高英二第四课

Lesson 4 Love Is a Fallacy

by Max Shulmas

Teaching Points

Ⅰ. Background Knowledge

Ⅱ. Introduction to the Passage

Ⅲ. Text analysis

Ⅳ. Rhetorical Devices

Ⅴ. Questions

Teaching Process

Warming up

Question 1:What is love?

Question 2: What is logic?

Question 3: Love is blind?

Question 4: Love is reason?

Introduction to the Passage

1. Type of literature: a piece of narrative writing

--protagonist/antagonists

--climax

--denouement

2. The main theme

3. Well chosen title and words

4. Style

--a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang

--employing a variety of writing techniques to make the story vivid, dramatic and colorful

Text Analysis

Vocabulary

1. Pay attention to words and expressions in the following aspects respectively:

Spelling and Pronunciation

Synonyms

Opposites

Similar words and expressions

Settled or habitual usage

2. Word building knowledge

Effective Writing Skills

1. Employing colorful lexical spectrum, from the ultra learned terms to the infra clipped vulgar forms

2. Too much figurative language and ungrammatical inversion for specific purposes

3. The using of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes to maintain the speed of narration Rhetorical Devices

1. metaphor

2. antithesis

3. transferred epithet

4. hyperbole

5. metonymy

6. litotes

7. ellipsis

8. synecdoche

9. inversion

10. simile

11. mixed metaphor

12. rhetorical questions

Special Difficulties

Analyzing the logical fallacies

Using inverted sentences to achieve emphasis

Effectively using many figures of speech

Understanding colloquial expressions and slang

Allusions:

--Frankenstein

--Pygmalion

Paraphrasing some sentences

Identifying figures of speech

Questions

1. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay.

2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man?

3. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create?

4. Why does the writer refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions aptly chosen?

5. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?

Assignment:Write a composition of classification.

Lesson 4 Love Is a Fallacy

by Max Shulman

Ⅰ. Additional Information Related to the Text:

1. Max Schulman

Max Schulman (1919-1988) was a 20th century American writer humorist best known for his television and short story character Dobie Gillis, as well as for best-selling novels.

He first delved into the world of writing as a journalist student at the University of Minnesota. Max Schulman?s earliest published writing was for Ski-U-Mah, the college humor magazine of the University of Minnesota, in the 1930s. His writing often focused on young people, particularly in a collegiate setting. He wrote his first novel, Barefoot Boy with Cheek《无礼的赤脚少年》a satire on college life, while still a student. Schulman?s works include the novels Rally Round the Flag, Boys!,《孩子们，团结在旗帜的周围吧》which was made into a film starring Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward; The Feather Merchant《衣冠楚楚的商人》，The Zebra Derby, Sleep till Noon, and Potatoes Are Cheaper. He was also a co-writer, with Robert Paul Smith, of the long-running Broadway play, The Tender Trap, which was later adapted into a movie starring Frank Sinatra and Debbie Reynolds.

Schulman?s college charater, Dobie Gillis, was the subject of a series of short stories complied under the title The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, which became the basis for the 1953 movie The Affairs of Dobie Gillis. Shulman also wrote the series?theme song. The same year the series began. Schulman published a Dobie Gillis novel, I was a Teenage Dwarf (1959). After his success with Dobie Gillis, Shulman syndicated a humor column, “On Campus”, to over 350 collegiate newspapers at one point.

A later novel, Anyone Got A Match? satirized both the television and tobacco industries, as well as the Soth and college football. His last major project was House Calls, which began as a 1978 movie based on one of his stories; it spun off the 1979-1982 television series of the same name. Schulman was the head writer.

Also a screenwriter, Schulman was one of the collaborators on a 1954 non-fiction television program, Light’s Diamond Jubilee, timed to the 75th anniversary of the invention of the lihght bulb.

2. Logical fallacy:逻辑谬误

An argument in logic presents evidence in support of some thesis or conclusion.（逻辑论证，即提支持某些论题或结论的论据。）

An argument has two components:a conclusion,the thesis argued for; and certain premises, the considerations adduced on behalf of the conclusion. The conclusion is said to be drawn, or inferred, from the premises. （论据由两部分组成：论点所支持的结论，与引证结论的某些前提。）

An argument is deductively valid when its premises provide conclusive evidence for the conclusion. An argument that fails to be conclusively deduced is invalid; it is said to be fallacious. （当前题为结论提确凿的论据时，论据的演绎推理便有效；反之则成为谬误。）

An argument may be fallacious in three ways: in its material content, through a misstatement of the facts; in its wording, through an incorrect use of terms; or in its structure (or form), through the use of an improper process of inference. （成为谬误的方式有三种：①内容，即事实陈述错误；②措辞，即术语使用错误；③结构（或形式），及推倒过程错误。）

