文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 论文翻译

论文翻译

论文翻译
论文翻译

Lanthanum -Promoted Ru /Sepiolite in Ammonia Synthesis

镧—钌/海泡石对氨合成的影响

Abstract :A new kind of Ru supported on sepiolite catalyst with La as promoter for ammonia synthesis was prepared 。The efects of reaction conditions on catalytic activity were discussed 。The result shows that La is an effective promoter for sepiolite-supported Ru based catalys 。When the load of Ru is 5% (mass fraction),and the molar ratio of La /Ru is 1.5,under the condition of 10 MPa 450℃ 20000 h ~ ,the ammonia synthesis rate is 38.5 mmol NH3g/h-

摘要:一种新的钌基海泡石氨合成催化剂,下面讨论了反应条件对其催化活性的影响。结果表明La 是海泡石为载体的Ru 基催化剂的一种有效促进剂。当钌的载体质量分数在5%,La /Ru 摩尔比1.5,压力为10 MPa ,温度为450℃,空速为20000 h ~的条件下,氨合成速率是38.5 mmol NH3g/h -。

Key words :lanthanum ;sepiolite ;ruthenium ; ammonia synthesis ;rare earth;

关键字:镧 ;海泡石;钌;合成氨;稀土;

The iron —based catalysts for ammonia synthesis have the common problems of low efficiency. High consumphonot energy ,strict requirement for equipment , and low operation flexibility ,etc .and it is hard to radically lower energy consumption by simply improving iron —based catalysts property. In 1972,Ozaki etal found that the ammonia synthesis activity of the active carbon support Ru based catalyst with K

as promoter is 1 0 to 20 times higher than that of the iron —based catalysts.So many researches have been carried out on the support and the promoter of Ru-based catalys . The rare earth metal oxide is an effective promoter for Ru /A12O 3 catalys ,but works not so effectively for Ru /

MgO catalyst.Sepiolite,with alkalescence,inner structure of

cellularity ,and the configuration of fiber,is a good supporter of catalyst,and is relatively widely used as catalyst or supporter of catalys.This article investigates the Sep supported Ru based ammonia synthesis catalyst with rare earth as promoter in order to develop new methods for using of natural resources.

铁—基催化剂在氨合成反应中有常见问题是低效率,高能耗,对设备有严格的要求,低的操作灵活性,等等.很难通过由简单地改善铁—基地催化剂性质而从根本上降低能源消耗。Ozaki etal发觉氨合成的钌基催化剂对合成氨的催化活性比铁基催化剂高10到20倍。因此,许多研究者对钌基催化剂的载体和促进剂进

行了研究。稀土金属氧化物是一个有效促进Ru/A1

2O

3

催化剂,但工作不是那样有

效对如/氧化镁催化剂,海泡石,同弱碱性,细胞结构的内部结构,纤维的组态,催化剂的一个良好支持者,相对广泛应用于作为催化剂或支持者的催化剂。这篇文章调查海泡石钌基氨合成催化剂。同稀土像促进者为了开发新的方法对自然资源的使用。

1 Experimental实验

1.1 Catalyst preparation催化剂准备

The original mine of Sep was from Leping ,Jiangxi 。 In chemical

element analysi ,the components of Sep were:MgO 10.29%,A1

2O

3

2.87%,

SiO

2 46.68%, CaO 17.5%,Fe

2

O

3

0.8%,K

2

O 0.47%,CO

2

12.18%,H

2

O

9.43%.

最原始的原料是由Leping ,Jiangxi ,在化学元素的分析里原料的组成

是:MgO 10.29%,A1

2O

3

2.87%, SiO

2

46.68%, CaO 17.5%, Fe

2

O

3

0.58%,

K 2O 0.47%,CO

2

12.18%,H

2

O 9.43%.

Weigh out a certain amount of RuC

13

·n H

2

O(Kunming Noble Metal

Institute) ,and dissolved it in ethanol solven 。Impregnated it along with Sep under room temperature for 6 h。Dry it with infrared lamp and desiccated it under the temperature of 1 20 ℃ for 2 h 。Washed it with diluted ammonia,and then washed it with water until it became neutral .After that the dry,supported Ru/Sep catalyst was obtained.

称一定量的RuC13·n H2O(昆明贵金属研究所),溶解它在乙醇里。注入它在室温下控制6小时。在120℃度温度下,以红外线干燥2小时。用稀的氨水清洗,然后用水清洗,知道它变得 ? 干燥后,即获得支持钌/海泡石的催化剂。

Take pro rata a certain amount of nitrate of rare earth (by the Second Shanghai Reagent Factory,analytically pure) ,and dissolved it in water。Dip Ru/Sep in itfor 4 h 。Dry it with infrared lam p and desiccated it under the temperature of 120 cC for 2 h.

按比例取一定量的某稀土的硝酸盐(第二上海试剂工厂,分析纯)然后溶解在水里。将钌、海泡石倒入里面,约四小时。在120度温度下用红外线干燥脱水2小时。

1.2 Activity measurement活性测试

Catalytic tests for ammonia synthesis were carried out using a conventional flow system under atmospheric pressure by loading 2 ml(12 to 16 mesh)catalys H2 and N2(molarratio 3:1) deoxidized through Pd

/A1

2O

3

and activecarbon trap ,were used for ammonia synthesis。Before

the reaction the Ru based catalyst was activated by flowing H2 under atmospheric pressure in the temperature from r.t.up to 450 oC for 20 h .The NH

3

concentrations of the vent gases of ammonia synthesis were estimated by bubbling the gases in a known volume of 0.330 mo1.L-1。。

H 2SO

4

solution till the methyl orange indicator changed color from red to

yellow.

