胡壮麟语言学教程(修订版)一至三单元课后名词解释中英对照
语言学教程chapter1-3
1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
本质特征：决定了我们语言性质的特征。如任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性等等。
2.function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/119583210.html,nguage functions
inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,
emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual
function.
功能：运用语言进行交流、思考等等。语言的功能包括信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能。3.etic: a term in contrast with emi c which originates from American linguist Pike’s
distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic means making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case
with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
非位的：相对于“位学的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。
4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s
distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native
members of a speech communith rather than via a ppeal to the investigator’s
ingenuith or intuition alone.
位学的：相对于“非位的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。言语行为和事件中的位学系统必须是有效而有意义的，是通过言语社会中的本族语者而不仅仅是调查者的聪明和直觉获得的。5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not
necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this
kind.
共时：以一个固定的时间（通常，但非必须，是现在）为它的观察角度的描写。大多数的语法书属于此类型。
6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
历时：在语言的历史过程中研究语言。
7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought
to be,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/119583210.html,ying down rules for language use.
规定式：规定事情应该是怎样的。如制定语言运用规则。
8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
描写式：描述事情是怎样的。
9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that
the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
任意性：人类语言的本质特征之一。它指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系。
10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of
having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
二重性：人类语言的本质特征之一。拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。
11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human
language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present (in time and space),at the moment of communication.
移位性：人类语言的本质特征之一。人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话时（时间和处所）并不存在的物体、事件、和观点。
12.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social
interaction of language.
交感性谈话：人类语言的功能之一。指语言的社会交互性。
metalanguage元语言: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.
13.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include
psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et
宏观语言学：语言和与语言有关的学科。如心理学、社会学、人种学、法学和人工智能等等。宏观语言学的分支包括语言心理学、社会语言学、人类语言学等等。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/119583210.html,petence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
语言能力：一个语言使用者关于语言系统规则的基本理解。
15.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.
语言运用：具体场景中语言的真实使用。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/119583210.html,ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
语言：说话者的语言能力。
17.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
言语：语言的实际现象或语料。
18.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.
发音语音学：研究语音的产生。
19.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping
articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.
协同发音；涉及到同时或重合的发音过程。协同发音包括逆化协同发音和重复性协同发音。
20.Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by
vibrating the vocal cords.
浊音：发音（通常是一个元音或一个发声辅音）时声带振动。
21.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in
transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
宽式音标：使用一套简单的符号记音。严式音标：使用复杂的符号来精确地表示语音。
22.Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting压缩or obstructing阻碍
the vocal tract声道at some place to divert,impede阻碍,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity口腔.
辅音：声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向，受阻，或完全被阻挡，由此产生辅音。
23.Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence紊乱
of a total stopping of the air can be perceived感觉.
元音：元音的产生不受到这样的阻碍，所以也不会有气流的紊乱或停滞。
24.Phoneme音位: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a
particular language.
25.Allophone音位变体:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.
allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is
unaspirated 26.Manner of articulation发音方法: in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract. 27.Place of articulation发音部位: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air. 28.Distinctive feature s区别特征: a term of phonology语音学,i.e.a property特性which distinguishes one phoneme from another. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/119583210.html,plementary distribution互补分布: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. 30.IPA国际音标: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association国际语音协会in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics斜体uprighted正体,obsolete已不用的letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc. 31.Suprasegmental超音段:suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features are syllable音节,stress,tone声调,and intonation语调. 32.Morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical. 语素：就表达和内容之间的联系看，是最小的语言单位，不能再分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/119583210.html,pound：polymorphemic words w hich consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc. 复合词：组成成分都是自由语素的多语素词。 34.inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. 曲折变化：通过附加屈折词缀的语法关系的表现，如数、人称、有定性、体和格，屈折词缀不会改变所附加词语的语法类。 35.Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). 词缀：一个构词成分的集合，它们只能附加于另一个语素（词根或词干）上。 36.Derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes. 派生词：与复合词不同，派生词表明词根和词缀之间的关系。 37.root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity. 词根：词的基本形式，不能再作进一步的分析而完全不损失同一性。 38.Allomorph语素变体:any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme. 39.Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. 词干：只能加上屈折词缀的语素或语素的组合。 40.bound morpheme粘着词缀: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the word it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”. 41.free morpheme自由词素: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word. 42.Lexeme词位:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”) 43.Lexicon词汇: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation. 44.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns. 语法词：表达语法意义的语法词，如连词、介词、冠词、代词。 45.lexical word词汇词: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs. 46.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs. 开放词类：成员数目原则上是无穷的，无限的。如名词、动词、形容词和多数副词都是开放词类。 47.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words. 混成法：是一种相对复杂的混合形式，由两个单词混合而成，一般是把第一个单词的开头部分和第二个单词的最后部分连接起来，或者是把两个单词的开头部分连接起来。 48.Loanword借词: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter. 49.Loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed. 混合借词：借词的一部分来自本国语，另一部分借自外来语，但意义全都是借来的。 50.Leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native. 转移借词：意义是借用的，但是形式是来自本国语。 