文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › Supercritical fluid extraction of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)

Supercritical fluid extraction of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)

Supercritical fluid extraction of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)
Supercritical fluid extraction of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)

J.of Supercritical Fluids 30(2004)155–161

Supercritical ?uid extraction of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)

Carla Duarte a ,Margarida Mold?o-Martins b ,Ana F.Gouveia b ,Sara Beir?o da Costa b ,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1510234246.html,ardo Leit?o c ,M.Gabriela Bernardo-Gil a ,?

a

Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Qu′?mica,DEQ,IST,Av.Rovisco Pais,1049-001Lisboa,Portugal b

Centro de Microbiologia e Indústrias Agr′?colas,DAIAT,ISA,Tapada da Ajuda,1349-017Lisboa,Portugal

c

Centro de Estudos de Produ??o e Tecnologia Agr′?colas,IICT,Tapada da Ajuda,Apartado 3014,1301-901Lisboa,Portugal

Received 10February 2003;received in revised form 23June 2003;accepted 18July 2003

Abstract

The aim of this work was to assess supercritical ?uid extraction (SFE)of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)oleoresins.The

in?uence of pressure,and super?cial velocity of supercritical CO 2at 313K,on the Capsicum frutescens oleoresins yield and capsaicinoids content was studied.The central composite,non-factorial design was used to optimise the extraction conditions,using the Statistica,version 5software (Statsoft).The results were compared with those obtained when n -hexane was used for the extraction of red pepper oleoresin in a Soxhlet apparatus.At 10min of extraction time an optimal value of the yield was determined (5.2%(w/w))for pressure of 21.5MPa and super?cial velocity of 0.071cm s ?1.An optimum value for the yield in capsaicinoids (0.252%(w/w))occurred at 20.5MPa and 0.064cm s ?1.The extract of the supercritical ?uid process obtained at 21.5MPa,0.074cm s ?1of CO 2super?cial velocity during 10min was chosen,in order to perform a sensorial analysis.Selected extract was suspended in extra virgin olive oil (0.7%acidity)at three capsaicinoids contents (0.0006%(w/w),0.0011%(w/w)and 0.0015%(w/w))and analysed in terms of pungency,aroma,taste and after https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1510234246.html,mercial red pepper ?avoured olive oil (0.0011%(w/w)capsaicinoids)was used as reference.Panel preferred taste of the olive oil added with extract that contains 0.0006%(w/w)of capsaicinoids.At this concentration SFE extract did not in?uence olive oil colour.

?2003Published by Elsevier B.V .

Keywords:Capsicum frutescens ;CO 2extraction;Capsaicinoids;Sensorial analysis;Colour

1.Introduction

Capsicum frutescens L.,commonly known as red pepper,is used world-wide as a natural condiment in

?

Corresponding author.Tel.:+351-21-841-7582;fax:+351-21-841-9176.

E-mail address:gbernardo.gil@ist.utl.pt (M.G.Bernardo-Gil).food as well as raw material for pharmaceutical in-dustries.The fruit is commonly red when ripe,oblong lanceolate and 1.5–2.5cm long.

Pungency (hot ?avour)is the most important qual-ity attribute of red pepper.The substances responsible for pungency are capsaicinoids.The capsaicinoids are odourless,colourless,?avourless and non-nutrient compounds [1].More than 20capsaicinoids were characterised on the Capsicum genus [1].The most

0896-8446/$–see front matter ?2003Published by Elsevier B.V .doi:10.1016/j.sup?u.2003.07.001

156 C.Duarte et al./J.of Supercritical Fluids30(2004)155–161

representative are capsaicin(C)and dihydrocapsaicin (D)(80–90%of the total).

Another attribute of the Capsicum genus fruits is the red colour due to the natural pigments,carotenoids that are synthesised massively during fruit ripening. The mainly responsible carotenoids for the?nal colour of the fruits are capsanthin and capsorubin[2].

Oily Capsicum extracts among pungent compounds contains considerable amounts of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1510234246.html,-monly the oily extracts from pungent or non-pungent red pepper has been prepared by traditional extrac-tion methods using organic solvents,such as acetone and cyclohexane[3].Such extractions,using organic solvents,have limitations in obtaining solvent-free https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1510234246.html,pressed carbon dioxide has been widely applied to the extraction of oil and oleoresins from different plant products[3–9].This separation tech-nique offers extraction yields very similar to those obtained by conventional extraction processes using liquid solvents,but does require a certain combina-tion of operating conditions,depending on pressure, temperature,particle size or super?cial velocity.Its advantages,compared to organic solvents,are that CO2is non-toxic,non-?ammable,and that it is cheap and readily available in bulk quantity,with a high degree of purity.In processing terms,CO2has a low critical temperature and pressure(304.1K and 7.38MPa,respectively),which makes it the ideal solvent for natural products,since they do not suffer thermal degradation during the process.

del Valle et al.[4]had obtained a very attractive light yellow tinge oleoresin from Capsicum annuum, at40?C,120bar,during4h of extraction.

The aim of this work was to study the in?uence of pressure,and super?cial velocity of supercritical CO2on the extraction of Capsicum frutescens oleo-resins.The extracts were characterised and the results were compared with those obtained when n-hexane was used for the extraction of red pepper oleoresin in Soxhlet.

2.Materials and methods

2.1.Raw material

The red peppers were acquired from a Portuguese producer and were preserved at?18?C until they were ground using a refrigerated knife mill(IKA—Universal muhle M20,20000min?1,Jank&Kunkel GmBH&Co KG,Labortechnik Staufen,Germany).

A sieving machine Retsch KS1000(Retsch,Haan, Germany)was used to adjust the medium diameter of the particles(0.23mm)without the use of any solvent. The total oleoresin content was obtained by Soxh-let extraction using n-hexane as solvent.The value determined was10.1%(w/w)at8h of extraction.

2.2.Solvents

The used carbon dioxide had a purity of≥99.995% (N45)and was supplied by AR LIQUIDO-Portugal. All other solvents and reagents used in analytical de-terminations were purchased at Merck,as pro anal-ysis type,except the external standards for the cap-saicinoids analysis,which were from Sigma of HPLC grade.

2.3.Supercritical?uid extraction

2.3.1.Equipment

Extraction measurements were carried out in a semi-batch?ow extraction apparatus built in Instituto Superior Técnico(Lisbon).Supercritical carbon diox-ide(SCCO2)was used as solvent.The supercritical apparatus is identical to that described by Esqu′?vel and Bernardo-Gil[7].The extraction experiments were performed with a tubular extractor of0.2dm3 capacity(section area=16.395cm2),assembled as described[7].

Liquid carbon dioxide from the supply cylinder passes through a cold bath(about275K)and then is pumped with an air driven liquid pump;model MCP-71(Haskel,Inc.,USA)and heated in a tubular heat exchanger to the extraction temperature.Pressure is controlled with a backpressure regulator(Tescom Co.,Minnesota,USA,model number26-1722-024-043).

The extractor,containing the raw material to be extracted,was placed in a controlled temperature water bath,the temperature inside the extractor be-ing controlled by a digital controller(Ero Electronic, Italy)within an accuracy of±0.05K.The pressure at the exit of the extractor was measured by using a manometer(Skalenwert2,Germany)with an accuracy of0.2MPa.After leaving the extractor,the stream of

C.Duarte et al./J.of Supercritical Fluids30(2004)155–161157

carbon dioxide loaded with extract?owed through

an on/off valve and a sequence of pressure expan-

sion valves(Hoke needle valve(Hoke,Inc.,Cresskill,

USA)).The stream pressure was in this way reduced

down to atmospheric pressure,and the oily extract was

recovered in a glass collector.Water and volatile com-

ponents were deposited in a second collector that was

immersed in a dry ice-acetone bath at approximately

203K.

A dry test meter(American Meter Company,

Philadelphia,USA,DTM-200A)with accuracy of ±0.005l was used to measure the delivered volume of carbon dioxide,being measured the pressure and

temperature conditions.The estimated accuracy of

the pressure measurement was±0.01MPa and tem-

perature was measured with a mercury thermometer

to within±0.1K.