取2毫升催化剂用常规流系统在大气压下进行合成氨催化剂的测试,氢气与

氮气的摩尔比为3:1。通过Pd/A1

2O

3

和活性炭还原。用于合成氨。在钌基催化剂

被大气压下吹进的氢气在450 ℃下经过20 小时的活化前,发泄氨合成的气被估

计附近的的泡沫气体在一个大家都知道的量的0.330mo1。半导体技术天地。硫酸

溶解直到甲基橙指示剂颜色从红色改变到黄色。

2 Results and Discussio结果讨论

The catalytic activity is indicated with reaction speed r(mmol.g-1.h-1 ) The experiment result is shown in Table 1.From Table 1 it can be seen

that the Ru/Sep catalyst without promoter has some catalytic activity under the experiment conditions。This is because of Sep is a kind of alkaline clay and shows some effect of promoter on catalyst when used as

a supporter。But when Ce(NO3)

3 and La(NO3)

3

promoters are added in,the

catalytic activity is obviously improved.This shows that rare earth can effectively promote Sep supported。Although the rare earth promoter is added in the form of nitrate, but the substance that actually functions should be its oxide。Aika etal have investigated rare earth nitrate as promoter for Ru/Al203,and the experiment result shows that the nitrate decomposes completely under the reaction conditions,and the substance that actually functions is its oxide

催化活性被表明同反应速度有关,实验结果如表一所示,从表一我们可以看出,没有助催化剂的钌海泡石基催化剂在实验条件下游一定的催化活性。这是因为海泡石的碱性,并且表明在催化剂被作为载体使用时一些对催化剂促进剂的

影响。但是当Ce(NO3)

3和La(NO3)

3

促进剂被加入时,催化剂活性被明显的提高了。

这表明稀土也能有效的促进海泡石的活性。尽管稀土促进剂被加入硝酸盐,但是该物质还是表现出氧化性。西文调查了稀土硝酸盐可以作为Ru/Al203的促进剂,实验结果表明硝酸盐在反应条件下完全分解,这表明该物质起作用的是它的氧化性。

Table 1Influence of diferent promoters on the catalytic activity 表一:不同的促进剂对催化活性的影响

Catalysts Promotor

metal(M) Promoter

precursor

M/Ru(moler

ratio)

r/(mmol.g-1.h-1 )

Ru5 /Sep None - - 2.86

Ru5-La1.5/Sep La La(NO3)3 1.5 38.5

Ru5-Ce1.5/Sep Ce Ce(NO3)3 1.5 29.3 M is the metal dement of the promoter;M/Ru is the molar ratio of the promoter metal and Ru;The Ru load of all the catalysts is 5% (Inass fraction);Reaction condition:10 MPa.450

o C,2OOOO h-

We can also see from Table 1 that for the Ru based catalyst that uses new type support Sep.La and Ce both show good accelerating effect under the reaction conditions,but the activity when using La as promoter is higher than that when using Ce as promoter.This accords with the research result of Aika et al .

我们可以也从表1观察,用新型海泡石作载体负载镧和Ce的钌基催化剂,在反应条件下显示了很好的加速促进作用,但用镧系作促进剂比用Ce作促进剂时活性高,这是根据Aika et al的实验结果得到的。

2.1 Influence of La/Ru molar ratio on catalytic activity

镧/钌摩尔比对催化剂活性的影响

The experimental results of the Ru based catalyst with diferent La /Ru molar ratio (all contain Ru5% (mass fraction))on the activity is shown in Table 2.

不同的镧钌摩尔比(都包含钌5%(质量分数)) 的钌基催化剂对催化活性的影响实验结果如表二所示

According to the literature the alkaline metal promoter usually should be of high content to exhibit obvious acceleration effect.

碱金属促进剂常常表现出高的内容展出明显加速度效应

will exhibit obvious Table 2 shows that a small amount of La(NO3)

3

promotion with the increase of La/Ru molar ratio.,and the catalyric activity increases gradually.Since the rare earth promoter lessens the restraint effect of hydrogen,it improves its catalytic activity.Since rare earth metal oxide is not prone to move.most of it remains on the surface of Ru or between Ru and its supporter,thus a small amount of rare earth metal can exhibit obvious promotion.

将表现出明显的促进作用,增加La/Ru摩尔比,催表2表明少量的La(NO3)

3

化剂活性会逐渐提高,这是因为稀土促进剂抑制氢气的影响,并且它能提高催化剂的活性,是因为稀土金属氧化物不易改变。大多数仍留在钌的表面,或者钌和

它的载体之间,因此,少量的稀土金属还可以表现出明显的促进作用。

Table 2 Influence of La/Ru molar ratio on catalytic activity

表二:镧/钌摩尔比对催化剂活性的影响

Catalysts La /Ru(moler ratio) r/(mmol.g-1.h-1 )

Ru5-La0.5/Sep0.5 9.65

Ru5-La1/Sep 1 27.6

Ru5-La1.5/Sep 1.5 38.5

Ru load of all catalysts is 5% (mass fraction);Reaction condition:10 mol.L-1 Pa,450 ℃,20000 h-

2.2 Influence of gas—hourly space velocity(GHSV) over catalytic activity

空速对催化剂活性的影响

GHSV s influence over catalyze Ru5一La1.5/Sep(with 5% Ru(mass fraction))is shown in Table 3。

在Ru5一La1.5/Sep( 钌的质量分数为5%))时,空速对催化剂活性的影响入表三:

It can be seen from Table 3 that with the increase of GHSV and the catalytic activity gradually increases。

从表三可以看出,随着空速的增加,催化剂的活性也在逐渐提高。

Table 3 Influence of gas—hourly space velocity(GHSV) over catalytic activity 表三:空速对催化剂活性的影响

GHSV/h-112000 18000 20000 21000

r/(mmol.g-1.h-1 ) 30.7 36.5 38.5 39.7 La/Ru=I.5(molar ratio);Reaction condition:10 MPa。450℃

2.3 Influence of temperature over activity

温度对催化活性的影响

The influence of temperature over catalyze Ru5一La 1.5/Sep (with 5 Ru(mass fraction))is shown as below.As is shown in Table 4.temperature

has great influence over ammonia synthesis catalysis.With the increase of temperature,the catalytic activity improves.In ammonia synthesis reaction,the increase of temperature increases the motion rate of molecules,and the decomposition of N,on the catalyst surface is a controling step .Since temperature accelerates Ru’s transfer of electron to nitrogen molecule antibonding orbital 14 J,the catalytic activity improves with the increasing of temperature.

