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2017届中考英语语法精讲 代词教案

2017届中考英语语法精讲 代词教案
2017届中考英语语法精讲 代词教案

2017中考英语语法精讲:代词

【教学目标】

1.掌握代词的分类情况。

2.掌握各类代词的用法。

【教学内容】

代词的分类

代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。以及代词it 的特殊用法。

一、人称代词

表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。

1.人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:

2.人称代词的用法

1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:

John waited a while but eventually he went home.

约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。

John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.

约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。

说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

约翰一到就直接去银行了。

2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:

I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)

a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?

b. -- Me. --我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)

说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。

3.人称代词排列顺序一般如下:

1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:

第二人称 > 第三人称 > 第一人称

you > he/she/it > I

例如:You, he and I should return on time.

2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:

第一人称 > 第二人称 > 第三人称

we > you > They

注意:在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。

a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,

It was I and John that made her angry.

是我和约翰惹她生气了。

b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:I and you try to finish it.

c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,

d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

二、物主代词

1.表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人词和数的变化见下表:

2.物主代词用法

1)形容词性物主代词在句中作定语修饰名词,一般不单独使用,如:

His parents are both workers.

他的父母都是工人。

My name is Jack.

我的名字叫杰克。

2)名词性物主代词常用来避免前面已经提及的名词,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”。如:My idea is quite different from hers.

我的想法与她的有很大差异。

3)名词性物主代词可用在of 后面作定语,相当于“of + 名词所有格”,表示带有部分概念或有一定的感情色彩。如:

He is a friend of mine.

他是我的一个朋友。

三、反身代词

1.反身代词的单复数形式表格如下:

2.反身代词用法

1)做宾语

a. 有些动词需有反身代词:absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave 例如:

We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。

Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。

b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词:take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth 例如:.I could not dress (myself) up at that ti me. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。

注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。

Please sit down. 请坐。

2)作表语,同位语

be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。

The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。

3)在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:No one but myself (me) is hurt.

注意:

a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。

(错) Myself drove the car.

(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。

b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。Charles and myself saw it.

4)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。

You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。

3.反身代词的常用词组

by oneself 亲自

hurt oneself 受伤

absent oneself from…缺席……

call oneself…自称为……

congratulate oneself…庆幸自己……

de vote oneself to…专心于……;献身于……

engage oneself in…忙于……

excuse oneself为自己开脱

find oneself…发现自己不知不觉……

make oneself at home 不要客气

occupy oneself in…忙于……

teach oneself…自学……

learn by oneself 自学

be oneself 身体状态好

come to oneself 苏醒

behave oneself 规规矩矩;表现得有礼貌dress oneself (in…) 自己穿(……)enjoy oneself 玩得高兴

express oneself 表达自己的意思

help oneself to…随便吃……

make oneself understood使别人理解seat oneself 坐

talk to onesel f 自言自语

四、指示代词

1.指示代词的表格如下:

2.指示代词的用法

a. 作主语

This is the way to do it.

这事儿就该这样做。

b. 作宾语

I like this better than that.

我喜欢这个甚至那个。

c. 作主语补语

My point is this.

我的观点就是如此。

d. 作介词宾语

I don't say no to that.

我并未拒绝那个。

There is no fear of that.

那并不可怕。

3.指示代词有this,that,these和those等,使用时要注意以下六点:

1)在时间或空间上近指用this或these,远指用that或those。

2)指上文提到的事一般用that,有时也用this,指下文的事用this,如:

①You mean you don’t have enough money. That’s a problem.

你是说你钱不够。那是个问题。

②They say smoking is not good for the health; this I believe. 人家都说吸烟不利于健康,这一点我相信。

3)打电话时通常用this表示自己,that表示对方。

4)this和that还可作副词用,表示程度,相当于so,如:

① I can’t speak this well.

②Is the box that heavy? 箱子真的那么重吗?

5)that和those可代替前面提到过的名词,避免重复,但this和these不行,如:

①The population o f China is larger than that of Canada.

中国人口比加拿大的多。

②Her interests are different from those of her childhood. 她的兴趣和童年时代不同了。

6)That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,

①He admired that which looked beautiful. 他欣赏外表漂亮的东西。

②Those(who were)present were given a present.