Fallacies are, therefore, divided into three groups and classified as (1) material（内容谬误），(2) verbal（措辞谬误）and (3) formal（形式谬误）。The material fallacies are also known as fallacies of

presumption, because the premises presume too much—they either covertly assume the conclusion or avoid the issue in view. The verbal fallacies, called fallacies of ambiguity, arise when the conclusion is achieved through an improper use of words. Strictly logical, or formal, fallacies arise not from the specific matter of the argument but from a structural pattern of reasoning that is generically incorrect. The fallacies (谬误、谬论)mentioned in the text belong to the first group, i.e. they are material fallacies.本文所提及的谬误属于第一类，即内容谬误，具体包括：

Some of the important fallacies in this category may be stated as follows:

(1) the fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case

in which some special circumstances (“accident”) makes the rule inapplicable. This is the “Dicto Simpliciter” fallacy in the text. (绝对判断，即将普遍规则运用于有特殊情况发生的个别情形之中) Dicto Simpliciter: A clipped form of “a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid”, a Latin phrase meaning “from a saying (taken too) simply to a saying according to what (it really is)”; i.e. according to its truth as holding under special provisos.

(2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact

that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men.

This is the fallacy of “Hasty Generalization” in the text. (草率结论，即由个别情形来推导普遍规则)

(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at

issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so-called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argument ad hominem(speaking “against the man”

rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of “Poisoning the Well” mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument ad misericordiam(an appeal to “pity”), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his Client?s innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (无关结论，即结论与前提并无关联，具体包括：a.个人攻击；b.寻求同情)

(4) The fallacy of circular argument or “begging the question” occurs when the premises presume,

openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example: “Gregory always votes wisely.” “But how do you know?” “Because he always votes Libertarian.”) (循环论证，即假设前提，但并不推导结论)

(5)The fallacy of false cause dislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only

seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called post hoc ergo propter hoc, mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection—as when a misfortune is attributed to a “malign event”, like the dropping of a mirror. (错误因果，即导致某一现象的原因仅仅停留在表面上)

(6) The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when

this answer could either be divided (example: “Do you like the twins?” “Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no.”) or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example: “Have you stopped beating your wife?”). (问题过多，即留给单一回答有多种答案的问题)

(7) The fallacy of non sequitur (“it does not follow”…), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs

when there is not even a deceptively plausible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn

from them.(不合逻辑的推论，即前提和结论缺少关联，推理无效。)

3. Ruskin:John Ruskin (1819-1900), English critic and social theorist, was the virtual dictator of

artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836-40 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modem Painters.

This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a “universal language”. The Seven tamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin?s art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the uglin ess and waste of modern industry. Ruskin?s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera(8 vols. 1871-84). Many of his suggested programs -- old age pensions, nationalization of education, and organization of labor—have become accepted doctrine.

Ⅱ. Introduction:

The Text is a piece of narrative writing. The narrator of the story, Dobie Gillis, a self-conceited freshman in a law school, is the protagonist. He struggles against two antagonists: Petey Burch, his stupid roommate whose girl friend he plans to steal, and Polly Espy, the beautiful dumb girl he intends to marry after suitable re-education. Petey, a faddist, is eager for a raccoon coat, and he decides to exchange his girl friend for it with Dobie. Dobie has affection for Polly for long out of practical considerations. Dumb as Polly is, she has the makings to become a suitable wife of a lawyer. In order to smarten her up, Dobie decides to give her a course in logic. He teaches her how to recognize the common fallacies of logic. He succeeds too well because the whole thing backfir （造成相反结果）on him when Polly refuses all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. In desperation Dobie argues that “the things you learn in school don?t have anything to in life.” The appeal do not move Polly because Dobie does not own a raccoon coat as Petey Burch does. Ironically, the raccoon coat which Dobie gives to Petey for the privilege of dating his girl, the raccoon coat which Dobie dislikes and abhors, is the instrument of his own undoing（毁灭）。

Ⅲ. Detailed Study of the Text:

1. This text is a piece of narrative writing, a story. The narrator of the story, Dobie Gillis, a freshman in a law school, is the hero or protagonist. He struggles against two antagonists (敌手、对手): Petey Burch, his roommate whose girl friend he plans to steal; and Polly Espy, the girl he intends to marry after suitable re-education. The climax of the story is reached in paras 147-150 when Polly refuses to go steady with the narrator because she had already promised to go steady with Petey Burch. The denouement follows rapidly and ends on a very ironic note. The raccoon coat which he gave to Petey Burch for the privilege of dating his girl, the raccoon coat which the narrator disliked and abhorred, was the instrument of his undoing. Polly Espy promised to go steady with Petey Burch because he owned a raccoon coat, a coat that all fashionable people on campus were wearing. The main theme of the story, however, is stated by the writer in the title of the story: “Love is a f allacy”.