温度对催化剂活性的影响如下:如表四所示,温度对合成氨催化剂有很大的影响。随着温度的升高,催化剂活性也提高。在合成氨反应器内,温度的增加提高了分子的运动速率,而且氮的分解也是催化剂表面很关键的一步。由于温度加速了钌向分子的电子移动;催化活性就随着温度的升高而增大了。

Table 4 Influence of temperature over activity(温度对催化活性的影响)

Temperature(℃) 400 425 450

r/(mmol.g-1.h-1 ) 13.1 25.3 38.5

La/Ru=1.5(molar ratio);Reaction condition:10 MPa,20000 h-

2.4 Influence of pressure over catalytic activity压力对催化活性的影响

The ammonia synthesis with nitrogen and hydrogen causes cubage decrease,therefore according to the Le Chatelier principle,high pressure

is good for the reaction.Aika et a1.studied Cs promotion to Ru/A1

2O 3

catalysis ,and found that Cs promotion to the catalytic activity gradually decreases with the increase of pressure,which is because of Ru’s strong absorption to hydrogen,which results in hindrance under high pressure and influences the catalytic activity.W ith the increase of pressure,the catalytic activity gradually increases(Table 5).Because of Ru 's strong absorption effect to hydrogen,Ru—Cs/A1203,the hydrogen absorbates restrain the dissociation absorption of N

2

,makes the activity decrease gradually with the increase of pressure.While La promoter can

effectively restrain hydrogen 's strong absorption to Ru/Sep catalyst and therefore promote ammonia synthesis reaction.

氨合成氮和氢导致容积减少,因此根据乐Chatelier原则,高的压力对反应有利。Aika et a1研究了 Cs促进剂对Ru/A12O3基催化剂的影响,发现Cs 促进剂对催化剂的活性的影响随着压力的增大而逐渐减小,这是因为Ru对氢的强烈吸收,结果导致在高压下阻碍并影响了催化活性,随着压力的增大,催化活性也逐渐增加(表五所示),由于Ru的强烈吸收对H2,Ru—Cs/A1203,的影响,H的吸收率抑制了N2的分离吸收,使得催化活性随着压力的增加而逐渐降低。正因为镧促进剂有效的抑制了H2对Ru/Sep 催化剂的强烈吸收,所以才促进了合成氨反应。

Table 5 Influence of pressure over catalytic activity(压力对催化活性的影响) Pressure/MPa 3 5 7.5 10

r/(mmol.g-1.h-1 ) 22.7 26.5 38.5 32.9 La/Ru=1.5(molar ratio);Reaction condition:450℃,20000 h-

2.5 Influence of content of Ru over catalytic activity

钌的对催化活性的影响

The content of Ru in the catalyst over the catalytic activity is shown in Table6.Table 6 shows that the catalytic activity greatly improves with the increase of the content of Ru,but when the content of Ru is more than 5%(mass fraction),the catalytic activity improves not so greatly.Therefore the proper load is about 5%.

钌的量对催化活性的影响如表六所示,在表六中显示,催化活性随这钌的量的增加有很大的提高,但当钌的量超过5%时,催化活性的改变就不那么明显了,因此载体的合适质量分数就为5%。

Table 6 Influence of content of Ru over catalytic activity(钌的对催化活性的影响)

Catalysts Ru load(%,moler ratio) r/(mmol.g-1.h-1 )

Ru2-La1.5/Sep 2 11.1

Ru5-La1.5/Sep 5 38.5

Ru10-La1.5/Sep10 40.1

La/Ru=1.5(molar ratio);Reaction condition:10MPa,450℃,20000 h-

3 Conclusions结论

1.La and Ce are both efective promoters for Sep supported Ru based ammonia synthesis catalyst,which can obviously improve the reaction activity.La has greater promotion effect than Ce.

La 和Ce都是海泡石为载体的钌基合成氨催化剂的有效促进剂,他们可以明显的改变反应活性。而且,镧的促进作用比Ce更有效。

2.Ammonia synthesis reaction is influenced by the Ru load,promoter /Ru molar ratio,pressure,temperature and GHSV etc.The optimum technical condition for La accelerating Ru/Sep catalyst is:Ru load of 5% mass fraction),La/Ru Molar ratio of 1.5,the condition of 10 MPa 450 ℃20000 h- ,and the ammonia synthesis reaction speed is 38.5mmol·g-1·h-1合成氨反应受钌载体,钌促进剂的摩尔比,压力,温度。还有空速等的影响。对镧促进钌/海泡石催化剂最适宜的操作条件是:质量分数为5%的钌载体,镧/钌摩尔比为1.5,压力为10兆帕,温度450度,空速为20000h-且合成氨的反应速度为38.5 mmol·g-1·h-1

References 参考文献

[1]DahlS,Sehested J,JacobesenCJH.eta1.Surface science based microkinetic analysis of ammonia synthesis over ruthenium catalysts[J].J.Cata1.,2000,192:391.

[2]Fishel C T,Davis R J,Garces J M. Ammonia synthesis catalyzed by ruthenium supported on basic zeolites[J] J.J.Cata1.,1996,163:148

[3]Aika K.Hori H.Ozaki A.Activation of nitrogen by alkali metal promoted transition metal上.Ammonia synthesis over ruthenium promoted by alkali metal [J].J.Cata1.1972,27:424.

[4]Aika K,Kawahara T,Murata S,et a1. Promoter efect of alkali metal

oxides and alkali earth metal oxides on tictive carbon—supported ruthenium catalyst for ammonia synthesis[J].Bul1.Chem.Soc.Jpn.,1990,63:1221.

[5]Niwa Y.Aika K. RutIlenium catalyst supported on CeO2 for ammonia synthesis[J].Chem.Lett.,1996,289(1):3.

