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工程管理专业研究建设项目的工程造价大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

工程管理专业研究建设项目的工程造价大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
工程管理专业研究建设项目的工程造价大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计(论文)

外文文献翻译

文献、资料中文题目:研究建设项目的工程造价

文献、资料英文题目:

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专业:工程管理

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翻译日期: 2017.02.14

科技文献翻译

题目:研究建设项目的工程造价

研究建设项目的工程造价

摘要

在工程建设中,中国是拥有世界最大投资金额和具有最多建设项目的国家。它是一

项在建设项目管理上可以为广泛的工程管理人员进行有效的工程造价管理,并合理

确定和保证施工质量和工期的条件控制施工成本的重要课题。

在失去了中国建筑的投资和技术经济工程,分离的控制现状的基础上,通过建设成

本控制的基本理论为指导,探讨控制方法和施工成本的应用,阐述了存在的问题在

施工成本控制和对决心和施工成本的控制这些问题的影响,提出了建设成本控制应

体现在施工前期,整个施工过程中的成本控制,然后介绍了一些程序和应用价值工

程造价的方法在控制建设项目的所有阶段。

关键词:建设成本,成本控制,项目

1.研究的意义

在中国,现有的工程造价管理体系是20世纪50年代制定的,并在1980s.Traditional 施工成本管理方法改进是根据国家统一的配额,从原苏联引进的一种方法。它的特

点是建设成本的计划经济的管理方法,这决定了它无法适应当前市场经济的要求。

在中国传统建筑成本管理方法主要包括两个方面,即建设成本和施工成本控制方法

的测定方法。工程造价的确定传统的主要做法生搬硬套国家或地方统一的配额数量

来确定一个建设项目的成本。虽然这种方法已经历了20多年的改革,到现在为止,计划经济管理模式的影响仍然有已经存在在许多地区。我们传统的工程造价控制的

方法主要是控制结算及施工成本,这仅仅是事后算账的方法的改变,并不能满足节

约资源,提高工作的目的。近年来,发达国家对项目投资的要求已经提前计划来控

制,并在一个事件,其效果已被证明是有效的中间控制。实际上一个科学的方法应

该是,施工成本控制的方法和事前事后可以消除或徒劳或低效率和不必要的资源退

化和方法之前或在事件发生后实施建设项目的应用减少劳动力。

考虑到上述情况,学术界提出了成本管理,早在20世纪80年代的全过程控制的理念。他们开始重视建设项目前期管理和主动进行成本管理。随后,于2003年7月1日,实施<<成本估算为规范建设工程工程量清单>>的象征,中国的成本估算已进入

