辅导材料6

辅导材料1218

II. Grammar and Vocabulary

Section A

(A)

Sports is both my work and life

Among various events organized by our company, the marathon impresses me most. The most unforgettable scene happened in my first year of work, (25) ______ I witnessed a silver-haired man in his 80s walk slowly toward the finishing line accompanied by two nurses. It was at that moment (26) ______ I was deeply moved. I realized (27) ______ marathon spirit stands for --- perseverance, willpower, self-proving and self-breakthrough.

I took part in the Nike Women's Half Marathon in Washington DC this year. It was my first half marathon. (28) ______ ______ I passed over the bridge, runners from the opposite direction gave me high fives with an unspoken understanding, allowing me to forget fatigue and regain energy instantly.

There were many times when I wanted to quit. But runners around me, as well as the spectators along the road, always encouraged me. In the last 500 meters, (29) ______ (feel) sick in the stomach because of the cold wind, I slowed my pace and intended to walk. A woman shouted at me: "Hey, you are almost there. Come on girl! You're doing a great job." What amazing power (30) ______ words had! I started to run again. And finally I made it.

Running is flesh-and-blood and not just mechanical movements. Thus, I can’t help but (31) ______ (become) more considerate about runners when organizing races. I wish to create a far (32) ______ (favorable) running environment, offer better services and help them achieve the results they expect, happily, conveniently and comfortably.

(B)

Photo hacking: sex crime

Oscar winner Jennifer Lawrence, one of dozens of actresses, models and celebrities whose images have been posted online, spoke about the photo hacking scandal for the first time on Tuesday, saying it is a crime and sexual violation.

In an interview with Vanity Fair magazine, Lawrence, 24, said she was frightened after the photos was released last month and worried about the impact it would have(33) ______ her career.

"Just because I'm an actress and public figure, does not mean that I asked for this." Lawrence,

(34)______ won a best actress Academy Award, told the magazine. The star said she considered

(35)______ (write) an apology but had been in a loving, four-year relationship and realized she had nothing to say sorry for.

"It's not a scandal," she said. "It's a sexual violation. The law needs to be changed, (36) ______ it?"

Lawrence had been dating British actor Nicholas Hoult but the couple are reported (37) ______ (split up) last summer.

Photos of Lawrence, model Kate Upton, actress Kirsten Dunst and other women had apparently been hacked from individual iCloud accounts and were uploaded to the image-sharing forum 4chan.

The FBI said it was aware of the release of the photos and (38) ______ (address) the matter. Apple Inc admitted that certain celebrity accounts (39) ______ (offend), but the company said none of the cases (40)______ (investigate) were due to any breach (违反) in Apple's systems including iCloud or Find My iPhone.

The iCloud system lets users store photos and other content and to access it from any Apple device.

III. Reading Comprehension

Section A

In modern society loneliness can be seen as a social phenomenon and people can experience loneliness for many reasons. It is a very common, though normally temporary, 51 of a breakup, divorce, or loss of any important long-term relationship. In these cases, loneliness may result both from the loss of a specific person and from the withdrawal from social circles.The loss of a significant person in one's life will typically initiate a(n) 52 response; in this situation, one might feel lonely, even while in the company of others.

Loneliness may also result from any socially disruptive (破裂的) event, such as moving from one's home town into 53 communities leading to homesickness. Loneliness can also occur in places with low population densities in which there are comparatively few people to 54 .

There are many different ways used to 55 loneliness. The first step that most doctors recommend to patients is therapy. Short term therapy typically occurs over a period of ten to twenty weeks. During therapy, emphasis is put on understanding the cause of the problem, 56 the negative thoughts, feelings, and attitudes resulting from the problem, and exploring ways to help the patient feel connected. Some doctors also recommend 57 therapy as a means to connect with other sufferers and establish a support system. It may take several attempts before a suitable anti-depressant medication is found. Some patients may also develop a resistance to a certain type of medication and need to 58

periodically.

Another treatment is animal-assisted therapy. Studies and surveys indicate that the presence of animal companions such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs can 59 feelings of loneliness or depression among some sufferers. Beyond the companionship the animal itself provides there may also be increased opportunities for 60 with other pet owners. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention there are a number of other health benefits associated with pet ownership, such as lowered blood pressure. In addition, some other alternative approaches may include exercise, dieting, etc, which many patients find have a 61 effect on relieving symptoms. Results of a study also suggest that correcting maladaptive social cognition (认知) offers the best chance of 62 loneliness.