The whole story is a piece of light, humorous satire. The writer, Max Shulman, is satirizing or making fun of a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every conceivable opportunity. From the very beginning, in paragraph 4, he begins to heap on himself all the beautiful

words of praise he can think of -- cool, logical, keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute, powerful, precise and penetrating. This exaggerated self-praise and the profuse use of similes and metaphors help to make the satire humorous. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to down-grade Petey Burch. For example, he calls him: dumb, nothing upstairs, unstable, impressionable and a faddist. And as for Polly Espy, she is “a beautiful dumb girl”, who would smarten up under his guidance. In order to smarten her up, the narrator decides to give her a course in logic. He teaches her how to recognize the common fallacies of logic. He succeeds too well because the whole thing backfires on him when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. In desperation the narrator argues that “the things you learn in school don?t ha ve anything to do in life.” The appeal does not move Polly because she does not reject him on logical grounds. She rejects him because he does not own a raccoon coat as Petey Burch does. At the end of the story, the reader feels the narrator has got what he deserved. He has been too clever for his own good.

The title of the story is humorous and well chosen.It has two meanings. When “fallacy” is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: “there is a deceptive or delusive quality about love.” When taken as a specific term in logic the title means: “love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises.” Perhaps Max Shulman wants the reader, after reading the story, to conclude that “love” is an error, a deception and an emotion that does not follow the principles of logic. But the writer, through this story has succeeded perhaps unwittingly in revealing what love may sometimes mean in the affluent society. Girls do not want brilliant, gifted or educated husbands, but want husbands who are rich and wealthy enough to provide all the things necessary for keeping up with the Joneses- home, clothes, cars, etc.

Max Shulman has a style quite his own. The story goes forward at a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang. He employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful -- from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatical inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story. One would expect a freshman to talk like this.

2. Love is a Fallacy:This piece is taken from Max Shulman?s The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, 1951. The narrator is Dobie.

fallacy n. a gfalse or mistaken idea, opinion, etc.; error 谬论，缪见

E.g. The fallacy has been exposed in its naked absurdity. 这谬论的谎诞性已被充分揭露。

同义词：mistake, error

3. Charles Lamb as merry and entertaining…Dream’s Children. (Author’s Note): A metaphor. Charles Lamb with his essays “Old China” and “Dream?s Children” set free (loosened the chains that bound) the informal essay. Charles Lamb is a very merry and enterprising person. You?ll meet such a person only after a long time. He wrote the essays, “Old China”and “Dream?s Children”, which set free the informal essay.

1) Charles Lamb:English essayist of the romantic period. Lamb attempted work in the fields of

drama and poetry but was most successful in the personal essay. His writings in this form are

known for their humor and whimsy. He was also a perceptive critic with a special sympathy for the work of Elizabethan and early 17th century writer.

查尔斯〃兰姆 (1775—1834)，英国散文作家和评论家。笔名伊利亚，以《伊利亚随笔集》闻名，《梦中的孩子》(1828) 是他最优秀的作品。1870年，与他姐姐玛丽合编的《莎士比亚故事集》出版。1809年出版故事集《莱斯特夫人的学校》。同时，兰姆还刊印了《英国戏剧诗人之范作》。1820年新创刊的《伦敦杂志》开始刊登“伊利亚”的散文。《伊利亚随笔集》于1823年出版，续集《伊利亚后期随笔集》于1833年出版。

2) enterprising adj. full of energy and initiative; willing to undertake new projects 有进取心的，

充满首创精神的，有胆量的

E.g. The enterprising children open a lemonade stand.

一些有进取心的孩子摆摊卖柠檬汽水。

3) as ... as: a correlative construction used to indicate the equality or sameness of two things

4) a month of Sundays: (colloquial) a long time

5) unfetter v. to free from fetters; to free from restraint of any kind; liberate

除掉…的脚镣，解放

E.g. free and unfettered trade 自由贸易

6) “Old China”: the title of an essay written by Lamb. Old china refers to old porcelain.

7) “Dream?s Children”: The full title of this essay is “Dream?s Children: a Reverie”.

8) Translation:查尔斯·兰姆是一个世间少有的个性开阔、进取向上的人，其散文《旧瓷器》

和《梦中孩童》形式随意，不受拘束，令人过目不忘。

(Note:the word “and” in the phrase “Old China and Dream?s Children” in the text should not be in italics.)