一个崭新的新时代,随着市场经济的发展规则的情况。从那时起,概念和中国成本

管理的方法被确实与国际社会一体化。

失去了建设项目投资控制是中国固定投资领域的一个普遍现象。建设项目消耗了相

当多的人力,物力和机器,具有投资大,建设周期长,以及强大的合成,因此它与

所有政党建设的经济利益相关的,意味着很多国家经济。目前,在中国工程建设领

域,存在技术和经济分离的现状。大多数工程师和技术人员往往把建设成本融资和

初步预算人员的责任,并错误地认为它无关的自己。在开展项目的过程中,他们通

常只专注于质量控制和进度控制,而忽视了在建项目的投资控制。如果技术人员忽

视建设成本,和那些谁是负责建设成本都在建设成本连接相关的技术建设无知识,

那么就很难让他们合理确定和有效控制工程造价。施工监理投资控制是指管理活动

的项目,它试图以确保实现项目的投资目标提供满意的质量和进度的前提下,实现

整个国家。投资目标设定为通过项目建设的全过程建设实践的进一步进展,施工成

本控制运行的不同阶段,但它应该到的关键点突出。显然,建设成本控制的关键在

于投资决策和设计阶段施工前,而投资决策作出后,关键在于设计。建设项目的生

命周期包括建设成本和之后的建设项目投入使用的经常性开支,并丢弃和拆卸费用

等项目的使用期。据一些西方国家的分析,通常设计成本仅为达建设项目生命周期

的不到1%。然而,它是该占建设成本影响超过75%的小于1%的成本。因此,显然的是,设计质量是整个项目建设的好处是至关重要的。

很长一段时间,项目建设的前期工程施工成本控制已经在中国被忽略,同时控制工

程造价的主要精力都集中在审核施工图预算,工程结算成本和施工过程中沉降流水

帐。虽然这有它的作用,毕竟,这并没有从遭受损失和获得一半的结果有两倍的努

力后,采取预防措施的区别。为了有效地控制建设成本,控制的重点应坚决转移到

前期施工阶段。目前,我们应采取一切煞费苦心地把握这个显著阶段,从而达到事

半功倍的效果。

本文旨在分析在通过理论方法和施工成本管理的实践研究整个工期成本控制存在的

问题。特别是,在建设前期的成本控制问题值得我们的研究,使我们可以探索相应

的改革措施,以提供施工项目成本控制提供一些参考。

其中概算超过估计的建设项目的情况下,预算超概算,结算超预算,是在中国固定

资产投资的一种普遍现象。这是失控的建设成本增加了投资的压力,增加了建设成

本,减少投资收益,影响投资决策,而且,在很大程度上,浪费国家财政,所以很

容易导致腐败行为或违法行为。 20世纪50年代以来的中间,总结基本建设战线几

十年的实践经验的基础上,我们进行了一系列的工程建设领域的改革。特别是自1988年5月,我们已逐步实施建设监理制度在全国各地,这已经在逆转失去在执行期间

建设项目的控制权的现象一定的积极作用。然而,由于该系统仍处于起步阶段,还

没有出现大批的专业和社会监督队伍。此外,在其施工监理进行的项目,存在着普

遍现象,如监督和经济方面忽视的技术问题“,在施工阶段强调质量控制和投资控

制的忽视”和“重点监管“。在现实中,监管的权利往往被局限在技术方面的管理,

而经济方面的管理是牢牢地掌握在所有者的控制权。同时,滞后现有工程造价管理

体系的后面为失去建设成本控制的主要原因。因此,作为一个整体,在建设工程造

价失控的现象还相当严重,因此有必要进行进一步的研究,并就目前的建设成本管

理和因素的主要因素进一步分析在建设项目的所有阶段的影响施工成本。

2.初步研究内容

针对目前的“建设工程造价的全过程控制”的主题,并根据大量的有关决定,并在

国内和国外施工项目成本控制的文献综述,本文的作者收集了大量了一些有关省,

经过调查城市的报告和数据。随后,笔者进行了以下工作。

1)分析建设项目投资的制定和找出在建设项目的所有阶段失去对施工成本控制的主

要原因。

2)研究和分析现状和目前的建设成本管理存在的问题,并在确定和施工成本控制研

究这些问题的影响。

3)提出了有效的途径和方法,从决策阶段的建设项目的价值工程良好的应用,设计

阶段,施工阶段,施工阶段的竣工验收。

4)要明确意义,必要性和建设项目成本控制的可行性,为改善中国的工程造价管理

提供建议。

2.1施工成本控制理论和管理模式

根据新的成本控制理论,造价工程师都是“专业人士谁承担成本估算,成本控制,

营销策划,科学管理”。由造价工程师从事的领域包括等方面的项目管理,项目规划,进度管理和项目建设的盈利能力分析等及其生产工艺。造价工程师超过生命周期的

支出,物业设施和生产及与总成本的管理技术建设项目的生产控制提供服务。

2.2中国目前工程造价管理模式和理论

2.2.1政府直接调控

考虑到配额的发展历程,可以发现,配额应运而生,发展,成为中华人民共和国的

成立后计划经济的发展逐渐成熟。自从中国进行了投资系统集中管理模式,很长一

段时间,政府不仅是宏观政策的厂商,但微型项目建设的参与者。因此,计划经济

的色彩密集统一的配额能够提供强大的方法和手段,为政府进行宏观投资调控和微

观建设项目管理。

2.2.2当前建设成本估值基础

建设成本计算的基本材料通常包括工程造价定额,工程造价定额费用,成本指数,

基本单价,数量计算规则和相关的经济规则,由政府主管部门出具的政策等,包括

估计指数(概算指标),概算定额,预算定额(综合预算定额),费用定额(标准),劳动定额,劳动日规范,材料,设备的预算价格,一个项目的直接价格指数,原材

料价格指数和成本指数。而且还包括在近两年的消耗定额和物品清单计价标准。

2.2.3当前建设成本估价模型

估值模型是工程造价管理的一个基本方面。工程造价管理是政府行为,而估值模型

是一个国家的手段来管理和控制建设成本。目前有两个中国建筑估值模型,即根据

定额计价模式和一个根据法案的数量。

2.2.

3.1根据配额估值模型

根据定额计价模式是在从计划经济向市场经济的过渡时期采取的有效模式。根据配

额通过估值模型工程造价的确定防止高估的估值和收购标准,价格压到一定程度,

由于预算定额标准化的消费率和各种文件规定的人力,物力,设备单价和各种服务

费规范,这反映了规范性,统一性和建设成本的合理性。然而,它具有在市场竞争

中抑制效果,是不利于的建筑企业,以提高其技术,加强其管理和提高其劳动效率

和市场竞争力。

2.2.