[6]Lin Jingdong,Cai Yun,Chen Hongbo,et a1. Catalysis Science and Technology of the New Century [M J.Taiyuan:Shanxi Science& Technology Press,2000.

[7]Forni L,Molinari D,Rossetti H,et a1. Carbon—supported promoted Ru catalyst for ammonia synthesis[J].App1.Cata1 .A:General ,1999,185:269.

[8]Lin Weizhong.Liu Huazhang. The research development in Ru based ammonia synthesis catalyst[J].Modem Chemical Industry,1994,7:12.

[9]Balci S.I'hermal decomposition of sepiolite and variations in pore structure with and without acid pretreatment[J].J.Chem.Tech.Biotechno1.1996,66:72.

[10]Jiang Qi,Huang Zhongtao,Deng Guocai,et a1. Anovel support

hydrogenation[J J.Chinese sepiolite of groupⅧ metal catalyst f0r CO

2

Journal of Catalysis,1995,16(5):347.

[11]Murata S,Aika K.Preparation and characterization of chlorlne —free ruthenium catalysts and the promoter effect in ammonia synthesis[J].J.Cata1.,1992,136:118

[12]Cisneros M D.Lunsford J H.Characterization and ammonia synthesis activity of ruthenium zeolite catalysts [J] J.J.Cata1.1993,141:191.

[13]Kubota J,Aika K.Infrared studies of adsorbed dinitrogen on supported ruthenium catalysts for ammonia synthesis:efects of the alumina and magnesia supports and the cesium compound promoter [J].J.Phys.Chem.1994,98:11293

[14]MastIlan S K,Rno K S R,Prasad P S S,et a1. Structure sensitive

nitrogen chemisorption on supported ruthenium catalysts[J].Indian J.Chem.,1992,31A:436.

[15]Kadowaki Y,Aika K. Promoter efect of Sm2O3 on Ru/A1

2O

3

in ammonia

synthesis[J].J.Cata1.,1996,161:178.

[16]Cui M S,Li M L,Zhan g S L,et a1. Preparation and physicochemical characterization of La(1一 )Ce CoO(3-)perovskite catalyst and is methane catalytic combustion[J] J.J.of Rare Earths,2004,(5):62.

有关英汉翻译论文

有关英汉翻译论文 范文一:生态学视域下的英汉翻译 一、引言:英汉翻译研究生态学视域的成立 生态学是研究物质与周围环境关系的一门科学,其发轫之初很长时间里被用于自然科 学研究。而随着生态学的发展和交叉、跨学科研究日趋成熟,社会科学的研究者们发现了 生态学与人文社会科学的相容性,认为人文社会领域和自然一样,事物与事物、事物与环 境间都发生着联系,没有独立于环境之外的事物和现象,故而认为生态学研究的理论、方 法同样适用于社会科学研究。生态学研究与社会科学研究遂真正结合起来。20世纪50年 代以来,人们对文本的认识由仅仅关注认识文本内部自足性问题发展到研究文本内外部关 联问题,研究的视野也随之由微观文字向宏观文化转向,人们对文本的认识,已无法将文 本语言与该语言所蕴含或显现的某国或某民族的文化相割断。对于成功的翻译者来说,他 不仅要作为两种语言的专家,还要是两种语言各自代表的文化的熟知者。对于英汉翻译的 研究者来说,他们需要不断探寻着解释原文本与译文本之间形成文化差异的依据———这 些依据就是社会各层面因素影响文本文字的关系。生态学强调事物与其环境协调、互动、 互相促进。在英汉翻译领域,一个成功或优秀的译作应当是不仅内部自足和谐发展,而且 内部与外部互惠互利、共生共栖的文本。其动态性体现在这种交互作用是永无止息、不断 旋螺式发展的,而非一成不变或者无意义的重复。用生态学视角看待英汉翻译,为的是建 立一种整体性思维。有学者为“整体性”的意义进行了阐释:“整体性是生命的基本属性,整体性不是部分的简单累加,也不是由外力推动而形成的原子集合体,它有着超越部分之 和的更为丰富的内涵和属性。”对翻译及其研究工作来说,把握“整体性”是关键。翻译 活动涵盖原文本和译文本,涉及原文作者、译者、译文读者3方,包括语言和文化2个层面,同时受到政治环境、经济环境、主流意识形态等的影响。梳理和廓清这些形成翻译活 动的要素的动态平衡发展,有助于建构英汉翻译研究的生态学视域。 二、原文本与译文本的交互解读 原文本一经生成,不是一成不变,而是在各种读者解读下成为“一百个读者有一百个 哈姆雷特”的消费品。如果没有读者的阅读,则文本只是完成了生产过程,惟有读者的阅 读才能使文本的意义得以生成,使文本价值得以实现。译文本的产生就是原文本蕴涵得到 复活的一个过程,译文本的产生同时是对原文本的“消费”,促成原文本价值的重新生成 和意义再现。译文本对原文本的意义即在于此:扩大或者新生成原文本意义。译者与原文 作者的生活背景、个人知识、经验、思维方式等都有很大差异,译者对原文本的意义进行 解读的过程中有译者的前结构参与,这种前结构大大影响了原文本意义的重现:原文作者 将生活的客观信息内化于文本,译者在翻译之前先作为原文本的读者,在阅读过程中以自 己的前结构对原文本进行内化,但这次内化的主体是译者而非原文作者,由此不同主体所 作的“内化”经由不同文本载体产生出不同的文本接受。原文本意义和译者根据前结构而 解读出来的意义不同,所以可以说,译者通过内化能扩大原文本的意义,使原文本意义更 加多样。接受美学和读者反应批评两种理论都强调读者阅读对文本的意义,认为读者也是