51.acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword. 缩略语：由组织机构名称的首字母构成的，而这个组合机构的名称有多重修饰语。 52.loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system. 53.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language. 逆构词法：是构词法中一种不规则的类型，即把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去想象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的单词。 54.Assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation. 同化：由于邻近语音的影响而产生的语音变化，更明确的叫法是“接触”同化或邻近同化。 55.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different. 异化作用：指一个音段影响另一个音段的清晰度，以致语音变得不太相似或不同。 56.folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous相似的 俗语源：只词或短语的形式由于词源的错误而又普遍的解释或对词义的错误理解，或者由于受到更熟悉的词汇的影响而进行错误的类推，导致了新的意义的产生。 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is 第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引： I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books) Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background 9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language 9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition -Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry? Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or 第11章第二语言和外语教学 11.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching 语言学与语言教学之间的关系 2. Grammar, input and language learning 语法、输入与语言学习 3. Interlanguage in language teaching 语言教学中的中介语 4. Linguistics and syllabus design 语言学与教学大纲设计 5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis 对比分析与错误分析 6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching 语料库语言学与语言教学 常考考点： 语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。 本章内容索引： I. Definition of Applied Linguistics II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning 1. Grammar and Language Learning 2. Input and Language Learning 3. Interlanguage in Language Learning IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching 1. The discourse-based view of language teaching 2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design 1. Syllabus and curriculum 2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design 3. Types of syllabus (1) The structural syllabus (2) The situational syllabus (3) The communicative syllabus (4) The task-based syllabus 4. Current trends in syllabus design (1) The co-existence of the old and the new (2) The emphasis on the learning process 英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer 胡壮麟语言学复习及答案 Chapter I In troducti on I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1.Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 2.L in guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral. 3.A scie ntific study of Ian guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks. 4.In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ian guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts. 5.Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole. 6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study. 7.Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on. 8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces. 9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces. 11.The study of meaning in Ian guage is known as sema ntics. 12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13.Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolati on, but in con text. 14.Social cha nges can ofte n bring about Ian guage cha nges. 15.Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society. 16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17.Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar. 18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the written Ian guage. 20.The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F. de Saussure. II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the Chapter 6 Language Processing in Mind 6.1 Introduction 1. Language is a mirror of the mind in a deep and significant sense. 2. Language is a product of human intelligence, created a new in each individual by operation that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. 3. Psycholinguistics “proper” can perhaps be glossed as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language in any medium (spoken or written). 4. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures. 5. The differences between psycholinguistics and psychology of language. Psycholinguistics can be defined as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language in any medium (spoken or written). It is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures. On the other hand, the psychology of language deals with more general topics such as the extent to which language shapes thought, and from the psychology of communication, includes non-verbal communication such as gestures and facial expressions. 6. Cognitive psycholinguistics: Cognitive psycholinguistics is concerned above all with making inferences about the content of the human mind. 7. Experimental psycholinguistics: Experimental psycholinguistics is mainly concerned with empirical matters, such as speed of response to a particular word. 6.1.1 Evidence 1. Linguists tend to favor descriptions of spontaneous speech as their main source of evidence, whereas psychologists mostly prefer experimental studies. 2. The subjects of psycholinguistic investigation are normal adults and children on the one hand, and aphasics----people with speech disorders-----on the other. The primary assumption with regard to aphasic patient that a breakdown in some part of language could lead to an understanding of which components might be independent of others. 6.1.2 Current issues 1. Modular theory: Modular theory assumes that the mind is structured into separate modules or components, each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others. 2. Cohort theory: The cohort theory hypothesizes that auditory word recognition begins with the formation of a group of words at the perception of the initial sound and proceeds sound by sound with the cohort of words decreasing as more sounds are perceived. This theory can be expanded to deal with written materials as well. Several experiments have supported this view of word 2. Articulatory phonetics发音语言学: the study of production of speechsounds.研究语言的发生 phonetics声学语言学：is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.研究语音的物质特征 or Auditory phonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.研究语音的感知 音系学is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统 6. IPA国际音标表: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet 变音符:are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化 辅音: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法 9. Vowl元音:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出 排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦，这样发生的音叫辅音 10. Coarticulation协同发音: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations areand 胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记
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