凡是出席的人都得到了一份礼物。

4.一些惯用表达:

this spring 今年春天

in those years 那些年月里

with this (that) 这样说着;于是

and all that 等等

that is to say 那就是说;即 that morning 那天早晨

at this 一听到(见到)这个

for all this (that) 尽管如此;然而仍旧

that is 说得更精确些;易言之

That ’s that. 就这样决定了。 五、疑问代词的用法

Which one do you like best

?

六、不定代词

不定代词分为普通不定代词和复合不定代词 1.初中阶段常用普通不定代词表格如下: 初中阶段常用复合不定代词列表如下:

2.普通不定代词的用法

I.some,any

some,any既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词,some常用在肯定句中;any多用于否定句、疑问句及条件句中。

1)some用于表示请求、邀请、建议的疑问句,或希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中,如:

①Will you have another cup of tea? 再来杯茶好吗?

②Mum, could you give me some money? 妈妈,能给我些钱吗?

2)当any表示“任何”或“无论哪一个”的含义时,可用于肯定句,如:

①You may come at any time that is convenient to you.

你可以在对你方便的任何时候来。

3)some可以修饰单数名词时,表示“某一个”,如:

①He’s living in some place in England. 他住在英国某地。

4)some和any在句中还可用作副词,作状语,some表示“大约”, any意为“稍微”,如:

①It happened some twenty years ago. 这事发生在大约20年前。

②Are you feeling any better? 感觉好点了吗?

5)some,any和 body,one,thing构成的合成不定代词somebody,someone,something,anybody,anyone,anything和some,any的用法基本相似。

『重点提示』注意anything but表示“并不,一点也不”,如:

①He’s anything but diligent. 他并不用功。

II.many,much,few,little,a few,a little

many(很多),a few(有几个),few(很少)用来代替或修饰可数名词,而much(很多),a little (有一些),little(很少)用来代替或修饰不可数名词。a few和a little含肯定意义,few和little 则表示没有多少,含否定意义。一般说来only,just,still,quite等词可与a few或a little 连用;very,so,some等词可与few或little连用。

『重点提示』a little与a bit的区别:

1)a little 和a bit都可用来修饰形容词或副词。

2)a little可直接修饰不可数名词,但a bit 后要加of 后才可接名词。

3)not a little (=very much)表示“非常”,而not a bit (=not at all)表示“一点也不”。

III.each,every

each和every都可表示“每个”,但含义和用法有所不同。

1)each 指两个或两个以上的人或物中的每一个,强调个体,而every

指三个或三个以上的人或物中的每一个,侧重整体;each指若干固定数目中的每一个(特指),而every指任何一个(泛指);each兼有代词和形容词特点,可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语,而every是形容词,只能作定语,如:

①Each student (Each of the students) has a dictionary.

每个学生有一本字典。

②Every competitor in the contest was awarded a notebook and a pen.

每位参赛选手都获得了一本笔记本和一支钢笔。

2)each作同位语时,不影响谓语动词的数,如:

①We each have a ticket.

我们每人有张票。(不能用has)

3)every和one可构成合成代词everyone与every one不同。everyone仅指人,后面常跟介词in;every one既可指人也可指物,后面常接介词of,如:

①Everyone in our class has passed the test.

我们班每个同学都通过了测试。

③The operation system in every one of the computers needs updating.

每台电脑的操作系统都需要升级。

4)下面的一些表达中只能用every:

every year or two 每一两年

every other line 每隔一行

every five days 每五天(每隔四天)every now and then 时常

every few meters 每几米

every fifth day每五天(每隔四天)

IV.none,no one,nothing

1)none既可指人也可指物,常暗示一定范围,因此多与表示范围的介词of 短语连用;no one 只能指人,不能与of 短语连用,但可接介词in引起的短语。

2)none与数量有关,可回答how many或how much,表示“一个也没有”; no one表示“什么人也没有”,可回答who;nothing表示“什么也没有”,用来否定一切,可回答what,如:

①—How many people are there in the room? 房间里有多少人?

—None. 一个没有。

②—Who is in the office? 谁在办公室?

—No one. 没有人。

③—What did you do last night? 昨晚你干了些什么?