Nevertheless, loneliness can sometimes play an important role in the 63 process. In some people, temporary or prolonged loneliness can lead to notable artistic and creative expression, for example, as was the case with poet Emily Dickinson, and numerous musicians. This is not to imply that loneliness itself ensures this creativity, 64 , it may have an influence on the subject matter of the artist and more likely be present in individuals 65 creative activities.

51. A. type B. concern C. consequence D. evidence

52. A. grief B. emotion C. offence D. horror

53. A. informal B. uncertain C. relevant D. unfamiliar

54. A. turn to B. interact with C. long for D. share with

55. A. release B. observe C. monitor D. treat

56. A. reversing B. directing C. measuring D. pursuing

57. A. long-term B. sightseeing C. patient D. group

58. A. quit B. evolve C. switch D. exercise

59. A. confirm B. protest C. enhance D. ease

60. A. socializing B. interfering C. comparing D. coping

61. A. historic B. restorative C. decisive D. permanent

62. A. promoting B. enhancing C. reducing D. striving

63. A. creative B. musical C. artistic D. poetic

64. A. however B. therefore C. rather D. otherwise

65. A. restricted to B. engaged in C. concerned about D. altered by

Section B

（A）

Chimpanzees, long considered reluctant to share, apparently can display selfless tendencies, revealing one more key way our closest living relatives are like humans, scientists find. These findings could shed light on the evolution of altruism in humans.

Previously, a belief was widely held that human altruism evolved only after humans split from their ape cousins about 6 million years ago. In recent years, however, research has revealed just how much chimpanzees have in common with us. They can hunt with spears, play with dolls and mourn their partners’ death.

"Most of the earlier studies had presented the apes with a complex implement that helped them deliver food to themselves or others, often so complicated that the experiments tested tool skills rather than social tendencies," De Waal told Live Science. "Ours is the first study that uses no such implement at all."

In addition to using complex food-delivery systems, past experiments often placed the chimpanzees so far apart that they might not have realized how their actions benefited others. In these new, simplified experiments, two apes were housed next to each other with a screen through which they could see each other. Then, one chimpanzee had to choose between two differently colored tokens (币) from a bin, one of which represented a pro-social (亲社会的) option, the other a selfish option. The pro-social option would cause both chimpanzees to receive a piece of banana wrapped in paper. The selfish option only rewarded the ape who made the choice.

In a study with seven adult female chimps placed into various pairs, the scientists found all the apes showed a definite preference for the pro-social option. "For me, the most important finding is that like us, chimpanzees take into account the needs and wishes of others," researcher Victoria Horner, said.

The chimpanzees behaved especially altruistically toward partners who either patiently waited or gently reminded them that they were there by drawing attention to themselves. They were less likely to reward partners who pressured through making a fuss, begging persistently or spitting water at them. This is opposite to a long-standing view that the chimpanzees only share food under pressure.

66. The word " altruism " (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to ______.

A. selflessness

B. selfishness

C. willingness

D. reluctance

67. Recent researches are performed with less complicated implements mainly to ______.

A. test chimps’ social tendencies instead of tool skills

B. see whether chimps are willing to share food with others

C. find out if chimps are likely to reward partners

D. show that chimps are only good at using implements

68. What can be learned from the passage?

A. Chimps are usually unwilling to share.

B. Chimps take others’ nee ds and wishes into consideration.

C. It is more likely that chimps will reward partners who give them pressure.

D. Human altruism evolved only after humans separated from their ape relatives.

69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A. Evolution History of Altruism in Humans

B. Similarities between Chimps and Mankind

C. Chimps Do Show Selfless Behavior

D. Chimps Only Share Food under Pressure

(B)

The Honors Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (HPBMB) is offered to mature high school seniors with strong academic ability and achievement who seek careers in biological or biomedical science. Students can earn both a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) and a Doctor of Philosophy Degree (Ph.D.) in approximately 6 years.

Applicants to the Honors Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology must be in their last year of high school.

Undergraduates will have the opportunity to work with top-level research scientists in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and also in clinical laboratories with scientists that are associated with the department. They will conduct intensive laboratory work in the areas of biochemistry, molecular biology or nutritional biochemistry starting in the summer before their first fall semester starts. By spring of their junior year, students will prepare an undergraduate thesis as preparation for their entry into graduate school. At that time they will start taking graduate courses and continue to do research with a graduate faculty member.

