北，是先行詞）

梁惠王曰：“晉國，天下莫強焉，叟之所知也。”（孟子·梁惠王上）（天下，先行詞）

孝子之至，莫大乎尊親。（孟子·萬章）（孝，先行詞）

過而能改，善莫大焉。（左傳·宣公二年）（善，先行詞）

在先秦古籍中,“莫”一般只用作否定代词,偶然也用作否定副词,相当于现代汉语的否定副词“不”。到汉代以后,才发展成表禁

止的否定副词,相当于“不要”的意思。这种情况,才是现代汉语“莫”的常规用法。如: 小子何莫学乎《诗》?(《论语·阳货》)

愿早定大计,莫用众人之议也。(《赤壁之战》)

3.“莫”字的语法特点：

（1）无定代词“莫”。

只作主语。

它前面总是伴有或暗含一个先行词。这个先行词一般指人或事物的群体。“莫”的作用就是对群体中所有个体进行逐个否定,从而否定整个群体。表示整个群体中没有哪一个(一件、一处)是如此的意思。这可与无定代词“或”对比着来理解。“或”前面也是伴有或暗含一个先行词,但它却表示群体中有某一个或某一部分是如此“`或”是部分肯定,而“莫”却是全盘否定。在作语法分析时,这些先行词,可看成是第一语法层次的主语,它后边部分是以“莫”作主语的主谓词组作谓语。较早的语法书,多把这种先行词处理为表示范围的状语。“莫”前的先行词,有时出现在上文的某一成分中,有时因泛指而不

出现,但在理解句子时,可以补出来。

2.副词“莫”

(1）只作状语。

(2)“莫”前也可有个名词出现,这个名词也可承上文省略,但这个名词,一般不表示群体事物,在多数情况下表示单一的个体事物,由专有名词充当。“莫”前的这个名词,不是先行词,而是“莫”后谓词所陈述的对象——主语。

(3)作副词的“莫”,它前面的名词如果是表群体的词的话,那么一般要有其他语法手段

加以限制,表明它不是先行词,而是主语。如: 诸将皆莫信。(《史记.淮阴侯列传》)

妙小予何莫学夫诗。(《论语.阳货)))

“诸将”“小子”都是表示群体的名词,但“莫”前嵌有副词“皆”和疑问代词“何”,“皆”“何”是修饰谓词“信”(包括“莫”)“学”(也包括“莫”)的,而不是修饰主谓词组“莫信”“莫学”的。

(4)“莫”用于祈使句,表示禁止性否定,属否定副词,而不是无定代词。这类句子语意较明显,不会与无定代词相混淆,

愿早定大计,莫用众人之议也。(《资治通鉴·赤壁之战》)

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