—Nothing. 什么也没干。

『重点提示』注意nothing和none的一些搭配:

all to nothing 一定

for nothing 徒劳,免费

be nothing to 对……无所谓

to say nothing of 更谈不到……

go for nothing 白费;没有价值

have nothing to do but do sth. 只有做……

There is nothing to do sth. 没什么好……

none other than 不是别的正是……

none too 不太……;一点都不……

none the+比较级+for 毫不……

nothing but 仅仅……;只不过……

nothing if not 非常……

come to nothing 没有结果;失败

think nothing of 认为……算不了什么

have nothing to do with 和……无关

There is nothing in it. 那根本没有道理。

have none of 不准……;不接受……

none but 只有……

none the wiser 不知情

It’s none of your business. 不关你的事。

V.all,both,neither,either

1)all指三者以上“都”。both,neither和either都涉及两个人或事物的关系,both意为“两者都”,neither意为“两者都不”,either表示“两者中任何一个”。常构成固定搭配

either/neither of +名词(代词)的复数+谓语动词(第三人称单数);当either …or… 和neither…nor… 连接两个主语时,谓语动词应与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如:Neither of the books is good. 这两本书都不好。

Neither you nor he is wrong. 你们两个都没有错。

2)both 常和and 连用;all 常与of 连用;all和both与not一起连用是表示部分否定。如:

Both she and I are students. 她和我都是学生。

All of the students are going to travel. 所有的学生将去旅游。

Not all the students like playing football. 不是所有的学生都喜欢踢足球。

VI.other,the other,others,the others,another

七、关系代词

有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。如:

He is the man whom you have been looking for.

他就是你要找的那个人。

八、互相代词

表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。

如: They love each other. 他们彼此相爱。

九、代词it 的用法

1.指代前面提到过的事物。如:

The book on the desk is not mine. It is Jim’s.

桌子上的书不是我的,它是吉姆的。

2.指代指示代词this 或 that。如:

-What’s that?

-It is a pencil.

那是什么?那是一支笔。

3.指代婴儿或不明身份的人。如:

Someone is knocking at the door. Please go and see who it is. 有人在敲门,去看看他是谁。

4.指代时间或季节。如:

-What’s the time now?

-It’s ten o’clock.

现在几点了?十点了。

5.指代天气。如:

-What’s the weather like today?

-It’s sunny.

今天天气怎样?天气晴朗。

6.指代距离。如:

How far is it from your school to your home?

从学校到你家有多远?

7.用作形式主语,常用于下列句型中:

1)It is + adj. + (for sb.) to do sth. 如:

It is important for us to work hard.

对我们而言努力工作是很重要的。

2)It’s time to do/for/that… 如:

It’s time to get up.

该起床了。

It’s time for lunch.

该吃午饭了。

It’s time that we went home.

我们该回家了。

3)It seems that… 看起来好像…

4)It’s one’s turn to do … 轮到某人做…… 如:

It’s your turn to sing.

该轮到你唱歌了。

5)It’s +adj. +that 从句

8.作形式宾语。如:

Do you think it necessary to learn English?

你认为学习英语是必要的吗?

9.引导强调句型“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who/whom + 其他成分”。如:It is our hope that our city will become more and more beautiful.

我们的希望是我们的城市越来越漂亮。

【课内检测】详见导学案

【作业布置】

1.完成本节课的《同步练习》

2.预习下一讲的导学案。

人教版初中英语初中英语语法之一名词(通用版)

初中英语语法之一名词 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness 等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(mCountable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:||专有名词 || | 名| | 个体名词 | | || || 可数名词| || | 集体名词 || ||普通名词 || | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | || || 不可数名词| || | 抽象名词 || 1.1 名词复数的规则变化 ___________________________________________________ 情况构成方法读音例词 _________________________________________________ _ 一般情况加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/;map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/;bag-bags car-cars __________________________________________________ _ 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词加 -es读 /iz/bus-buses watch-watches ______________________________________________ __ __ 以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加 -s读 /iz/license-licenses __________________________________________________ _ 以辅音字母+y变y 为i 结尾的词再加es读 /z/baby---babies 1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化 1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数: 如:two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较:层楼:storey ---storeys story---stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves; c. 均可,如:handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

新初中英语语法知识—代词的分类汇编含答案

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