Using this equipment,the mass of oleoresin extract

(and hence the yield of extract)was determined as

a function of extraction time and CO2mass passed

through the ground red pepper bed,at each of the

conditions studied.

2.3.2.Extraction procedure

Before each set of yield determinations at given

extraction conditions,the extractor was manually?lled

with a weighed quantity of ground red pepper(about

0.050kg)and CO2was pumped into the extractor until

the desired extraction pressure value.After ensuring

that there was no leak in the equipment,the expansion

valves were opened and a steady stream of the solvent

was allowed to pass upward through the bed of ground

particles,at predetermined pressure and temperature

values.After a given extraction period these valves

were closed,and the weight of the extract deposited

in the collector was determined.

The expansion valves and pipes leading from the

extractor to the collector were washed with n-hexane

to remove any extract trapped in this region.To wash

the pipes,the n-hexane was fed through a cap?tting

placed just after the?rst expansion valve(which was

closed during the washing operation).The n-hexane

was left in contact with the inside surfaces of the

pipe for about10min and then was sucked out with

a vacuum pump.The washings were collected and

the oleoresin was subsequently separated from the

solvent using a rotary evaporator VV2000(Heidolph,

Germany),and weighed.Table1

Coded and uncoded matrix of the experiments(T=313K)

Run no.P V s P(MPa)V s

(cm s?1)

CO2density

(kg m?3)

1?1?116.20.046759.99

2?1+116.20.075759.99

3+1?121.80.047844.13

4+1+121.80.074844.13 500190.065799.71 600190.059799.71 700190.059799.71 800190.060799.71

9+

20150.061742.97

10?

20230.060854.51

110+

190.081799.71

120?

2190.041799.71

After washing,the valves leading from the extrac-tor were reopened and extraction was resumed for a further period as above.This procedure was repeated until suf?cient oleoresin had been extracted to de?ne the form of the extraction curve at the extraction con-ditions in study.The extractor was then unloaded and cleaned.

An experimental design matrix(Table1)was used to study the in?uence of pressure(P)and super?cial velocity(V s)on yields.The temperature was main-tained constant at313K,based on studies of capsaicin solubilities at different temperatures[10].

2.4.HPLC analysis

Identi?cation and quanti?cation of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were performed on a HPLC ap-paratus(Beckman System Gold Chromatograph, USA)composed of a126gradient pump and a168 diode-array detector connected to a Gold software data module.The eluates were detected at280nm, on a LiChrospher100RP-18,5?m,250mm×4mm column with acetonitrile:water(70:30(v/v))as mo-bile phase and1ml min?1?ow rate.Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were identi?ed and quanti?ed using external standards.

Before injection(20?l)supercritical extracts were diluted in acetone(50?l:900?l).

2.5.Sensorial analysis

According to the total yield and the capsaicinoids contents a SFE extract was chosen,in order to perform

158 C.Duarte et al./J.of Supercritical Fluids 30(2004)155–161

a sensorial analysis.Selected extract (obtained at 21.5MPa,0.074cm s ?1of CO 2super?cial velocity during 10min)was suspended in extra virgin olive oil (0.7%acidity)supplied by a local producer in the Southwest of Portugal.As reference a commercial ?avoured olive oil with Capsicum (0.0011%(w/w)of capsaicinoids)(CFO)was used.Three concentra-tions of capsaicinoids were tested:(FOO1)0.0006%(w/w),(FOO2)0.0011%(w/w)and (FOO3)0.0015%(w/w).Samples were ranked in the following way:pungency,aroma,taste and after taste.

Sensory evaluation was conducted in the sensory laboratory,Department of Food Science and Technol-ogy,ISA/UTL.Sensorial analysis was carried out by 20panel test persons (12females and 8males),stu-dents and staff of the food department and they can be considered as experienced panel test persons.All of them were non-smokers and their age ranged from 20–56years old.The room was equipped with seven isolated sensory booths.

The samples were presented to the panellists in blue glasses,generally used for olive oil sensory analysis,with a shape that allows an evaluation of aroma and prevents interference of light.The sam-ples for each assessor were prepared simultaneously about 1h prior to the sessions to allow the headspace to develop.Samples were three-digit coded and

020

40

60

80

1000

20

40

6080100120140160180

g CO 2 / g ground red pepper

O l e o r e s i n s r e c o v e r e d b y S F E (w /w %)

Fig.1.Red pepper oleoresins recovered by SFE in function of mass of CO 2per unity of initial mass of sample,at various values of pressure and super ?cial velocity.

the order of serving was determined by random permutation.

A rank preference test [11]was performed.Results were statistically interpreted by Friedman test,which gives the maximum opportunities for demonstrating recognition by the assessors of differences between samples.

2.6.Colour analysis

The colour of ?avoured olive oils with red pep-per SFE extracts was evaluated with a colorimeter (CR 300Minolta,Osaka,Japan)by measuring L ?,a ?and b ?parameters.A white tile (L ?=97.10;a ?=0.08;b ?=1.80)was used as reference.The L ?value indicates lightness,a ?value indicates chro-maticity on a green (?)to red (+)axis,and b ?value represents chromaticity on a blue (?)to yellow (+)axis.

3.Results and discussion

Fig.1shows the quantity of oleoresins from red pepper recovered by SFE as a function of mass of carbon dioxide per unit of initial mass of red pepper for several values of pressure and super ?cial velocity.

C.Duarte et al./J.of Supercritical Fluids 30(2004)155–161159

102030405060708090100720740760780800820

840860880

CO 2density (kg m -3

)

O l e o r e s i n s r e c o v e r e d b y S F E (w /w %)

Fig.2.Red pepper oleoresins recovered by SFE in function of CO 2density,at 50min of extraction time for different values of super ?cial velocity (V s ).

As it can be seen,the higher the pressure,the higher are the extraction yields.

In Fig.2,the percentages of red pepper oleoresins recovered by SFE at 50min of extraction time are presented as a function of carbon dioxide density at different super ?cial velocity conditions.

The percentage of oleoresins recovered by SFE in-creases with CO 2density and also with the super ?cial velocity.

Studies using the Statistica ,version 5,software (Statsoft ,Tulsa,OK,USA)were developed to ob-tain functional relations between the yield of red pepper oleoresins after 10min of extraction (Y10)and after 50min (Y50)as functions of pressure (P )and super ?cial velocity (V s ).The yield of capsaici-noids (capsaicin +dihydrocapsaicin)after 10min of extraction was also investigated.

The response surface of the yields of oleoresins af-ter 10min of extraction is shown in Fig.3and it is described as:

Y 10=44.56+3.777P ?0.1027P 2+258.1V s

?3157V 2s +8.901P V s ,R 2=0.89,

R 2Adj =0.

79

(P <0.05)

(1)

Fig.3.Response surface showing the relation between the red

pepper oleoresins recovered by SFE at 10min of extraction time as a function of pressure (P )and super ?cial velocity (V s ).

160 C.Duarte et al./J.of Supercritical Fluids30(2004)

155–161

Fig.4.Response surface showing the relation between the red pepper oleoresins recovered by SFE at50min of extraction time as a function of pressure(P)and super?cial velocity(V s). where P represents the P-level,which is a measure of the statistical signi?cance.R2can be interpreted as the proportion of the variability in the data,and R2Adj is the adjusted R2,which depends on the R2and

the number of degrees of freedom[12,13].When R2

and R2

Adj differ dramatically there is a good chance

that non-signi?cant terms have been included in the model[13].

At10min of extraction time an optimal value of the yield was determined for pressure of21.5MPa and super?cial velocity of7.1×10?4m s?1.

The response surface of the yields of oleoresins af-ter50min of extraction is shown in Fig.4and it is described as

Y50=39.29+4.106P?0.08964P2

+139.8V s?5.912PV s,

R2=0.88,R2Adj=0.78(P<0.05)(2) At50min of extraction,an optimum value of yield of red pepper oleoresin occurred for the pressure of 18.6MPa.