4. There follows an informal essay... frontier. (Author’s Note): A metaphor, comparing the

limitations set by Lamb to a frontier. The informal essay that follows here is freer than the one Charles Lamb wrote. 这里作者运用了隐喻的修辞手法，将兰姆为散文所设置的（limitations）比喻成边界（frontier）。

frontier n. an area where people have never lived before, that not much is known about, esp. in the western US before the 20th century 边界，边境

e.g. frontier town 边境城镇

同义词：boundary, border, bounds

boundary指边界线，主要指领土边界；border指边界，常指边境，即沿两国边界的地区；

bounds指具体的界限，常用复数形式，主要用于诗文中；frontier 指一国的边境。

5. Indeed, “informal” may not be...appropriate. (Author’s Note): Trully, it may not be appropriate to describe this essay as informal. It would perhaps be more correct to call this essay a limp, flaccid or a spongy essay. The writer humorously uses words like “limp”, “flaccid” and “spongy”

to describe his essay. Naturally he doesn?t believe his essay to be bad or else he would not have written it, nor would it have been published. Max Schulman is well known for his humor.

1) limp adj. (柔软的、易曲的): drooping;lacking firmness

E.g. His limp body collapsed forward. 他虚弱的身体朝前瘫了下去。

同义词：flabby, flaccid, floppy

limp指缺少硬度和坚实度，或失出了原先的坚固；flabby指某物太柔

2) flaccid (软弱的、无力的): soft, flabby; hanging in loose folds

3) spongy (柔软、富有弹性的): like a sponge; soft and porous

6. Vague though its category, it is without doubt an essay. (Author’s Note):Although its category

is vague, it is no doubt an essay. The reason is explained in the next sentence.

inversion to emphasize “vague”倒装省略句。省去了连系动词is，表语提前，以强调vague。

类似的倒装句(即表语提前的倒装句)

7. Could Carlyle do more? Could Ruskin?(Author’s Note) Two rhetorical questions also for the

sake of emphasis. This is also Shulman?s humor.

这是两个起修辞作用的疑问句，目的是为了加强语气。

1) Carlyle：即ThomasCarlyle (托马斯·卡莱尔，1795--1881)，苏格兰散文作家和历史学家，

生于苏格兰南部安嫩代尔的埃克尔费亨村。1814年在安南(今越南)当数学教师。1819年重返爱相保大学学法律。1834年迁居伦敦从事写作。其主要代表作有《法国革命》、《宪章运动》、《论英雄、英雄崇拜和历史上的英雄事迹)、(过去和现在)等。

2) Rushin：即John Rushin(约翰·罗斯金，1819-1900)，英国评论家和社会理论家，对维多

利亚时代公众的审美观点产生重大的影响。毕业于牛津大学基督堂学院。1843年开始写《现代画家》，为透纳晚期的画法进行辩护，并以优美的文字描述意大利和阿尔卑斯山的风景。《建筑的七盏灯》(1849)揭示了中世纪哥特式建筑的优点。《威尼斯之石》介绍了对威尼斯建筑艺术的研究成果。60年代开始转入经济学的研究，发表了许多有关的演说，然后将其编写成书，如《艺术的政治经济》、《给那后来的》、《时与潮》等。

8. …logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline…and trauma. (Author’s Note): A metaphor,

comparing logic to a living human being. Logic is not all a dry, learned branch of learning. It is like a living human being, full of beauty, passion and painful emotional shocks.

1) far from: not at all

2) pedantic: of or like a pedant 迂腐的，书呆子气的

e.g. a pedantic attention to details 学究式地注意细枝末节

3) discipline: a branch of knowledge or learning 学科

4) trauma (损伤): a term in psychiatry meaning a painful emotional experience or shock, often

producing a lasting psychic effect and sometimes a neurosis, as after earthquakes, disasters, tsunami, etc. as well as individual traumas （精神）心灵创伤

e.g. a trauma center 外伤治疗中心

1st Paragraph

9. Keen, calculating, perspicacious...these.:Notice the use of the dash. Ordinarily one would say:

“I was also keen ... and astute.”注意此处破折号的用法。这一句话的通常说法应该是：I Was also keen…and astute．

1) calculating: shrewd or cunning, esp. in a selfish way; schemeing

精明的，（尤指）专为自己打算的

e.g. a calculating businessman

2) perspicacious: having keen judgement or understanding; acutely perceptive 聪颖的，敏锐的

e.g. a perspicacious literary critic 一位敏锐的文学评论家

3) acute: having or showing a clever or shrewd mind; cunning; crafty; wily

聪明的，精明的，狡猾的

e.g. astute investment 精明周全的投资

同义词：keen, perspicacious, acute astute

10. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo,…as a scalpel. :A simile, comparing his brain to three

different things; also hyperbole, exaggerating for effect

注意此处的明喻修辞手法。叙事者把他自己的头脑比作三种不同的东西。

1) dynamo:an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy (发电机)

2) chemist?s scales:Such scales are more precise and accurate for they have to weigh small

quantifies of powder or other chemicals. （药师用的天平称）

3) penetrating: sharp; piercing 锐利的

e.g. a penetrating scalpel 一把锐利的手术刀

3) scalpel:a surgeon? s sharp knife used in operations(解剖刀，手术刀)

11. And—think of it!—eighteen: Notice the use of dashes.

think of it: an exclamatory phrase to intensify that which follows. Some other such phrases are “only think!” and “you can?t think!” 感叹用语，用以强调后面的内容。其他类似的说法还有：Only think! You can?t think!