中西翻译简史论文

2013--2014学年第2学期外国语学院期末考试卷 《 中西翻译史》 (课程论文) 学号: 201252060220 姓名: 温立媛 班级: 翻译2班 成绩: 评语: (考试题目及要求) 本课程考试以课程论文的形式进行考查,课程论文题目自拟,选择中西翻译史范围内的某翻译思想家、某翻译流派、某翻译思潮进行介绍。论文使用汉语写作,字数为1500-2500字。组成部分如下: ● 中英摘要:要求200字。 ● 关键词:要求3~5个关键词,各关键词之间用“,”隔开。 ● 引言:是对研究背景、目的、研究范围和研究意义与价值等的简要说明。 ● 分析与讨论:其实质就是论证,可以采用类比、例证、归纳、演绎等丰富多样 的论证方法。 ● 结论:应涵盖本研究的结果、该结果的创新以及理论和实践意义等。 ● 参考文献:格式要求参见《中国翻译》。 ● 注释:统一采用夹注的形式。 提交时间 2014年7月1日 教学对象 翻译系2012级1、2班本科生 ● 格式要求 统一采用A4纸型。课程论文中文题目(楷体,3号,加粗);课程论文正文:英文字 体用Times New Roman ,中文正文用宋体(字号5号。)页面上边距为3厘米, 下、左、右边距为 2.3厘米。页眉为1.5厘米。页脚为1.75厘米, 页脚排阿拉伯数字的页码,居中。页面行间距为1.5倍。要求上交纸质版一份;电子版一份由班长打包集中发至zhouyali2009@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a9377502.html, 。 装 订 线

浅析道安“五失本、三不易”翻译观 【摘要】道安是一位翻译理论家,在佛经翻译理论方面做出杰出贡献,并提出了著名的“五失本、三不易”翻译思想。“五失本”谈到翻译的语序问题,文质问题和详简问题,“三不易”谈到佛经翻译面临的时代因素,读者因素和译者因素,这三个因素导致了佛经翻译的不容易。本文从来源和内容两方面对道安“五失本、三不易”之说进行简单的解读,以便于人们更好地了解道安的翻译理论。这些翻译理论对现代翻译有重要的借鉴意义。 【关键词】道安,五失本,三不易 【Abstract】Dan’an, a translation theorist who had made outstanding contributions in the translation theories of Buddhist sutras, put forward the famous translation thought of “Five Losses of Source Texts and Three Difficulties in Translation”. “Five Losses of Source Texts” discusses the problems of word order, work of esence and detail or simplification. “Three Difficulties in Translation” disceses the factors of times, readers and translators that Buddhist sutras translation faces. It is these three factors that result in the difficulties of translating Chinese Buddhist sutras. This thesis will give an simple explanation of “Five Losses of Source Texts and Three Difficulties in Translation”on its origin and content, so that people can get a better understanding of Dao’an’s translation theories. These theories have an revealing effect on modern translation. 【Key words】Dan’an, five losses o f source texts, three difficulites in translation 一、引言 道安是我国佛教史上的一位佛教领袖,对我国佛教的发展以及佛经翻译具有积极贡献。在佛经翻译方面,虽然道安没有直接参与,但是对佛经的翻译却有着很大的贡献。他整理了已译出的经典,撰成了中国第一部“经录”——《众经目录》,这为后来系统翻译佛经起了非常关键的作用。有了这样的注疏和经录,佛经翻译才能承前启后,循着正规发展。他也是中国翻译史上总结翻译经验的第一人。其所撰《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》中提出了翻译的“五失本、三不易”的译论。原文如下:“译梵为秦,有五失本也。一者,胡语尽倒而使从秦,一失本也。二者,梵经尚质,秦人好文,传可众心,非文不可,斯二失本也。三者,梵语委悉,至于“咏叹”,叮咛反复,或三或四,不嫌其烦,而今裁斥,三失本也。四者,梵有义说,正似乱辞,寻说向语,文无以异,或千五百,刈而不存,四失本也。五者,事已全成,将更傍及,反腾前辞,已乃后说,而悉除此,五失本也。” “然《般若经》,三达之心,覆面所演,圣必因时,时俗有易,而删雅古,以适今时,一不易也。愚智天隔,圣人叵阶,乃欲以千岁之上微言,传使合百王之下末俗,二不易也。阿难出经,去佛未久,尊者大迦叶令五百六通,迭查迭书,今离千年,而以近意量裁,彼阿罗汉乃兢兢若此,此生死人而平

翻译类论文题目

翻译类: 1.On Formal Correspondence of C/E Translation in Terms of Hypotaxis &. Parataxis从形合和意合看汉英翻译中的形式对应 2.How to Decode and Translate the Ambiguous Structures歧义结构的解码与翻译 3.Pragmatics and Advertisement Translation, with Special Emphasis on E/C Cultural Differences英汉文化差异与广告的语用翻译 4.Context and Business Discourse in English and Chinese 5.On the Peculiar ways of Expression in Dicken’s Novels试论狄更斯小说独特的 艺术手法 6.Female Images in the Sun Also Rises 论《太阳又升起了》小说中女性形象 7.Standarization of English: The Necessity and Feasility in an Age of Globaliztion 全球化时代英语标准化的必要性和可能性 8.On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese 再谈汉英公示语翻译----以 2010年亚运会主办城市广州为例 9.Brief Appreciation on “Venice Merchant” 10.The Mannered Language of English 11.On the Properties of Idiomatic Expressions in English 12.The Differences and Samilarities Between Structural Ambiguity in English and Chinese 13.Time Conception in Different Cultures 14.On American Religion 15.On Title Translation of English Film and Disc 16.The Characteristics and the Rhetorical Roles of English Reduplicatives Neiteratives https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a9377502.html,parisons of Multiplicity in Chinese and English and Its Translation 18.A Study of Hmorous Utterances Form the Perspective 19.The Current State and Prospects for English Teaching 20.The usage of “And” 21.A Survey on Culture and Social Life in USA 22.Inheretance and Development of National Language and Culture 23.Implicitness and Explicitness in Translation 24.谈英语谚语的翻译 25.谈英语幽默的翻译 26.地方名胜古迹汉译英 27.翻译中常见错误分析 28.中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响 29.会话含义的推导与翻译 30.词汇的文化内涵与翻译 31.语境在翻译中的作用 32.商标词翻译 33.广告语言的翻译 34.论英汉互译中的语义等值问题 35.英汉文化差异对翻译的影响 36.英汉谚语的理解和翻译