The yields in capsaicinoids(capsaicin+dihydro-capsaicin)after10min of extraction,in function of pressure and super?cial velocity,are represented

by Fig.5.Response surface showing the relation between the cap-saicin(C)+dihydrocapsaicin(D)content of red pepper oleoresins recovered by SFE at10min of extraction time as a function of pressure(P)and super?cial velocity(V s).

the response surface of Fig.5,which is described as

C+D10=?2.638+0.2309P?0.995631P2

+16.61V s?129.1V s2,

R2=0.86,R2Adj=0.77(P<0.05)(3) The surface showed that an optimum value for the yield in capsaicinoids occurred within the experimen-tal pressure and super?cial velocity ranges,being the optimal values of pressure and super?cial velocity,re-spectively,20.5MPa and6.4×10?4m s?1.

In what respects sensorial analysis,the attribute aroma did not show to be signi?cantly different for the four samples(F

The results demonstrate that the?avouring with supercritical?uid red pepper extracts did not signi?-cantly(P>0.05%)affect the colour parameters(L?, a?and b?)of the original virgin olive oil(Table2). These results are in accordance to those reported by

C.Duarte et al./J.of Supercritical Fluids30(2004)155–161161

Table2

Colour parameters

L?a?b?

OO84.8±1.715.0±0.660.9±6.7 FOO184.5±1.015.5±0.169.7±3.6 FOO286.7±2.613.6±2.556.3±8.7 FOO385.8±3.315.1±0.261.5±5.7 CFO79.1±2.58.4±1.392.4±3.6 Duarte et al.[14],referring that capsaicinoids are easily extracted by supercritical?uid extraction,in opposition to the pigments that are only extracted at higher extraction pressures.

Colour parameters of commercial?avoured olive oil(CFO)are signi?cantly different(P<0.01)from those of the olive oils?avoured with SFE extracts.

4.Conclusions

The supercritical carbon dioxide can be used as sol-vent to obtain extracts from Capsicum frutescens.High extraction yields in oleoresins and capsaicinoids were obtained at pressures around20–22MPa and about 0.06–0.07cm s?1.

Extracts obtained at these conditions give pungen-cies to the virgin olive oil similar to that found in com-mercial?avoured olive oils,without modi?cation of original colour.

References

[1]P.W.Bosland, E.J.V otava,Pepper:Vegetable and Spice

Capsicum,CAB Publishing,London,2000.

[2]D.Hornero-Méndez,R.G.L.Guevara,M.I.M′?nguez-

Mosquera,Carotenoid biosynthesis changes in?ve red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)cultivars during ripening.Cultivar selection for breeding,J.Agric.Food Chem.48(2000)3857–3864.

[3]H.G.Daood,V.Illés,M.H.Gnayfeed, B.Mészáros,G.

Horváth,P.A.Biacs,Extraction of pungent spice paprika by supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical propane,J.

Superc.Fluids23(2002)143–152.

[4]J.M.del Valle,M.Jiménez,J.C.de la Fuente,Extraction

kinetics of pré-pelletized Jalape?o peppers with supercritical CO2,J.Superc.Fluids25(2003)33–44.

[5]S.Dakovic,J.Turkulov,E.Dimic,The quality of vegetable

oils got by extraction with CO2,Fat Sci.Tech.91(1989) 116–119.

[6]S.M.Fors,C.E.Eriksson,Characterization of oils extracted

from oats by supercritical carbon dioxide,Lebensm.Wiss.

Technol.23(1990)390–395.

[7]M.Esqu′?vel,M.G.Bernardo-Gil,Extraction of olive husk oil

with compressed carbon dioxide,J.Superc.Fluids6(1993) 91–94.

[8]M.A.Gómez,C.P.López,E.Mart′?nez de la Ossa,Recovery

of grape seed oil by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide:a comparison with conventional solvent extraction,Chem.Eng.

J.61(1996)227–321.

[9]M.G.Bernardo-Gil,C.Oneto,A.Antunes,M.F.Rodrigues,

J.M.Empis,Extraction of lipids from cherry seed oil by supercritical carbon dioxide,Eur.Food Res.Technol.212 (2001)170–174.

[10]J.A.P.Coelho,Estudo de solubilidade de sólidos e extrac??o

de aromas com CO2supercr′?tico,Ph.D.thesis,IST,Lisbon, 1995.

[11]ISO/8587,International Organization for Standardization,

Sensory Analysis—Methodology-Ranking,1988,9pp. [12]Statsoft,Inc.,Electronic Statistics Textbook,Statsoft WEB:

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1510234246.html,/textbook/stathome.html,Tulsa,OK, 2001.

[13]D.C.Montgomery,Design and Analysis of Experiments,

fourth ed.,Wiley,NY,1997.

[14]C.M.M.Duarte,M.Crew,T.Casimiro,A.Aguiar-Ricardo,

M.Nunes da Ponte,Phase equilibrium for capsaicin+water +ethanol+supercritical carbon dioxide,J.Superc.Fluids 22(2002)87–92.

固相萃取柱知识点

1、使用阳离子固相萃取柱前为什么要用甲醇和水活化 要是使用的是高聚物基质的阳离子柱,可直接上样,不用活化,要是使用的是硅胶基质的阳离子柱,活化是为了打开键合在硅胶上的碳基团链,使之充分发生作用,甲醇是为了与碳链互溶,用水过度是为了能和样品溶液相溶。 2、固相萃取技术原理及应用 一、固相萃取基本原理与操作 1、固相萃取吸附剂与目标化合物之间的作用机理 固相萃取主要通过目标物与吸附剂之间的以下作用力来保留/吸附的 1)疏水作用力:如C18、C8、Silica、苯基柱等 2)离子交换作用:SAX, SCX,COOH、NH2等 3)物理吸附:Florsil、Alumina等 2、p H值对固相萃取的影响 pH值可以改变目标物/吸附剂的离子化或质子化程度。对于强阳/阴离子交换柱来讲,因为吸附剂本身是完全离子化的状态,目标物必须完全离子化才可以保证其被吸附剂完全吸附保留。而目标物的离子化程度则与pH值有关。如对于弱碱性化合物来讲,其pH值必须小于其pKa值两个单位才可以保证目标物完全离子化,而对于弱酸性化合物,其pH值必须大于其pKa值两个单位才能保证其完全离子化。对于弱阴/阳离子交换柱来讲,必须要保证吸附剂完全离子化才保证目标物的完全吸附,而溶液的pH值必须满足一定的条件才能保证其完全离子化。

3、固相萃取操作步骤及注意事项 针对填料保留机理的不同(填料保留目标化合物或保留杂质),操作稍有不同。 1)填料保留目标化合物 固相萃取操作一般有四步(见图1): ? 活化---- 除去小柱内的杂质并创造一定的溶剂环境。(注意整个过程不要使小柱干涸) ? 上样---- 将样品用一定的溶剂溶解,转移入柱并使组分保留在柱上。(注意流速不要过快,以1ml/min为宜,最大不超过5ml/min)? 淋洗---- 最大程度除去干扰物。(建议此过程结束后把小柱完全抽干) ? 洗脱---- 用小体积的溶剂将被测物质洗脱下来并收集。(注意流速不要过快,以1ml/min为宜) 如下图1:

常用固相萃取柱

常用固相萃取柱 HLB是英文"亲水-亲脂平衡"(hydrophilic-l;pophilicbalance)的缩写,它是. 一种新型的反相吸附剂,能同时表现出对亲水性化合物和亲脂性化合物的双重保留特性。 固相萃取柱产品和应用指南(SPE column)返回 提供VARIAN公司BondElut、Agilent公司AccuBond系列固相萃取柱,另可提供经济型国产萃取小柱及填料,并可根据用户需要订做 各种规格产品 1word格式支持编辑,如有帮助欢迎下载支持。