2nd Paragraph

12. It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. :A hyperbole for effect. This is

also a transitional sentence linking Paragraph 1 and 2.

giant intellect: great mind or intelligence

13. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. : An ellipsis. He is of the same age and has

the same background but he is dumb as an ox.

1) dumb as an ox: a simile, as stupid as an ox; very stupid

2) dumb: (American colloquialism or slang) stupid; moronic; unintelligent

14. A nice enough young fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs. : An elliptical sentence:

He is a nice enough young fellow, you understand, but there is nothing upstairs.

1) you understand: you know

2) nothing upstairs: (American slang) empty-headed; a nitwit (笨人、傻子). The corresponding

British slang is “unfurnished in t he upper storey”; “The lights are on but none is home”; or “The lift doesn?t go to the top floor.”没头脑的，愚笨的

15. Emotional type. Unsteable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist. : All four sentences are

elliptical. The subject and verb “he is” is left out.

1) impressionable: easy to influence, especially because one is young

2) faddist: a person who follows fads (a passing fashion or craze) (赶时髦的人)

这四个句子都是省略句，其主语和动词“he is”被省略了。

16. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. : Fads (a passing fashion or craze), in my

opinion, show a complete lack of reason.

1) fad: a custom, style, etc. that many people are interested in for a short time; passing fashion;

craze 一度时髦的风尚，风行一时的东西，一时狂热

e.g. Collecting stamps is a good fad. 集邮是一种好的消遣。

2) submit: to offer as an opinion; suggest, propose

3) very negation: complete (absolute) lack; the very opposite

17. To be swept up in every new craze…acme of mindlessness. :Notice the grammar

construction used here. The long infinitive subject (the real subject) is first stated followed by a dash and then a pronoun “this” (the grammatical subject) is used to represent it in the sentence that follows.

1) to be swept up in: to be carried away by; to follow enthusiastically

2) craze: something that is currently the fashion 一时的风尚，时髦

e.g. This computer game is the latest craze. 这个电脑游戏最近很流行。

3) to surrender yourself: to indulge (in) (纵容)

4) acme of mindlessness: the height of stupidity; the greatest lack of intelligence

注意这里的语法结构。不定式短语To be swept…，surrender yourself…是真实主语，破折号后的为语法形式上的主语，起总括和强调作用。

5) acme: the highest point; point of culmination 顶点，极点

e.g. the acme of good behavior 最崇高的行为

同义词：summit, peak

18. Not, however, to Petey. :ellipsis. This was not the acme of mindlessness, however, to Petey.

3rd Paragraph

19. “Don’t take a laxative.”:It?s dangerous for people suffering from appendicitis (阑尾炎) to

take any kind of laxative (轻泻药，通便剂).

5th Paragraph

20. “Raccoon?”I said, pausing in my flight. : The narrator repeats “raccoon” as a question to

show that he w as surprised and didn?t understand why Petey mumbled this word.

flight: fleeing or running away from. Here it is used humorously, meaning “stopped rushing out” (to get a doctor).叙事者把raccoon作为疑问重复，以表示他对此感到吃惊，

不知道皮蒂为什么咕哝这个词。

8th Paragraph

21. “I should have known they’d come back when the Charleston came back.” : “Should” is an

auxiliary used to express expectation or probability, equivalent to “ought to” and can not be replaced by “would”. “They” stands for raccoon coats.I ought to have known that raccoon coats would come back to fashion when the Charleston dance came back.

Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920s.

should 在此处是情态动词，用来表达期望或可能性，与ought to相当，但不能用would 代替。这儿的they代表了前面的racoon coats。

10th Paragraph

22. “All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. W here’ve you been?” : All the important and

fashionable men on campus are wearing them. How come you don?t know?

Where’ve you been: not to be taken literally. It implies that the person is rather ignorant and does not know what everybody knows.

11th Paragraph

23. in the library:ellipsis. I?ve been in the library. This is a deliberate retort by the narrator. He takes

Petey?s words literally, pretending not to understand his implied criticism.

省略句。全句应该是：I?ve been in the library．这一句是叙事者意的重复。他逐字地重复了蒂的话，假装没有听懂他的含蓄的批评。

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24. Petey, why:Ellipsis. Petey, why must you have a raccoon coat?

省略句。完整的句子应该是：Petey，why must you have a raccoon coat?

24. Look at it rationally(理性地): “It” is a rath er vague pronoun here. It stands for the whole

question of owning and wearing a raccoon coat.

25. “They shed.” :The raccoon coats (the fur of the coats) cast off or lose hair (all the time).