3.2根据工程量清单计价模型

根据工程量清单计价模式是最近提出的建设成本确定模式。在这种模式下,政府仅

仅是统一项目编码,项目名称,数量的测量和测量规则的单位。各施工企业都有自

决权根据要约自身情况来报出的价格,并在招标的过程中由此形成的建筑产品价格。2.3在实施过程中成本控制

长期以来,技术,经济一直在工程建设领域分开。由计划经济体制的约束,有没有

在我们的工程师和技术人员的头脑经济的概念,因为他们认为降低建设成本,作为

财务人员的责任:在没有做自己。然而,金融和初步预算人员的主要职责是按照财

务制度行事。通常情况下,他们不熟悉施工工艺,并了解项目的设计,建设内容及

实施建设的各个关系的变化很少,甚至没有。在这种情况下,他们别无选择,只能

机械地锻炼身体,或从财务角度看,这会导致技术和经济的相互分离的审计费用。

他们只是做他们做什么,这反映了不利已完成一期工程量的价格,因此很难合理有

效地控制建设成本。

2.4在施工过程中的成本控制

建设项目的实施阶段,是一个需要在项目建设全过程的大部分资产,也是一个重要

的舞台,金钱资源转化为建筑实体的阶段。在实施阶段的成本控制是指通过在确保

工程质量和工期的条件了科学的成本控制理论和方法来限制调度的控制范围内的建

设成本。代建筑物实体的过程是不可逆的,所以如果有效的自动控制和预控不能通

过建设成本来进行,则经济损失可能会造成无法弥补。

2.5在实施阶段影响工程造价的主要因素分析

项目的实施阶段是指从施工图设计和审查,并提交完成的时期到建设方到最终竣工

验收的项目,直到它被投入使用。根据建设项目的实施阶段的基本操作流程,形成

了建设成本要经历这样大的方面如招投标,合同签订和管理,一个施工图联合审核,

施工管理计划的调查,物资管理和竣工结算等。所有这些方面影响施工费用结算程

度不同。在这个过程中,从预算价格,价格不断变化的成功竞标,对于合同整修费

用后,建设成本最终在结算价项目完成的形式来确定。影响施工成本因素是多方面的,但是从成本形成分析的角度来看,有主要理由如下。

1)项目招标的影响。招标可以确定价格中标,而被价格的基础中标确定的合同价格。如果出现错招投标,那么它可能会导致价格招标的失真,这是不可能提供成本控制

准确,可靠的基础,甚至导致过度的成本失去控制。

2)合同签订和管理的影响。合同价的确定进一步使得成本控制的精确的目标,以及

对合同条款的初步草案规定的成本控制基础上正确和原则。合同签订后,合同项目

被视为基础,这将有超过设计变更严格的合同控制在施工阶段,工程测量,支付建

设的债务,与建设补偿等,这将确保实现控制的目标。因此,失去控制权合同签订

和管理必然导致失去对施工成本的控制。

3)施工管理检查计划的影响。施工管理计划是用于确定项目招投标价格和合同价格重要基础之一。在施工过程中,合同价格的调整也应根据施工组织设计确定的,因为施工组织设计的好坏将直接影响项目的质量和进度。因此,失去控制施工管理检查计划将在超过建设成本的控制带来极为不利的影响。

4)物料管理的影响。一方面,原材料价格的投标价格和合同价格的重要组成部分。另一方面,材料费用帐目由于价格的材料用于建筑成本相当大的比例,确定工程造价。因此,失去控制的物料管理必然导致失去对施工成本的控制。

5)结算,考核项目完成的验证的影响。结算,审核是在实施阶段施工成本控制的最后阶段。一个严谨细致的结算,审核可以确保项目的结算成本的准确性和真实性。根据前面的分析,我们认为成本控制的各个环节能有效果后,形成工程造价的,其中一期工程,合同签订和管理,材料全部施工组织设计和管理的审查投标必须在形成决定性的影响建设成本,并且在成本结构在项目实施阶段的重要方面,所以这四个方面的忽视是失去对施工成本控制的直接原因。

在本文中,笔者总结了施工成本控制的相关问题在建设项目决策阶段,设计阶段和施工阶段,并提出了原则和决议的移交等问题。特别是,由于技术和经济的组合的一个方法,价值工程应用在所有阶段阐述,以便建造成本得到有效控制。本文不能断定所有此类问题存在,也决议,解决这些问题不能包罗万象,但与建设的发展,新的问题和新的思维列车将不断涌现。

Study on Construction Cost of Construction Projects

Abstract

China is a country which has the largest investment amount in engineering construction in the world and which has the most construction projects. It is a significant subject for the extensive engineering managers to have effective engineering cost management in construction project management and to reasonably determine and control construction cost on the condition of ensuring construction quality and time limit.

On the basis of the status quo of losing control in Chinese construction investment and of separation of technique and economy in engineering, and guided by basic theories of construction cost control, the author discusses control methods and application of construction cost, sets forth existing issues in construction cost control and influences of these issues on determination and control of construction cost, puts forward that construction cost control should reflect cost control of the entire construction process at the earlier stage of construction, and then introduces some procedures and methods of applying value project cost control at all stages of construction projects.

Keywords: Construction cost, Cost control, Project

1. Significance of the study

The existing construction cost management system in China was formulated in 1950s, and improved in 1980s.Traditional construction cost managerial approach was one method brought in from the former Soviet Union based on unified quota of the country. It is characterized by the managerial approach of construction cost in the planned economy, which determines that it cannot adapt to requirements of the current market economy. Traditional construction cost managerial approach in China mainly includes two aspects, namely, determination approach of construction cost and control approach of construction cost. The traditional determination approach of construction cost mainly applied mechanically national or local unified quantity quota to determine the cost of a construction project. Although this approach has undergone reform of over 20 years, until now, influences of planned economy management m ode have still been in existence in many regions. Control approach of our traditional construction cost is mainly to control

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