硅胶上键合乙基 500mg 500mg 1000mg 3ml 6ml 6ml 50 30 30 合物。500mg 500mg 1000mg 3ml 6ml 6ml 50 30 30 核酸碱,核苷,表面活化剂。容量:0.2毫当 量/克。 Phenyl 硅胶上键合苯基 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 相对C18和C8,反相萃取,适合 于非极性到中等极性的化合物 Alumnia A (acidic) 酸性 PH ~5 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 极性化合物离子交换和吸附萃取,如维生 素. Silica 无键合硅胶 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 极性化合物萃取,如乙醇,醛, 胺,药物,染料,锄草剂,农药, 酮,含氮类化合物,有机酸,苯 酚,类固醇 Alumnia B (basic) 碱性 PH~8.5 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 吸附萃取和阳离子交换。 Cyano(CN) 硅胶上键合丙氰基烷 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 反相萃取,适合于中等极性的 化合物,正相萃取,适合于极性 化合物,比如,黄曲霉毒素,抗 菌素,染料,锄草剂,农药 ,苯 酚,类固醇。弱阳离子交换萃 取,适合于碳水化合物和阳离 子化合物。 Alumnia N (neutral) 中性 PH~6.5 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 极性化合物吸附萃取。调节pH,阳和阴离。 子交换.适合于维生素,抗菌素,芳香油,酶, 糖苷,激素 Amino(NH2) 硅胶上键合丙氨基 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 正相萃取,适合于极性化合物。 弱阴离子交换萃取,适合于碳 水化合物,弱性阴离子和有机 酸化合物。 Florisil 填料-硅酸 镁 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 极性化合物的吸附萃取,如乙醇,醛,胺,药 物,染料,锄草剂,农药,PCBs,酣,含氮类化 合物,有机酸,苯酚,类固醇 固相萃取柱及填料(SPE column) 2word格式支持编辑,如有帮助欢迎下载支持。

固液萃取

第十章固液浸取 第一节萃取原理 教学目标: 理解萃取过程和萃取原理。理解萃取分配定律的含义,掌握分配常数的计算公式。 掌握单级萃取、多级逆流萃取、多级错流萃取的物料流动过程。 教学重点: 萃取过程和萃取原理。理解萃取分配定律的含义,掌握分配常数的计算公式。 单级萃取、多级逆流萃取的物料流动过程。 教学难点: 萃取分配定律的含义,分配常数计算公式的具体应用。 教学内容: 一、萃取基本原理 1.萃取过程 如图10—1所示,假设一种溶液的溶剂A与另一个溶剂B互不相容,且溶质C在B中的溶解度大于在A中的溶解度,当将溶剂B加入到溶液中经振摇静臵后, 则会发生分层现象,且大部分溶质C转移到了溶剂B中。这种溶质从一种体系转移到另一个体系的过程称为萃取过程。

在萃取过程中起转移溶质作用的溶剂称为萃取剂,由萃取剂和溶质组成的溶液叫萃取液,原来的溶液在萃取后则称为萃余液。如果萃取前的体系是液态则称为液—液萃取,如果是固态则称为固——液萃取,又称固液浸取,如用石油醚萃取青蒿中的青蒿素就是典型的固液浸取实例。 2.萃取原理 物质的溶解能力是由构成物质分子的极性和溶剂分子的极性决定的,遵守“相似相溶”原则的,即分子极性大的物质溶于极性溶剂,分子极性小的物质溶解于弱极性或非极性溶剂中。例如,还原糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素B 族等物质,其分子极性大,可溶于极性溶剂水中,而不溶解于非极性溶剂石油醚中。又如大多数萜类化合物的分子极性小,易溶于石油醚和氯仿等极性小的溶剂中,但不溶于水等极性强的溶剂。因此,同一种化合物在不同的溶剂中有不同的溶解能力。当一种溶质处于极性大小不相当的溶剂中时,其溶解能力小,有转移到相当极性的溶剂中去的趋势,假设这种极性相当的溶剂与原来的溶剂互不相溶,则绝大部分溶质就会从原来的相态扩散到新的溶剂中,形成新的溶液体系,即形成萃取液。 在萃取过程时,溶质转移到萃取剂中的程度遵守分配定律。指出,在其他条件不变的情况下,萃取过程达到平衡后,萃取液中溶质浓度与萃余液中溶质浓度的比值是常数,这个规律叫分配定律,常数0k 叫分配系数。如图10—2所示,在 进行第一次萃取时,设原料液中溶质的摩尔浓度为C,萃取相中溶质的摩尔浓度为X ,萃余相中溶质的摩尔浓度为Y ,则: 假设进行多次萃取才能将目的产物提取完,则进行第n 次萃取时,原料液中0 10--1X k Y ==萃取相()萃余相

固相萃取柱常见问题及对策 SPE问题

固相萃取柱常见问题及对策SPE问题

问题可能的原因解决方法 回收率低 柱活化条件不恰当 根据固定相的不同正确活化SPE小 柱 反相填料:甲醇、乙腈等,1倍柱管 体积或3倍柱床体积 正相填料:非极性有机溶剂如正己烷 等,1倍柱管体积或3倍柱床体积 离子交换填料:1倍柱管体积的甲醇、 乙腈或异丙醇等与水互溶的极性溶 剂。 样品溶剂对目标成分 的作用力比固定相强 选择对目标组分具有更强选择性的 SPE小柱; 调整样品溶剂的PH值,增加目标组 分在固定相中的作用力; 改变样品溶剂的极性,降低目标组分 在溶剂中的作用力。 清洗溶剂选择不当; 洗脱能力太强 使用正确的清洗溶剂; 选择洗脱能力更弱的溶剂载样时流速过快 重力自然载样或控制载样流速 ≤1ml/min SPE小柱太小 用更大规格的SPE小柱; 用选择性更强的SPE小柱; 用载样量更大的SPE小柱 洗脱前SPE小柱清洗 溶剂抽干不充分 充分抽干冲洗溶剂 洗脱不充分 增加洗脱剂的体积;增加洗脱剂的强 度;用更小规格的SPE小柱 洗脱时流速过快或过 慢 控制流速1-2ml/min 目标成分不能从SPE小柱上 洗脱固定相对目标组分选 择性太强 选择对被分析物保留较弱的小柱; 选择洗脱能力更强的洗脱溶剂。对酸 碱目标成分,调节洗脱剂的PH值,

减弱固定相对目标组分的选择性 SPE小柱规格太大 增加洗脱剂的用量;用更小规格的SPE小柱 洗脱剂用量不足增加洗脱剂 洗脱时流速过快或过 慢 控制流速1-2ml/min 洗脱剂洗脱能力太弱调节洗脱剂的PH值,提高溶剂对目标成分的洗脱能力(对酸、碱目标成 分); 改变洗脱液的极性,提高溶剂对目标 成分的洗脱能力 重现性差 上样前柱床干涸重新活化SPE小柱 超出小柱的载样能力 减小载样量,或用规格更大的SPE小 柱 载样过程流速过高 降低流速,重力自然载样或控制载样 流速≤1ml/min 清洗溶剂洗脱能力太 强 降低清洗溶剂洗脱强度洗脱流速过快 先让洗脱液渗透小柱,再对小柱抽真 空或加压,控制流速1-2ml/min 洗脱剂分两次加入洗脱剂用量不足 增加洗脱剂的用量或者用更小规格的 SPE小柱 干扰物清洗不 干净固定相对干扰物的选 择性太强 选择合适的清洗液,有选择性的将干 扰物清洗掉 选择对目标组分专属性更强的SPE 小柱 固定相残留的干扰物活化前先用洗脱剂清洗SPE小柱 操作过程流速 过低样品中含有过多的颗 粒物质 载样前过滤或离心样品溶液或改用溶 解能力更强的样品溶剂