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26. “It’s the thing to do.” : It?s t he right, proper or fashionable thing to do.

27. “Don’t you want to be in the swim? :Don?t you want to follow the current fashions? Don?t you

want to be doing what everyone else is doing?

in the swim: conforming to the current fashions, or active in the main current of affairs 赶时髦

e. g. She is always involved in the swim. 她总是赶时髦。

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28. my brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. : A mixed metaphor, comparing at

the same time the narrators brain to a precision instrument and also to a machine (like a car) that has gears. My brain, which is a precision instrument, began to work at high speed.

1) slipped into high gear: began to work at high speed or efficiency. A machine is in high gear

when the arrangement of gears provides the greatest speed but little power.

2) slip: to pass, move, etc. smoothly, quickly, or easily

这里用的是混合隐喻，即把叙事者的大脑比作一件精密的仪器，也比作(像汽车一样)能开动的机器。

29. “Anything?” : ellipsis. Will you really give anything for a raccoon coat? Are you indeed willing to

give anything for a raccoon coat?

30. I asked, looking at him narrowly. : I asked, looking at him closely, carefully and thoroughly.

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31. “Anything,”:ellipsis. Yes, I?m willing to give anything for a raccoon coat. This kind of elliptical

question and answer is very common in English speech.

这儿有两个anything，第一个anything是疑问句的省略(或称片断疑问句)，全句应该是：Will you really give anything／or a raccoon coat?第二个anything是陈述回答句的省略，全句应该是：Yes, I?m willing to give anything for a raccoon coat．这种省略疑问和回答在英语口语中非常普遍。

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32. It so happened that I knew where to get my hands on a raccoon coat. :Luckily by chance I

knew where I could get hold of a raccoon coat.

to get hands on: to obtain something 得到，获得

e.g. They all want to get their hands on their old father?s money. 他们都在觊觎他们父亲的钱。

33. He didn’t have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it. :He did n?t really own Polly

Espy, or Polly Espy didn?t really belong to him. He meant they we re not married or going steady.

But they were friends so Petey had the first claim or the privilege of first asking Polly Espy to be his wife. Notice the deliberate use o f “it”, showing the narrator?s attitude towards Polly.

34. Polly Espy:The writer may have deliberately chosen the name “Espy”, meaning to catch sight of,

to make out.

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35. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature. : The

narrator is honest about his feelings. He did not love Polly. He wanted to marry Polly because he thought she would help to further his career as a lawyer.

36. She was sure, a girl who excited the emotions...rule my head. :She was beautiful and attractive

enough to arouse the desires and passions of men, but the narrator d idn?t pick her out for this. He chose her after coldly analyzing her merits and demerits, after concluding that she would be able to further his career.

let my heart rule my head: A metonymy.“Heart” stands for “feelings and emotions” and “head” for “reason and good sense”. I do not let feelings or emotions get the upper hand of reason or good sense. I? m guided in my actions by reason and good sense and not by feeli ngs and emotions.

37. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason. : I wanted Polly for a

cleverly thought out and an entirely intellectual reason.

cerebral: conceived by the intellect rather than the emotions 理智的，凭理智行事的

e.g. His approach is cerebral, analytical, and cautious.

他的方法是理智的、经过分析的和谨慎的。

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38. In a few years I would be out in practice. :In a few years I would be out of school and working

as a lawyer.

practice: the exercise of a profession or occupation 行业，行业实践

e.g. be in practice在实习中

39. I was well aware of the importance...a lawyer’s career. : I knew very well how important it was

for a lawyer to have the right kind of wife. The right kind of wife would help to promote his career.

40. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly. : Except for one thing

(intelligence) Polly had all the other requirements (beauty, and grace).

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41. Beautiful she was:inversion to emphasize “beautiful”

42. She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I felt sure...the lack. :She was not yet as beautiful

as a pin-up girl but I felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time.

1) pin-up:( American colloquialism) designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a

subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls (女子) 其照片可供倾慕着钉在墙上

2) proportions: lines, shape of the body 线条，身材

e.g. in perfect proportions 非常匀称

3) supply the lack: supply what is wanting 弥补不足

43. She already had the makings. :She already had all the physical qualities needed for developing

into a very beautiful woman.

makings: the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something

素质，内在因素

e.g. She has the makings of a fine teacher. 她具备做一个优秀教师的素质。

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44. She had an erectness, an ease of bearing...best of breeding. :She walked with her head and

body erect and moved in a natural and dignified manner —all this showed she was well educated and trained in manners and social behaviour.