To be considered students must:

●have a combined SAT I score of 1400 (combined Math and Critical Reading scores)

●meet the SAT II score requirement of at least 600 in Math, and one science (Biology,

Chemistry or Physics)

●have completed eight semesters of English and mathematics and two semesters each of

biology and chemistry by the time they graduate from high school

●complete all components of your Common Application for undergraduate admission by

November 1 of your senior year

●complete a supplemental application form for the Honors Program in Biochemistry &

Molecular Biology

●include a counselor recommendation, three letters of recommendation from teachers in

support of your application to the Honors Program and a personal statement Send all Dual Admission Honors Program application materials to:

Dual Admission Honors Programs

Office of Admission

University of Miami

P.O. Box 248025

Coral Gables, FL 33124-4616

Fax number: (513) 529-7592 (513) 529-1950

For more information on the HPBMB, contact:

Dr. Thomas K. Harris

Director, Undergraduate and Medical Education

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Office: Gautier Building, Room 111

Phone: 305-243-3358

E-Mail: tkharris@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1010137552.html,

70. We can learn from the passage that______.

A. Grade one students in a high school can apply for the program

B. i t’s possible for graduates to obtain both a bachelor’s degree and a doctor’s degree

C. graduates are promised to have a chance to work with top biomedical scientists

D. a thesis is not necessary if an undergraduate wants to go to graduate school

71. Which of the following is an unnecessary requirement for application?

A. A combined SAT I score of 1400.

B. A combined SAT II score of 600 in Math and one science.

C. Three letters of recommendation from his teachers.

D. A letter of recommendation from the principal.

72. What's the purpose of this passage?

A. To tell the students how to learn well in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology.

B. To i ntroduce a very famous university “University of Miami”.

C. To attract excellent high school graduates to apply for the Honors Program.

D. To give information on how to contact Director of the Honors Program.

73. If an applicant wants more information, he can contact Director of the Honors Program except

______.

A. by phone

B. in person

C. by e-mail

D. by fax

(C)

Exercise may help to safeguard the mind against depression through previously unknown effects on working muscles, according to a new study involving mice.

Mental health experts have long been aware that even mild, repeated stress can contribute to the development of depression and other mood disorders in animals and people. Scientists have also known that exercise seems to cushion against depression. But precisely how exercise, a physical activity can lessen someone’s risk for depression, a mood state, has been mysterious. So for the new study, researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm studied the brains and behavior of mice in a complicated and novel fashion.

We can’t ask mice if they are feeling cheerful or in low spirits. Instead, researchers have pictured certain behaviors that indicate depression in mice. If animals lose weight, stop seeking out a sugar solution when it’s avail able — because, probably, they no longer experience normal

pleasures — or give up trying to escape from the cold-water zone just freeze in place, they are categorized as depressed. And in the new experiment, after five weeks of frequent but low-level stress, such as being lightly shocked, mice displayed exactly those behaviors. They became depressed.

The scientists could then have tested whether exercise blunts (延缓) the risk of developing depression after stress by having mice run first. But, frankly, from earlier research, they wanted to know how, so they bred pre-exercised mice. A wealth of earlier research by these scientists and others had shown that aerobic exercise, in both mice and people, increases the production within muscles of an enzyme (酶) called PGC-1alpha. The Karolinska scientists suspected that this enzyme somehow creates conditions within the body that protect the brain against depression. Then, the scientists exposed the animals, which without exercising, were in high levels of PGC-1alpha to five weeks of mild stress. The mice responded with slight symptoms of worry. But they did not develop depression. They continued to seek out sugar and fought to get out of the cold-water zone. Their high levels of PGC-1alpha appeared to make them depression-resistant. Finally, to ensure that these findings are relevant to people, the researchers had a group of adult volunteers complete three weeks of frequent endurance training, consisting of 40 to 50 minutes of moderate cycling or jogging. The scientists conducted muscle biopsies (活体检查) before and after the program and found that by the end of the three weeks, the volunteers’ muscle cells contained substantially more PGC-1alpha than at the study’s start.

The finding of these results, in the simplest terms, is that “you reduce the risk of getting depression when you exercise,” said Maria Lindskog, a researcher at the Karolinska Institute.

74. The researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm conducted the new study hoping to

know______.