固相萃取柱

SPE固相萃取各个填料等的区别 CNWBOND Carbon-GCB(碳黑) 石墨化碳黑(CNWBOND Carbon-GCB)固相萃取小柱在萃取很多极性物质,如氨基甲酸酯和硫脲等农药,有着比C8或C18更高更稳定的回收率。有数据显示,石墨化碳黑SPE同时提取食品中超过200多种农残有很好的效果,如有机氯、有机磷、含氮以及氨基甲酸酯类农药等。Carbon-GCB石墨化碳黑由于其非多孔性,对样品的吸附不要求扩散至有孔区域,所以萃取过程非常迅速。此外,虽然其比表面积小于硅胶基质,对化合物的吸附容量却比硅胶大一倍有余。由于Carbon-GCB碳表面的正六元环结构,使其对平面分子有极强的亲和力,非常适用于很多有机物的萃取和净化,尤其适于分离或去除各类基质如地表水和果蔬中的色素(如叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)、甾醇、苯酚、氯苯胺、有机氯农药、氨基甲酸盐、三嗪类除草剂等。技术参数:目数120-400目,比表面积100 m2/g。 CNWBOND Coconut Charcoal(活性炭) 椰子壳活性炭专用于美国环保署EPA 521方法(饮用水中亚硝胺的检测)以及EPA 522方法(饮用水中1,4-二噁烷的检测)。 技术参数:目数80-120目。 CNWBOND Si (硅胶) CNWBOND Silica硅胶是极性最强的小柱,填料为酸洗硅胶,它通常从非极性溶剂中通过氢键相互作用提取极性化合物,然后再通过提高溶剂的极性来洗脱物质。 技术参数:粒径40-63μm,平均孔径60Å,未封尾。 CNWBOND Florisil PR 农残级弗罗里硅土同样适合于分离有机氯农残、胺类、多氯联苯(PCBs)、酮类以及有机酸等,粒径更大,满足EPA 608方法。 技术参数:目数60-100目。 CNWBOND Florisil(弗罗里硅土) 弗罗里硅土作为氧化镁复合的极性硅胶吸附剂(硅镁吸附剂),适合于从非极性基质中吸附极性化合物,如分离有机氯农残、胺类、多氯联苯(PCBs)、酮类以及有机酸等。 技术参数:目数100-200目,比表面积289 m2/g。

常用固相萃取柱

常用固相萃取柱

常用固相萃取柱 HLB是英文"亲水-亲脂平衡"(hydrophilic-l;pophilicbalance)的缩写,它是. 一种新型的反相吸附剂,能同时表现出对亲水性化合物和亲脂性化合物的双重保留特性。 固相萃取柱产品和应用指南(SPE column)返回 提供VARIAN公司BondElut、Agilent公司AccuBond系列固相萃取柱,另可提供经济型国产萃取小柱及填料,并可根据用户需要订做 各种规格产品 填料含量容量包装应用范围填料含量容量包装应用范围 ODS(C18) 硅胶上键合十八烷基 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 反相萃取,适合于非极性到中等 极性的化合物,比如,抗菌素, 巴比妥酸盐,酞嗪,咖啡因,药 物,染料,芳香油,脂溶性维生 素,杀真菌剂,锄草剂,农药,碳 水化合物,对羟基甲苯酸取代酯, 苯酚, 邻苯二甲酸酯,类固醇, 表面活化剂,茶碱,水溶性维生 素。 EVIDEXII 辛烷和阳 离子交换 树脂 200mg 400mg 3ml 6ml 50 30 Amphetamina/Methamphetamine、 PCP、 Benzoylecgonine、 Codeine/Morphine、 THC- COOH(Marijuana) Cctyl(C8) 硅胶上键合辛烷 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 反相萃取,适合于非极性到中等 极性的化合物,比如,抗菌素, 巴比妥酸盐,酞嗪,咖啡因,药 物,染料,芳香油,脂溶性维生 素,杀真菌剂,锄草剂,农药,碳 水化合物,对羟基甲基酸取代酯, 苯酚,邻苯二甲酸酯,类固醇,表 SAX 硅胶上键 合卤化季 氨盐 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 强阴离子交换萃取,适合于阴离子,有机酸,核酸, 核苷酸, 表面活化剂。容量:0.2毫当量/克。

【精品】常用固相萃取柱

【关键字】精品 常用固相萃取柱 HLB是英文"亲水-亲脂平衡"(hydrophilic-l;pophilicbalance)的缩写,它是. 一种新型的反相吸附剂,能同时表现出对亲水性化合物和亲脂性化合物的双重保留特性。 固相萃取柱产品和应用指南(SPE column)返回 提供VARIAN公司BondElut、Agilent公司AccuBond系列固相萃取柱,另可提供经济型国产萃取小柱及填料,并可根据用户需要订做 各种规格产品

Ethyl(C2) 硅胶上键合乙基 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 相对C18和C8,因为短链,保 持作用小的多,适合非极性化 合物。 SCX 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 强阳离子交换萃取,适合于阳离子,抗菌素,药 物,有机碱 ,氨基酸,儿茶酚胺,锄草剂,核酸 碱,核苷,表面活化剂。容量:0.2毫当量/克。 Phenyl 硅胶上键合苯基 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 相对C18和C8,反相萃取,适合 于非极性到中等极性的化合物 Alumnia A (acidic) 酸性 PH ~5 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 极性化合物离子交换和吸附萃取,如维生素. Silica 无键合硅胶 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 极性化合物萃取,如乙醇,醛, 胺,药物,染料,锄草剂,农药, 酮,含氮类化合物,有机酸,苯 酚,类固醇 Alumnia B (basic) 碱性 PH~8.5 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 吸附萃取和阳离子交换。 Cyano(CN) 硅胶上键合丙氰基烷 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 反相萃取,适合于中等极性的 化合物,正相萃取,适合于极性 化合物,比如,黄曲霉毒素,抗 菌素,染料,锄草剂,农药 ,苯 酚,类固醇。弱阳离子交换萃 取,适合于碳水化合物和阳离 子化合物。 Alumnia N (neutral) 中性 PH~6.5 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 极性化合物吸附萃取。调节pH,阳和阴离。子 交换.适合于维生素,抗菌素,芳香油,酶,糖苷, 激素 Amino(NH2) 硅胶上键合丙氨基 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 正相萃取,适合于极性化合物。 弱阴离子交换萃取,适合于碳 水化合物,弱性阴离子和有机 酸化合物。 Florisil 填料-硅酸 镁 100mg 200mg 500mg 500mg 1000mg 1ml 3ml 3ml 6ml 6ml 100 50 50 30 30 极性化合物的吸附萃取,如乙醇,醛,胺,药物, 染料,锄草剂,农药,PCBs,酣,含氮类化合物, 有机酸,苯酚,类固醇