1) carriage: manner of carrying the head and body; physical posture 行为，举止，姿态

e.g. She has a graceful carriage. 她举止优雅。

2) bearing: way of carrying oneself; manner 举止

e.g. He has the erect bearing of a soldier. 他具有挺拔的军人风度。

These two words are synonymous. “Bearing”, in this comparison, denotes manner of carrying or conduc ting oneself and refers to characteristic physical and mental posture. “Carriage”, also applied to posture, specifically stresses the physical aspects of a person?s bearing, e.g. and erect carriage.

3) erectness of carriage: using a noun plus an “of ” phra se instead of an adjective plus noun phrase

(erect carriage) helps to emphasize the noun erectness . So also: “ease of bearing” and “best of breeding”.

Compare: depth of understanding and deep understanding; roundness of cheek and round cheek;

transparency of the water and transparent water.

45. I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner...her fingers moist. : This is a concrete example to

show Polly?s good table manners, her good breeding, etc.

1) Kozy Kampus Korner:for “Cosy Campus Corner”, name of a campus restaurant or cafeteria

2) specialty of the house: the special dish which the restaurant or cafeteria sells

3) pot roast: meat, usually a large cut of beef, cooked in one piece by braising

4) a dipper of sauerkraut: a small cupful of pickled chopped cabbage

5) without even getting her fingers moist: Her fingers didn?t even get slightly wet (showing her

dainty and refined table manners).

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46. In fact she veered in the opposite direction. :In fact, she went in the opposite direction. This is

a roundabout (转弯抹角的、迂回的) way of saying that she was not intelligent, that she was rather

stupid.

47. It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl beautiful. :A ntithesis, “beautiful, dumb and

smart” are balanced against “ugly, smart and beautiful”.

dumb: (American colloquialism or slang) stupid, moronic (低能的、愚钝的); unintelligent

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48. “I thinkshe’s a keen kid”… :I think she?s a nice girl.

1) keen: (American slang) good, fine, excellent, etc.: a general term of approval

2) kid: (American colloquialism) a young person

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49. “I mean are you going steady or anything like that?”: I mean are you dating regularly and

exclusively or anything like that? Are you serious about each other?

go steady: (American colloquialism)to date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively; be sweethearts 约会，成为关系确定的情侣

e.g. When did you go steady with her? 你和她是什么时候确定恋爱关系的？

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50. …but we both have other dates. : We both go out with other friends.

date: (American colloquialism) a person of the opposite sex with whom one has a social engagement

31st Paragraph

51. In other words, if you were out the picture, the field would be open. : A metaphor. If you?re

no-longer involved with her (if you stop dating her) others would be free to compete for her

friendship.

1) out of the picture: not considered as involved in a situation不相干，不合适

e.g. “Is Pam still with Eric?”“No, he?s out of picture.”

“帕姆跟埃里克在一起吗？”“不，他们互不相干了。”

2) field: an area where games or athletic events are held

3) open: free to take part or compete in (games being held in the field)

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52. What are you getting at: What are you trying to say (implying or suggesting)?

get at : seem to be saying sth. that other people do not completely understand 暗示

e.g. What exactly are you getting at? 你到底在暗示着什么？

33rd Paragraph

53. nothing:ellipsis. I?m imply ing or suggesting nothing.

省略句。全句应该是I?m implying Or suggest·ing nothing．

36th Paragraph

54. “…while you’re home you couldn’t get some money... raccoon coat? :Notice the form of the

question “you couldn?t ... could you”, which expresses a strong wish tha t is quite uncertain of being accepted.

1) your old man: your dad

2) so I can buy: generally expressed as: so that I can buy...

注意此处疑问形式表达的强烈愿望

37th Paragraph

55. “I may do better than that...” :I may do better than lending you some money to buy a raccoon

coat. The narrator knows his father has a raccoon coat and is going home to get it.

56. I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left. : A transferred epithet. He said

mysteriously with a wink (the wink was not mysterious). 此处的mysterious是一个转类形容词在形式上修饰wink，意义上却起副词的作用，修饰动词said，全句的确切解释是: He said my steriously with a wink (but the wink was not mysterious).

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57. gamy object: the raccoon fur coat which had a strong tainted (难闻的)smell

39th Paragraph

58. Holy Toledo：这是一个复合感叹词，用来表示一种强烈的惊喜、高兴或气愤等感情。类似

表达法还有：Holy smoke! Holy cow! Holy mackerel! Holy Moses!

40th Paragraph

59. Would you like it: Would you like to have it?

41st Paragraph

60. Oh yes! He cried, clutching the greasy pelt to him. :“Oh yes, I would like to have it.” he cried,

as he tightly clutched the oily fur coat.

61. Then a canny look came into his eyes. :Then a cautious look came into his eyes. He suddenly

became alert and cautious.

42nd Paragraph

62. “you girl,” I said, mincing no words. :I said directly and f orcefully, “I want your girl.”

mince words: (usually in negative) to lessen the force of; weaken, as by euphemism

委婉地说，由于礼貌或礼节而委婉或限制使用（词语）

e.g. Don?t mince words: say what you mean. 不要忌讳，把你的意思直说出来。

45th Paragraph

63. never:I will never give you Polly.