翻译类论文模板

摘要(三号宋体,加粗,居中) 语言和文化的关系近年来已成为研究热点。二十世纪八、九十年代,文化教学研究在西方世界已获得大力发展。受此影响,国内的外语文化研究也取得一些进展, 研究人员日益关注如何把对文化的理解和掌握贯穿于第二语言和外语的教与学中。语言学家伊利欣克尔教授(Eli Hinkel)主编的《第二语言教与学的文化因素》一书讲述了关于第二语言文化的研究。该书重点讲述文化因素在语言研究方面的应用及其研究成果在语言教学中的应用,并阐明了第二语言的学习以及人们的世界观是如何在第二语言和第二文化的背景中影响其学习、理解及交流的。 在该书引言部分,原作者简要介绍了文化研究与文化教学的重要概念和理论基础,并对每个章节加以评述,从而揭示了文化因素是如何影响第二语言学习的各个方面的。第一章主要介绍了如何理解文化和语言的关系,并通过对香港大学学生课堂行为的研究, 追溯到东西方课堂文化差异的渊源。另外,对苏格拉底与孔子有关教育和生活、教育目标、教育的作用、课堂活动的框架等内容进行了讨论。本论文作者在对以上部分进行翻译与思考之后,得出这样一个观点和结论:学生的课堂行为与教师的期望存在差距,是源自不同的教学思想和哲学根源。这就给外语教学提出了一个亟待重视和解决的问题,即要把对文化的理解和掌握始终贯穿在外语教学中。 (中文摘要内容不少于500汉字,为小四号宋体) 关键词(小四号宋体、加粗):(冒号)翻译;第二语言;教与学;文化因素;讨论(小四号宋体,关键词之间用分号分隔)

(此处另起一页,方法:点出“插入”---分隔符---分页符---确定即可) Abstract(三号,Times New Roman,居中)In recent years, the relationship between language and culture has become hot in research, and culture in teaching research has achieved great development. Researchers have become increasingly aware of how to promote cultural understanding and mastery in foreign language teaching and learning. The language professor Eli Hinkel has published a book named Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning which gives advice about the research of foreign language culture. This book focuses on culture as it is applied to language research and the applications of its findings in language pedagogy. In addition, it focuses on second language learning and the ways in which people’s worldviews affect their learning, understanding and communication. Then, the author continues to introduce the main content of the two chapters translated. The introduction part mainly talks about some important conceptions and fundamental theories about culture and language in teaching research, and the original author’s comment. It points out how culture factors have influenced many different aspects of second language learning and using. Then Chapter One touches briefly on just a few of the studies that have contributed to an understanding of the relationship between culture and language, Through researches on students’ classroom behavior in Hong Kong University, the origin of the cultural differences has been explored. Besides, Chapter One also details the viewpoints of Confucius and Socrates in education and life, the role of education, teacher’s role, and arrangement of classroom activities. The conclusion can be made by the author of the thesis that t he reason why students’ classroom behaviors and teachers’ expectations disparate is that they have different teaching ideological and philosophical roots. This has caused a serious problem with the foreign language teaching --- culture has to run through foreign language teaching and learning practice all along. (英文摘要内容应与中文摘要内容相对应,小四号Times New Roman) Key words(小四号Times New Roman,加粗):(冒号)translating; second language; teaching and learning; culture; discourse (与中文关键词对应,小四号Times New

文学翻译论文

从形合与意合辩证法角度观古诗翻译策略 (潘静20084033042 英语师范三班) 摘要:形合( hypotaxis ) 和意合(parataxis)是英语和汉语篇章组织的常用手段,也是英汉两种语言的重要区别所在。本文提出应当运用哲学中的辩证法原理看待语言中的形合与意合,真正做到学术研究全面、客观、严谨以及科学。一方面,要重视句子及其以下层面的语言特点:英语侧重形合,汉语侧重意合;另一方面,更要研究英汉语的意合与形合在句子层面以上(段落、篇章)所具备的不同作用:英语篇章使用词汇手段等意合组织方式,而汉语篇章中则采用重复和骈偶等形合手段【1】。本文利用对《枫桥夜泊》这首古诗的英译研究分析,强调辩证地、动态地看待英汉语中的形意合问题,改进汉语古诗翻译策略,使译作体现并契合原诗作者的思想与内容,使译作读者明白并理解原诗的内涵与文化。 关键词:形合意合辩证法古诗翻译 Abstract: The very common means of English and Chinese discourse are hypotactic and paratactic, as well as the important differences. This paper argues that hypotaxis and parataxis in a language should be researched in a dialectic way. Only in this way, can academic research become more complete and objective. On the one hand, our attention should be paid to the characteristics of English and Chinese sentences and structures below the sentences leve l–English is more hypotactic while Chinese is more paratactic. On the other hand, it is very important and necessary to study the different functions of hypotactic and paratactic structures at the level of paragraphs in the two languages. Lexically paratactic structures are often found in English paragraphs, and hypotactic structures in the form of repetition and parallelism are frequently employed in Chinese. The author attaches the high importance to research languages in a dialectic way by the analysis of Mooring at night by Maple Bridge. So that we can find some strategies about the poem translation and make the successful exchange of two kinds of people with various background. Key words: hypotaxis, parataxis, dialectic way, poem translation 1.引文 形合与意合是英汉对比研究和翻译理论研究的重要课题之一,也是英汉语篇组织的重要手段之一。所谓形合就是依仗形式(包括词的变化形态,词汇的衔接等)将语言符号由“散”(个体的词)到“集”(组织乃至语篇)的语言组织手段,具有外显性和刚性;而意合则是依仗意义,即内在的逻辑关系组织语言的手段,具有内隐性和柔性。

英汉翻译学期论文

英汉翻译学期论文 国际商务中信用证翻译特点及策略学期论文题目: __ 指导教师: 学号: 姓名: 外国语学院(部)英语专业2012 届 2012年4月16日

Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business By Submitted to School of Foreign Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Term Paper For English-Chinese Translation at Under the Supervision of

Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business ABSTRACT Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method. Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc. Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory

合肥工业大学论文翻译

论文翻译 设计题目: 统计力学坐标膜致密的自我避免 学生姓名:刘全乐 学号:20100489 专业班级:机械设计制造及其自动化10-4班 指导老师:翟华 时间:2013年06月13日

统计力学集体坐标阶段中膜致密的自我避免 D.R. Daniels? 英国华威大学物理系 收于2004年7月23 于2005年1月30日前可用在线摘要 我们一个提出范围涵盖很广的统计的技术理论,密集的填充有限度的过滤膜的自我回避继而接近均匀分布的阶段。我们也给出一个理论的关于小角度的分散光谱会类似这样聚集的预期,此外这还表明这可以有效地筛选出过滤膜密集的相位。这是一个定量的关于什么时候这个工作中残留的可以应用的可以被表达的理论的方法概括的讨论。在这个工作中得到的结果很可能与物质的或者是生物的过滤膜可能的新奇的稠密的阶段相关联。 关键词:统计力学;膜;自我回避 介绍 自我回避系统过滤膜是两个空间在三维空间混合的有联系的啮合嵌入,就是这样过滤膜很自然的在红细胞的细胞支架中出现。碳纤维氧化涂层聚合覆盖或者是单层出现以及交联的DNA网络这描绘过滤膜表现的统计力学更多的是人们众所周知的一个二维普遍化的单向度聚合物情况. 了解自我避免限度式过滤膜的性能。因此剩下来就研究理论上的以及实验上的两者的一个有效地区域。为了进一步说明我们引用了被给出的广泛认同的评论的读物,例如《推荐》期刊。在很多的理论上的工作在很好的溶解条件下单一的隔绝的范围薄膜的案例已经被提出。目前的研究文献提出这样一个在预定的低温的阶段和高温的褶皱的情况阶段范围薄膜被崩溃的跃迁所扭曲的的特征。这个低温的相位被称为平相拥有很大的持久性长度。它拥有很大的持久性长度以及在嵌入的体积空间中有一个自发的方向。这个高温的褶皱的相位特征在于一个有限的持久性长度以及在嵌入的空间体积内没有自发的方向。 然而, 所有先前的理论上的关于自我避免式的交互单个的孤立的限度过滤膜的推理已经被证实非常的复杂。在文献中这个分析的工作在相关的关键的范例以及全局的阶段图解中的一系列的结果也没确切表明。例如,此外,现有的数字的工作表明一个单个的孤立的限度薄膜在褶皱的相位(当然是扭曲的跃迁)是完全会消失的,以及个别人自我避免的限度式过滤膜是经常出现在延伸的相位。 在这个工作中(反对大多数以前工作的结论) 在这样宽松的特征正如稀释的条件我们将不能够处理一个在良好的溶剂中单一的孤立的自我隔离限度薄膜根据。恰恰相反, 在这工作中我们将学习到理论上的在以前大多数工作基础上的精确地反物理的限制,也就是那种吧密集的集中地大量填充的,因此大量的自我避免式的限度过滤膜也近乎同类的的系列。在这个工作中我们的假设的方法是对于相对于以前取得巨大成功的高分子聚合物产品和高分子融合物受启发的通过类似的方法。这在里我们应该将工作理解为它并不是为了让我描述我们熟知的情况一个有规律的安排好的在层叠状态下的过滤膜的堆栈。此外,显式薄膜的影响是可以忽略不计的,如典型的情况式过滤膜的自我描述。 我们将在以下的一个部分中继续进行被用到的理论大纲。

本科及研究生学术论文参考文献格式

本科及研究生学术论文参考文献格式 (Bibliography, Works Citied, References) 一.文学、翻译方向:MLA (一)说明 1. 文献类别标识 (1)常用文献类型用单字母标识 专著——[M](monograph);期刊文章——[J](journal);专著、论文集中的析出文献——[A](article);论文集——[C](collected papers);学位论文——[D](dissertation);专利——[P](patent);技术标准——[S](standardization);报纸——[N](newspaper article);科技报告——[R](report);其他未说明的文献类型,如字典——[Z] (2)电子文献载体类型用双字母标识 磁带——[MT](magnetic tape);磁盘——[DK](disk);光盘——[CD](CD-ROM);联机网络——[OL](online); (3)电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识(文献类型标识/载体类型标识) 联机网上数据库——[DB/OL](data base online);磁带数据库——[DB/MT](data base on magnetic tape);光盘图书——[M/CD](monograph on CD-ROM);磁盘软件——[CP/DK](computer program on disk);)网上期刊——[J/OL](serial online);网上电子公告——[EB/OL](electronic bulletin board online) 2. 文献排序 (1)先外文,后中文。 (2)所有文献均按作者的姓(或机构名称)的字母顺序排列。

英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)

英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]:本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比,并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求,从而得知,词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文:英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时,即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法,还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈,这个障碍往往是由词汇,甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如:“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同,同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”,译文显得晦涩难懂;当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义,并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思,那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”,“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美,同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩;所以,我们将其转化,将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组,意为“对……完全陌生”,这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”,这样的搭配显得协调,不但译出了源语言想表达的意思,“疏离”这一

语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律,即词性转换。世界上的语言,不管其各有多少词类,名词和动词都占最大的比例;不管有多少句型,都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说,汉语呈动态特征,英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上,汉语的动态表现为:汉语的动词丰富,使用频率高;而英语中,名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培(2003:390)统计显示截选如下:(1)“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% (2)“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明,若要在英汉互译中,若要翻译出地道的T arget Text,就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时,根据需要将英文中的名词,介词等

毕业论文外文文献翻译JSP的技术发展历史the-technique-development-history-of-jsp

毕业设计(论文) 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目:JSP的技术发展历史 文献、资料英文题目:the technique development history of jsp 文献、资料来源: 文献、资料发表(出版)日期: 院(部): 专业:计算机 班级: 姓名: 学号: 指导教师: 翻译日期: 2017.02.14