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境水样中的三嗪类化合物

2006年5月M ay 2006 色谱C h inese J ou rna l of C h rom a tog raphy Vo l .24N o.3 267~270 收稿日期:2005207231 第一作者:李 竺,女,博士研究生,E 2m a il:lizhu 98@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1510234246.html,.通讯联系人:陈 玲,女,教授,博士生导师,Te l:(021)65984261,E 2m a il:chen ling @m a il .tongji https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1510234246.html,. 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(N o 120477030),上海市科委2005年重点研究资助项目(N o.05JC 14059,N o.05dz 22330). 固相萃取2高效液相色谱法测定环境水样中的三嗪类化合物 李 竺1 , 陈 玲1 , 郜洪文1 , 董丽娴1 , 赵建夫 1,2 (1.同济大学污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室,上海200092; 2.同济大学长江水环境教育部重点实验室,上海200092) 摘要:建立了固相萃取2高效液相色谱法(SPE 2H PLC )测定地表水中三嗪类化合物的方法。考察了4种不同固相萃 取柱对三嗪类化合物的吸附效果,最终选择ENV I 218固相萃取柱用于萃取地表水中的三嗪类化合物;系统研究了环境水样中三嗪类化合物的最佳固相萃取条件,选择洗脱溶剂为甲醇,洗脱溶剂用量5mL,水样在萃取前不需要添加甲醇,不调节pH 值。测定了方法的检测限,结果表明,扑草净、莠去津、西玛津、脱乙基莠去津、羟基化莠去津和脱异丙基莠去津的最低检测限依次为0114μg /L,0112μg /L,0108μg /L,0108μg /L,0110μg /L 和0118μg /L 。将该法应用于实际环境水样的分析测定,结果表明某湖水中扑草净的含量为(9133±0127)μg /L,某江水中莠去津和扑草净的含量分别为(5128±0143)μg /L 和(7112±0154)μg /L 。关键词:固相萃取;高效液相色谱;三嗪类化合物;预富集中图分类号:O 658 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100028713(2006)0320267204 栏目类别:研究论文 D e te rm in a t io n o f T r ia z in e s in S u rfa ce W a te r U s in g S o lid P h a s e E x t ra c t io n 2H igh P e rfo rm a n ce L iq u id C h rom a to g rap h y L I Zhu 1 ,CH EN L ing 1 ,GAO H ongw en 1 ,DON G L ix ian 1 ,ZHAO J ianfu 1,2 (1.S ta te Key L a bora tory of Pollu tion Con trol a n d R esou rces R eu se,Ton gji U n ivers i ty,Sha n gha i 200092,Ch in a;2.Key L abora tory of Ya ngtze Aqu a tic En vironm en t,M in is try of Edu ca tion,Tongji U n ivers ity,Sha ngha i 200092,Chin a ) A b s t ra c t:A m e thod w as deve lop ed to m on ito r triazines in su rface w a te r us ing the com b ina tion of so lid p hase ex trac tion (SPE )and h igh p e rfo r m ance liqu id ch rom a tog rap hy .Fou r d iffe ren t SPE ca rtridges w e re tes ted fo r ex trac ting s ix triazines,inc lud ing a trazine (A ),s i m azine (S ),p rom e tryn (P ),dese thy la trazine (D EA ),22hyd roxya trazine (O HA )and des isop rop yla trazine (D I A ),and fina lly ENV I 218w as se lec ted as op ti m a l . The m e thod fo r so lid p hase ex trac tion w as fu rthe r sys tem a tica lly s tud ied fo r de ta ils.O p ti m a l resu lts of o rthogona l des ign w e re de te r 2m ined as fo llow s:pH 6,5m L m e thano l as e lu ting so lven t,and no m e thano l added in to w a te r sam p le befo re ex trac tion.The de tec tion li m its of s ix triazines w e re 0114μg /L fo r P,0112μg /L fo r A,0108μg /L fo r S,0108μg /L fo r D EA,0110μg /L fo r O HA and 0118μg /L fo r D I A.Th is m e thod w as app lied fo r environm en ta l aqua tic sam p les,and the resu lts show ed tha t the con 2cen tra tion of p rom e tryn in a lake w as de tec ted as (9133±0127)μg /L,as w e ll as the concen 2tra tions of a trazine and p rom e tryn in a rive r w e re de tec ted as (5128±0143)μg /L and (7112± 0154)μg /L resp ec tive ly . Ke y w o rd s:so lid p hase ex trac tion (SP E );h igh p e rfo r m ance liqu id ch rom a tog rap hy (H PLC ); triazines;p reconcen tra tion 三嗪类除草剂作为农田杂草生长的抑制性农药在世界范围内广泛使用。这类农药由于地表径流,常造成地表水污染,并对人类、动植物和水生生物造成不利影响。因此,美国环保署(U S EPA )将莠去津、西玛津等三嗪类除草剂列入优先控制污染物名单,规定饮用水中莠去津含量不得超过3μg /L,西玛津含量不得超过4μg /L [1] 。欧盟(EU )规定饮用水中单一农药浓度不得超过011μg /L,总浓度不得 超过015μg /L [2-5] 。我国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 383822002)则规定地表水中莠去津的标准限值为3μg /L 。 环境水体中的三嗪类除草剂浓度很低,常处于

化工原理液液萃取概念题

化工原理液液萃取概念 题 Document serial number【UU89WT-UU98YT-UU8CB-UUUT-UUT108】

化工原理《液-液萃取》概念题 一、单项选择题 1、单级萃取中,若增加纯溶剂S的加入量,则萃取液的浓度y A 将。 A.不变 B.减小 C.增大 D.不确定 2、单级萃取操作时,若降低操作温度,其他条件不变,则溶剂的选择性 将。 A.变差 B.变好 C.不变 D.不确定 3、选用溶剂进行萃取操作时,其必要条件为。 A.分配系数k A <1 B.萃取相含量y A ≤萃余相含量x A C.选择性系数β>1 D.分配系数k B =1 4、单级萃取中,若升高操作温度,则萃取液中溶质的浓度y A 将。 A.不变 B.减小 C.增大 D.不确定 5、对于萃取过程,若溶剂的选择性好,则溶剂的溶解度也将。 A.变大 B.变小 C.不变 D.不确定 6、当萃取过程溶剂比S/F减小时,萃取液中溶质A的浓度,所需理论级数。 A.不变,减小 B.减小,减小 C.增大,减小 D.减小,增大 7、萃取过程的能耗主要集中在。 A.萃取操作时溶剂的输送 B.萃取操作时原溶液的输送 C.萃取操作时溶剂的回收 D.萃取操作时温度的升高 8、以下说法错误的是。

A.临界混溶点位于溶解度曲线最高点 B.临界混溶点左方曲线表达式为:)(A S x x ψ= C.临界混溶点右方曲线表达式为:)(A S y y ?= D.溶解度曲线内的平衡联结线两端的表达式为:)(A A x f y = 9、一般情况下,稀释剂B 组分的分配系数k B 值 。 A.大于1 B.小于1 C.等于1 D.难以判断,都有可能 10、单级(理论)萃取中,在维持进料组成和萃取相浓度不变的条件下,若用含有 少量溶质的萃取剂代替纯溶剂所得萃余相浓度将 。 A. 增加 B.减少 C.不变 D.不一定 11、单级(理论)萃取操作中,在维持相同萃余相浓度下,用含有少量溶质的萃取 剂代替纯溶剂,则萃取相量与萃余相量之比将 。 A.增加 B.不变 C.降低 D.不定 12、单级(理论)萃取操作中,在维持相同萃余相浓度下,用含有少量溶质的萃取 剂代替纯溶剂,萃取液的浓度(指溶质)将 。 A.增加 B.不变 C.降低 D.不定 13、萃取剂加入量应使原料和萃取剂的和点M 位于 。 A.溶解度曲线之上方区 B.溶解度曲线上 C.溶解度曲线之下方区 D.座标线上 14、萃取是利用各组分间的 差异来分离液体混合物的。 A.挥发度 B.离散度 C.溶解度 D.密度 15、采用多级逆流萃取与单级萃取相比较,如果溶剂比、萃取相浓度一样,则多 级逆流萃取可使萃余相分率 。

分散液液微萃取—高效液相色谱法测定食品中农药的含量

分散液液微萃取—高效液相色谱法测定食品中农药的 含量 张良温指导教师:翦英红 (吉林化工学院环境与生物工程学院环境科学0501班,吉林吉林132022) 摘要:本实验采一种较新的提取分析食品中农药(以阿特拉津为例)残留的方法——分散液液微萃取—高效液相色谱法。分散液液微萃取条件优化后为:水样体积:6mL;萃取剂:氯苯,30.0μL;分散剂:丙酮,1.0mL;离心时间:4min,盐度为4.5%,pH=5.5。最佳条件下,富集因子(EF)和萃取回收率(ER)分别介于105.71-129.19和45.81% - 58.28%。阿特拉津的最低检出限为1μg/L。水样中阿特拉津在加标浓度为40、60、80 μg/L的相对回收率分别为50.72% - 52.95%,45.81% - 52.16%和51.68% - 58.28%。此种方法测定食品浸出液中阿特拉津方便,快速。 关键词:分散液液微萃取;阿特拉津;高效液相色谱法;萃取回收率阿特拉津(atrazine)又名莠去津,化学名:为2-氯4-乙氨基-6一异丙氨基.1,3,5-三嗪,系均三氮苯类农药,常温下,阿特拉津的纯品是无色、无臭晶体,,分式:C18H14ClN5,熔点173~175 ℃,在25℃时,蒸汽压为38.5 μPa,水中溶解度为33 mg/L。在微酸及微碱介质中稳定,但在高温下,碱和无机盐可将其水解为无除草活性的羟基衍生物[23]。 阿特拉津是~种在世界范围内广泛使用的中等偏低毒性除草剂,曾被认为是生态安全的除草剂,但由于使用量大、残留期长,农田施用后随着地表径流、淋溶、沉降等多种途径进入地表水和地下水,阿特拉津的残留物在世界许多国家和地区的地表水和地下水中已有检出。近来不断有阿特拉津污染事件的报道,已有的研究证明阿特拉津对动物的生殖功能有极大的影响,被世界野生动物基金会列为环境荷尔蒙(内分泌干扰剂)的可疑物质,有扰乱内分泌的作用,是人类潜在的致癌物。由于阿特拉津被认为是一种最具污染力的农药,目前,包括德国、法国、瑞典在内的欧洲7个圈家禁止使用。 分散液液微萃取(DLLME)技术由于其萃取时间短、操作简便,是水样分析的前处理方法之一,它建立于三相溶剂体系。在分散剂的作用下,萃取剂以微小