A. if exercise cushions against depression

B. what can lead to depression in animals and people

C. if stress can contribute to the development of depression

D. how exerc ise contributes to reducing someone’s risk for depression

75. We can infer from the new experiment conducted by researchers at the Karolinska Institute

that mice are depressed except when ______.

A. they stand still in place

B. they stop searching for the sugar water

C. they attempt to escape from the cold-water zone

D. they can’t experience normal pleasures any longer

76. Researchers asked a group of adult volunteers to complete three weeks of frequent endurance

training in order to ______.

A. know if exercise can help to safeguard the mind against depression

B. know if they can endure 40 to 50 minutes of moderate cycling or jogging

C. confirm the findings above are also relevant to people

D. ensure they can lose weight after moderate cycling or jogging

77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.

A. the enzyme called PGC-1alpha helps to ease depression

B. athletes are more likely to develop depression than ordinary people

C. the mice with high levels of PGC-1alpha are easier to develop depression

D. in the past mental health specialists didn’t know exercise could help reduce depression

Section C

By 2050, half of the world’s population will reside（居住）in the tropics—the relatively warm belt that circles the globe—according to State of the Tropics, a report released today. Rapid population growth, along with economic growth, means that the region’s influence will grow in coming decades, the authors of the 500-page work predict.

The project, initially launched in 2011, aimed to answer one significant question: Is life in the tropics improving? To find out, the researchers analyzed environmental, social, and economic indicators collected over 6 decades. It finds that the region has made “extraordinary progress” in many areas. For example, there’s been a 14% increase in the proportion of the population with access to safe drinking water, and the number of protected areas is increasing. The tropics also have outperformed (胜过) the rest of the world in economic growth over the past 30 years; it now represents approximately 18.7% of global economic activity, up from 14.5% in 1980.

Nevertheless, some challenges remain. Investment in research and development, for example, has increased modestly, but tropical nations still invest less than the rest of the world. “As a proportion of GDP the Rest of the World invests almost four times as much in research and development than the Tropics,” concludes the report.

The report also includes a new analysis of how climate change will affect the region. Many plant and animal species are moving poleward in an attempt to stay within their preferred environmental conditions in the tropics, the authors write. However, some organisms may not be able to keep pace with the changing conditions, they predict. As a result, they can experience population declines or go extinct.

In addition, an expanded tropical zone also threatens health and safety issues, the authors warn. As regions become more suitable to insects such as mosquitoes and ticks, the prevalence of insect-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Lyme disease could rise, causing a burden to human health and the economy.

Bruna, a researcher, says he sees a lot to be concerned about in the report. “While we’ve made incredible advances in some areas, I think the risks for the tropics that are highlighted in this report are things that we really need to be concerned about.”

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)

78. The growth of both __________ displays that the influence of the tropics will increase in the future.

79. What was the original purpose of the project State of the Tropics?

80. According to the report, some organisms can experience population drop and extinction because of their __________.

81. An expanded tropical zone will threaten health and safety issues; apart from that, what are the other existing challenges mentioned in the passage?

I. Translation

1. 你今晚能去参加李教授的讲座吗? (likely)

2. 各国科学家正加强合作，寻求节能的有效方法。(in search of)

3. 学校艺术节有助于促进和谐校园氛围，减缓学习压力。（promote）

4. 养狗的居民常被告诫要看管好他们的宠物，以防发生意外伤人情况。(in case)

5. 参加了军训我们才懂得一个道理：毅力、纪律、团队精神都是导致成功的关键因素。（Not until）

II. Guided writing

某海外培训机构在沪举办为期6周、全英文授课的夏令营活动，课程安排如下。假如你

是王荣（不可以用自己的真实姓名），请给该机构校长Rodney写一封申请信，报名参加夏令

营活动。信的内容必须包括：（信的开头已给出）

●你选择的课程（一门或多门）及选课的目的

●你想从中学到什么，有什么希望或要求

July15—Aug.3

8:00—9:30 10:00—11:30 13:00—14:30 15:00—16:30

周一、周四大学英语

(college English)

模拟驾驶

（driving

simulation）

健美操

（aerobics）

英文写作

（writing）

周二、周五演讲技巧

（presentation

skills）

点心制作

（cookie-making）

跆拳道

（kickboxing

）

英语口语

（oral

English）

Dear Rodney,

I’m Wang Rong, …