THE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF JSP By:Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates Source: Servlet&JSP The Java Server Pages( JSP) is a kind of according to web of the script plait distance technique, similar carries the script language of Java in the server of the Netscape company of server- side JavaScript( SSJS) and the Active Server Pages(ASP) of the Microsoft. JSP compares the SSJS and ASP to have better can expand sex, and it is no more exclusive than any factory or some one particular server of Web. Though the norm of JSP is to be draw up by the Sun company of, any factory can carry out the JSP on own system. The After Sun release the JS P( the Java Server Pages) formally, the this kind of new Web application development technique very quickly caused the people's concern. JSP provided a special development environment for the Web application that establishes the high dynamic state. According to the Sun parlance, the JSP can adapt to include the Apache WebServer, IIS4.0 on the market at inside of 85% server product. This chapter will introduce the related knowledge of JSP and Databases, and JavaBean related contents, is all certainly rougher introduction among them basic contents, say perhaps to is a Guide only, if the reader needs the more detailed information, pleasing the book of consult the homologous JSP. 1.1 GENER ALIZE The JSP(Java Server Pages) is from the company of Sun Microsystems initiate, the many companies the participate to the build up the together of the a kind the of dynamic the state web the page technique standard, the it have the it in the construction the of the dynamic state the web page the strong but the do not the especially of the function. JSP and the technique of ASP of the Microsoft is very alike. Both all provide the ability that mixes with a certain procedure code and is explain by the language engine to carry out the procedure code in the code of HTML. Underneath we are simple of carry on the introduction to it. JSP pages are translated into servlets. So, fundamentally, any task JSP pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets. However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSP pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios. The issue is not the

翻译论文集锦

影视标题翻译浅谈 影视翻译作为新时代文化交流的重要一环,作用越来越重要。其本身具有与其他形式翻译迥然不同的特殊性,例如语境的缺失,商业的诉求等等。本文将分别结合译例,从译法研究以及个案分析等多角度,结合影视标题翻译的特殊性,浅谈影视标题的翻译的现状以及作者的看法。 关键字:影视标题翻译,直译,意译,文化,商业属性

1.概说 电影自诞生以来,变革不断,历经百余年发展,逐步向世人展现出其独特的艺术魅力。意大利诗人和电影先驱者乔托·卡努杜称其为建筑、绘画、诗歌、音乐、雕刻及舞蹈之外的“第七艺术”。时至今日,电影作为一种文化载体,在世界范围内的影响力日益凸显,各国之间的电影交流日益频繁与深入。在此过程中,翻译作为连接两种语言及文化的桥梁,所起的作用不言而喻。 中国引进国外影片的历史由来已久。早在1948年,近年间红遍全球的新版《美国队长》系列(Captain America)就曾以《无敌大探长》的译名登陆过中国的大银幕。而在1994年,大陆则引进新中国成立后的第一部进口电影《亡命天涯》,英文原名为The Fugitive。在众多的翻译之中,不乏许多大众耳熟能详,并被广泛称赞的典范,比如《魂断蓝桥》(Waterloo Bridge),《人鬼情未了》(Ghost),《这个杀手不太冷》(Leon)等等。 随着中国电影市场化进度的加快以及中国进一步履行WTO各项义务,越来越多的外国电影尤其是美国电影进入中国市场,我们将更有机会接触到各种风格,水平也是良莠不齐的电影标题翻译。为笔者做这方面的研究提供的充足的资源及例证。 2.译法研究 2.1 “意译”的表现形式:影视翻译中的“重译”现象 谈及翻译,关于译法的研究是必不可少的,而其中有关“直译”和“意译”的利弊也势必提及。而在影视标题翻译这个文化负载比较大的领域,“直译”和“意译”的选择更是显得尤其频繁且重要。一般而论,所谓“直译”(literal translation)就是既保持原文内容,又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。而“意译”(free translation)则更注重原文含义的表达,不苛求于形式的一致。 直译和意译之争由来已久,可以说从东汉起就断断续续地在进行,一直延至今日。各个时期,各个翻译家都根据自己的体会,提出不同的看法,各抒己见,言之成理。但始终未能达到一致的、合理的解决。所以,近来有些翻译家认为直译和意译根本没有明确的界线可分,这个问题谈不出什么结果来,不谈也罢。但是,直译、意译的问题可以不谈,而翻译界两种不同的倾向却始终是存在着的。一种是重视形式,要求译文与原文在词语、句法结构及表达方式各方面尽可能趋于一致。一种是重视内容(意义),要求摆脱一切形式的束缚。(《中国翻译》, 1989(3):3-6,劳陇《从奈达翻译理论的发展谈直译和意译问题》) 而实际上,在影视翻译过程中,由于受众没有任何语境提示,传统意义上的“意译”已经不能适应翻译的需求。比如2015年国内上映的动画电影Inside Out,描述了一群人脑之中控制人类情绪的小人,显然这个标题的意思大概是“大脑内外”之意,意欲表达的是控制大脑小人以及其宿主的关系。在翻译这个标题的时候,显然无论如何翻译,在受众没有任何语境的前提之下,都不能传达电影无论在形式上还是内容上的的含义。这时,译者就会经常将意译更进一步,采取影视翻译中经常采取的方法,那就是“无中生有”,完全撇开原标题,而基于电影内容,重新赋予电影一个适应国内市场以及大众接受程度的译名。所以,这部电影最后的官方译名定为《头脑特工队》,网络译名还有《脑中小小人》等。 其实本质上讲,这种翻译方法依然属于“意译”的范畴,只不过由于标题翻译(包括书籍标题翻译)的特殊性,而将标题的翻译建立在整个电影的基础之上,而不拘泥于标题本身,这一点在标题翻译时会被经常性地使用到,我们不妨将之称之为“重译”现象。 类似的翻译还有《末日崩塌》(San Andreas),《逃离德黑兰》(Argo),《爆裂鼓手》(Whiplash)等等。

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档