第十章液液萃取和液固浸取

第十章 液-液萃取和液-固浸取 1. 25℃时醋酸(A )–庚醇-3(B )–水(S )的平衡数据如本题附表所示。 习题1附表1 溶解度曲线数据(质量分数/%) 习题1附表2 联结线数据(醋酸的质量分数%) 试求:(1)在直角三角形相图上绘出溶解度曲线及辅助曲线,在直角坐标图上绘出分配曲线。(2)确定由200 kg 醋酸、200 kg 庚醇-3和400 kg 水组成的混合液的物系点位置。混合液经充分混合并静置分层后,确定两共轭相的组成和质量。(3)上述两液层的分配系数A k 及选择性系数β。(4)从上述混合液中蒸出多少千克水才能成为均相溶液? 解:(1)溶解度曲线如附图1中曲线SEPHRJ 所示。辅助曲线如附图1曲线SNP 所示。分配曲线如附图2 所示。 (2)和点醋酸的质量分率为 25.0400 200200200 A =++= x 水的质量分率为 50.0400 200200400 S =++= x 由此可确定和点M 的位置,如附图1所示。由辅助曲线通过试差作图可确定M 点的差点R 和E 。由杠杆规则可得

kg 260kg 80040 134013=?== M R ()kg 540kg 260800=-=-=R M E 习题1 附图1

习题1 附图2 由附图1可查得E 相的组成为 A S B 0.28, 0.71,0.01y y y === R 相的组成为 A S B 0.20, 0.06,0.74x x x === (3)分配系数 A A A 0.28 1.40.20y k x === B B B 0.010.01350.74 y k x = == 选择性系数 7.1030135 .04.1B A === k k β (4)随水分的蒸发,和点M 将沿直线SM 移动,当M 点到达H 点时,物系分层消失,即变为均相物系。由杠杆规则可得 kg 5.494kg 80055 34 5534=?== M H 需蒸发的水分量为 ()kg 5.305kg 5.494800=-=-H M 2. 在单级萃取装置中,以纯水为溶剂从含醋酸质量分数为30%的醋酸–庚醇-3混合液中 提取醋酸。已知原料液的处理量为1 000 kg/h ,要求萃余相中醋酸的质量分数不大于10%。试(1)水的用量;(2)萃余相的量及醋酸的萃取率。操作条件下的平衡数据见习题1。 解:(1)物系的溶解度曲线及辅助曲线如附图所示。 由原料组成x F =可确定原料的相点F ,由萃余相的组成x A =可确定萃余相的相点R 。借助辅助曲线,由R 可确定萃取相的相点E 。联结RE 、FS ,则其交点M 即为萃取操作的物系点。由杠杆规则可得 3726F S ?=? kg 1423kg 100026 372637=?=?= F S

固相萃取:关于过柱的实验方法和技巧

关于过柱的实验方法和技巧 (注意:有机溶剂对身体特有害别是心肺;肝脏等所有过柱操作都要在通风橱里进行!! 常说的过柱子应该叫柱层析分离,也叫柱色谱。我们常用的是以硅胶或氧化铝作固定相的吸附柱。由于柱分的经验成分太多,所以下面我就几年来过柱的体会写些心得,希望能有所帮助。 1、柱子可以分为:加压,常压,减压 压力可以增加淋洗剂的流动速度,减少产品收集的时间,但是会减低柱子的塔板数。所以其他条件相同的时候,常压柱是效率最高的,但是时间也最长,比如天然化合物的分离,一个柱子几个月也是有的。减压柱能够减少硅胶的使用量,感觉能够节省一半甚至更多,但是由于大量的空气通过硅胶会使溶剂挥发(有时在柱子外面有水汽凝结),以及有些比较易分解的东西可能得不到,而且还必须同时使用水泵抽气(很大的噪音,而且时间长)。以前曾经大量的过减压柱,对它有比较深厚的感情,但是自从尝试了加压后,就几乎再也没动过减压的念头了。加压柱是一种比较好的方法,与常压柱类似,只不过外加压力使淋洗剂走的快些。压力的提供可以是压缩空气,双连球或者小气泵(给鱼缸供气的就行)。特别是在容易分解的样品的分离中适用。压力不可过大,不然溶剂走的太快就会减低分离效果。个人觉得加压柱在普通的有机化合物的分离中是比较适用的。 2、关于柱子的尺寸,应该是粗长的最好 柱子长了,相应的塔板数就高。柱子粗了,上样后样品的原点就小(反映在柱子上就是样品层比较薄),这样相对的减小了分离的难度。试想如果柱子十厘米,而样品就有二厘米,那么分离的难度可想而知,恐怕要用很低极性的溶剂慢慢冲了。而如果样品层只有0.5厘米,那么各组分就比较容易得到完全分离了。当然采用粗大的柱子要牺牲比较多的硅胶和溶剂了,不过这些成本相对于产品来说也许就不算什么了(有些不环保的说,不过溶剂回收重蒸后也就减小了部分浪费)。现在见到的柱子径高比一般在1:5~10,书中写硅胶量是样品量的30~40倍,具体的选择要具体分析。如果所需组分和杂质分的比较开(是指在所需组分rf在0.2~0.4,杂质相差0.1以上),就可以少用硅胶,用小柱子(例如200毫克的样品,用2cm×20cm 的柱子);如果相差不到0.1,就要加大柱子,我觉得可以增加柱子的直径,比如用3cm的,也可以减小淋洗剂的极性等等。 3、关于无水无氧柱,适用于对氧,水敏感,易分解的产品 可以湿柱,也可以干柱。不过在样品之前至少要用溶剂把柱子饱和一次,因为溶剂和硅胶饱和时放出的热量有可能是产品分解,毕竟要分离的是敏感的东东,小心不为过。也是因为分离的东西比较敏感,所以接收瓶一定要用可密封的,遵循schlenk操作。至于是加压、常压、减压,随需而定。因为是schlenk操作,所以点板是个问题,如果样品是显色的,恭喜了,不用点板,直接看柱子上的色带就行了。如果样品无色,只好准备几十个schlenk瓶,一瓶一瓶的点,不过几次之后就知道样品在哪,也就可以省些了。像我以前过一根无水无氧柱,需要六个schlenk,现在只一个就能把所要的全收集到。无水无氧柱中用的比较多的是用氧化铝作固定相。因为硅胶中有大量的羟基裸露在外,很容易是样品分解,特别是金属有机化合物和含磷化合物。而氧化铝可以做成碱性、中性和酸性的,选择余地比较大,但是比硅胶要贵些。听说有个方法,就是用石英做柱子,然后用HF254做固定相,这样在柱子外面用紫外灯一照就知道产品在哪里了,没有验证过。哪位做过可以提出来大家参详参详。 4、关于湿法、干法上样 湿法省事,一般用淋洗剂溶解样品,也可以用二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯等,但溶剂越少越好,不然溶剂就成了淋洗剂了。很多样品在上柱前是粘乎乎的,一般没关系。可是有的上样后在硅胶上又会析出,这一般都是比较大量的样品才会出现,是因为硅胶对样品的吸附饱和,而样品本身又是比较好的固体才会发生,这就应该先重结晶,得到大部分的产品后再柱分,如果不能重结晶那就不管它了,直接过就是了,样品随着淋洗剂流动会溶解的。有些样品溶解性差,能溶解的溶剂又不能上柱(比如DMF,DMSO等,会随着溶剂一起走,显色是一个很长的脱尾),这时就必须用干法上柱了。样品和硅胶的量有一种说法是1:1,我觉得是越少越好,但是要保证在旋干后,不能看到明显的固体颗粒(那说明有的样品没有吸附在硅胶上)。溶剂的

几种常见固相萃取柱

聚合物树脂固相萃取柱 萃取柱装有高纯度和高交联度的苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯聚合物颗粒,表面键合有反相(疏水成分)和强阳离子交换官能团。它对酸性、中性和碱性化合物具有极高的重现性和回收率。StyreScreen®颗粒的平均粒径为30mm,并具有非常高的样品载量,从而使得萃取柱特别适于标准的固相萃取应用。样品载量的增加意味着只需填装更少的填料,这就有助于获得更高的流速并降低溶剂的消耗。高通量和低废液处理量将可以节约大量的时间和费用。此外,在大部分的药物滥用测试应用中也无须预处理步骤。 药物滥用测试共聚物键合固相萃取柱CleanScreen®是Sepax-UCT最受认可的产品系列,用于滥用药物和临床药物的萃取。填料采用硅胶基质混合固定相,可满足生物样品中药物的高效、稳定和洁净萃取。混合相分离模式可为酸性,碱性和中性化合物提供最高的选择性。这使得CLEANSCREEN®特别适用于药物筛选,以及实际上所有药物品种的确认和分析。CLEANSCREEN®DAU和THC萃取柱已被司法鉴定和临床化学家广泛应用,包括:尸检分析•犯罪调查•尿样药物检测•运动员违禁药物检测•赛马实验室•治疗药物监测•药物筛选(注意:如果应用于比较粘稠的样品,比如组织或马血清,请使用我们的XtrackT®系列,这可以获得高的流速。同时CLEANSCREENDAU 填料及其它填料都可以提供大粒径填料 低溶剂消耗固相萃取柱 低溶剂消耗的萃取柱为微填充柱,这种萃取柱具有disc技术的优点,同时保留了传统SPE柱的优点。这种低溶剂消耗萃取柱与传统萃取柱相比可节省75%的溶剂。更少的溶剂意味着更快的分离,更高的通量和更少的废液处理,从而极大地节约您的时间和资金。研究结果表明,存在于尿液和血液中的治疗和滥用药物可以被干净地提取,使用低溶剂消耗的萃取柱同时也可以获得极高的回收率和一致的重复性。 RSV萃取柱的规格有1mL、3mL和10mL。这些萃取柱可以使用真空或正压装置,也可以使用传统的自动萃取装置 高流速固相萃取柱。使用标准的固相萃取柱时,粘稠的样品通常流速会很慢。增加填料的粒径可以提高样品在应用和分析中的流动性。XtrackT®萃取柱专为高粘度的样品设计,包括马尿、尸体血和组织、胎粪、羊水、牛奶等。 XtrackT®也可以作为重力流动柱来分离大部分的血样和尿样。单根萃取柱可以萃取大部分的化合物,对酸性、类固醇和碱性化合物具有不同的选择性。XtrackT®无需额外的纯化步骤就可以获得更干净的提取以及极高的回收率。XtrackT®有疏水、亲水、离子交换和混合型等多种固定相,包括CLEANSCREEN®DAU填料。XtrackT®推荐用于各种高粘度样品或期望获得重力流量的情形。

固相萃取小柱的常见问题及C18小柱操作步骤

SPE常见问题解答

SPE常见问题解答

固相萃取(Solid Phase Extraction SPE )是一种用途广泛而且越来越受欢迎的样品前处理技术。 大多数用来处理液体样品。萃取、浓缩和净化其中的半挥发性和不挥发性化合物;也可用于固体样品,但必须先把固体样品处理成液体。目前国内主要应用于食品安全领域,如各类抗生素、抗菌药的在各类食品种的残留分析;农产品中农药残留分析;各类食品中合法、非法添加剂分析等。在 药物研究领域,广泛应用于药物药代、药动分析和中药分析。在环保领域,应用于环境中多环芳烃(PAHs ) 、多氯联苯(PCBs )、各类农药分析;饮用水、地下水和污水的有机物质分析。根据应用原理可分为:反相萃取柱、正相萃取柱、离子交换柱、吸附柱四种;近年来,新开发的混合模式萃取小柱,由于其使用更方便,专属性更强,应用越来越广泛。 一、反相萃取柱 反相基本方法 反相基本方法Strata? C18-E, C18-U, C18-T ?强疏水性选择性 ?适用于从水性样本和生物样 本中保留大多数有机化合物 ?增强碱性物质的保留* Strata? C18-E 是疏水性最强的硅胶基质端基封尾键合相;Strata? C18-U 是非封尾疏水性键合相,不推荐用于碱性化合物;Strata? C18-T 是大孔径端基封尾键合相。 Strata? C8 ?疏水选择性稍低于C18 ?适用于中等极性化合物?提高对碱性化合物的选择性 Strata? Phenyl ?强芳香性选择性 ?适用于含有苯环或其他芳香环的化合物和碱性化合物 Strata? SDB-L ?固定相:聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯聚合物?疏水选择性强于C18 ?适用于大多数有机化合物 ?pH范围更宽,无二级副反应存在

液液萃取的基本原理

一、基本概念 液-液萃取是分离均相液体混合物的单元操作之一。利用液体混合物中各组分在某溶剂中溶解度的差异,而达到混合物分离的目的。萃取属于传质过程。本章主要讨论双组分均相液体混合物(A+B)的萃取过程。 所选用溶剂称为萃取剂S,混合液中被分离出的组分称为溶质A,原混合液中与萃取剂不互溶或仅部分互溶的组分称为原溶剂B。操作完成后所获得的以萃取剂为主的溶液称为萃取相E,而以原溶剂为主的溶液称为萃余相R。除去萃取相中的萃取剂后得到的液体称为萃取液E’,同样,除去萃余相中的萃取剂后得到的液体称为萃余液R’。 可见,萃取操作包括下列步骤:(1)原料液(A+B)与萃取剂的混合接触;(2)萃取相E与萃余相R的分离;(3)从两相中分别回收萃取剂而得到产品E’、R’。 二、萃取在工业生产中的应用 1.溶液中各组分的相对挥发度很接近或能形成恒沸物,采用一般精馏方法进行分离需要很多的理论板数和很大的回流比,操作费用高,设备过于庞大或根本不能分离。 2.组分的热敏性大,采用蒸馏方法易导致热分解、聚合等化学变化。 3.溶液沸点高,需要在高真空下进行蒸馏。 4.溶液中溶质的浓度很低,用蒸馏方法能耗太大,经济上不合理。 液-液萃取技术的应用不限于以上几个方面,而是有着广泛的前景。萃取与蒸馏两种分离方法可以互相补充。实践证明,适当选用蒸馏或萃取,几乎所有液体混合物都能有效而经济的实现组分间的完全分离。 三、液-液平衡关系 液-液萃取至少涉及三种物质,即原料液中的溶质A和原溶剂B,以及萃取剂S。加入的萃取剂与原料液(A+B)形成的三组分物系有三种类型。(1)溶质A完全溶于原溶剂B及萃取剂S中,但萃取剂S与原溶剂B完全不互溶,形成一对完全不互溶的混合液;(2)萃取剂S与原溶剂B部分互溶,与溶质A完全互溶,形成一对部分互溶的混合液;(3)萃取剂S不仅与原溶剂B部分互溶而且与溶质A也部分互溶,形成两对部分互溶的混合液。

相关文档