47th Paragraph

64. He was a torn man: He was agitated (激动不安的) and tormented (痛苦的), not knowing what

was the right thing to do. The sentence is the topic sentence of this paragraph. The rest of the paragraph describes the behavior of the torn man. In other words, the writer uses illustrative

examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.

tear: to divide with doubt, uncertainty, etc.; agitate; torment

65. First he looked at the coat...bakery window. : A simile, comparing his torn expression with the

expression of a hungry homeless child looking longingly at the bread at a bakery window

注意此处的明喻修辞手法。叙事者把皮蒂的表情与面包店橱窗前的流浪儿的表情进行比较。

waif n. a person without home or friends, esp. a homeless child

流浪汉，无家可归者，（尤指）流浪儿

66. set his jaw:He put his jaw in a fixed or rigid position. This action shows fixed, unyielding

determination.

67. Back and forth his head swiveled...waning. :A ntithesis. “Desire waxing (盈)” is balanced

against “resolution waning (亏)”.

His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat then looking away from the coat). Every time he looked his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away Polly became weaker. 注意此处的对照修辞手法。Desire waxing与resolution waning相对照。

1) swivel v. turn on 旋转

e.g. He swiveled the camera on the tripod to follow the riders.

为了跟上骑车的人，他旋转了三脚架上的照相机。

2) wax v. to grow generally larger; increase in strength, intensity, volume, etc. 渐渐变大，增加

e.g. The moon waxes. 月亮渐圆。

3) wane v. to become less intense, strong, bright, etc. 变弱，减少

e.g. His reputation is waning. 他的声望日下。

68. Fially he didn’t turn away at all; he just stood…at the coat. : He just stood there, looking with

great longing at the coat.

48th Paragraph

69. “It isn’t as though I was in love with Polly...anything like that.”:Petey Burch is trying to

rationalize his action. He is trying to find an excuse to justify his action. In his mind he has decided to accept the coat and give up Polly. Since he was neither in love nor going steady with Polly, it wouldn?t be wrong to give her up to hi s roommate in exchange for the coat.

50th Paragraph

70. “W hat’s Polly to me, or me to Polly?” : See Note 8 to the text. He has no reason to weep over

losing Polly. Peter goes on rationalizing.

这句可能是根据莎士比亚的(哈姆雷特) 第二幕第二场中的“What?s Hecuba to him or he to Hecuba that he should weep for her?”一句仿写而成的。

51st Paragraph

71. Not a thing:ellipsis, Polly means not a thing to you.

省略句。完整的句子应该是：Polly means not a thing to you.

52nd Paragraph

72. “It’s just been a casual kick—just a few laughs, that’s all.” : We occasionally went out just for

a bit of fun or pleasure, that?s all.

This ia a final re ason that eases Petey?s conscience.

1) casual kick:(American colloquialism) an occasional pleasure 高兴，兴奋

e.g. Let?s go to the show just for kicks. 我们出去看看演出开心一下吧。

2) laughs: (American colloquialism) mere diversion (解闷、娱乐) or pleasure

53rd Paragraph

73. The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped…shoe tops. : The coat was rather long but

suited Petey?s height. The fur of the collar covered his ears and the long coat reached his shoe tops.

bunch v. to stay close together in a group 捆成束，集拢

e.g. We bunched around the fire for warmth. 我们聚在火炉周围取暖。

55th Paragraph

74. Is it a deal:Is it a bargain?

deal: (American slang) an agreement from which both which benefits two parties 交易

57th Paragraph

75. I had a date with Polly...following evening. : I had my first social engagement (outing) with

Polly the next evening.

76. This was in the nature of survey…: The aim of this date was to find out how stupid (or

intelligent) Polly was (so that he would have an idea of how much work he had to do to make her intelligent enough to be his wife).

77. “Gee, that was a delish dinner.”:The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of

exclamatory words like: “Gee, Oo, wow-dow” and clipped vulgar (通俗的、粗俗的) forms like: “delish, mar v y, sensaysh, etc.” to create the impression of a simple-minded girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony.

作者故意让波利·埃斯皮大量地使用诸如Gee，Cio，wow-dow之类的感叹词以及像delish, marvy, sensaysh等缩略词，以让人对这位姑娘产生一种头脑简单、智力迟钝的印象。这与叙事者的自夸成了显明的对照，这样，就增强了讥讽的感染力。

1) gee: an exclamation of surprise, wonder, etc.

2) delish: clipped form for “delicious”

78. “Gee, that was a marvy movie”…: Oh! That was a marvelous movie.

marvy: clipped form for “marvelous”.

79. a sensaysh time: Oh! I had a sensational (使人感动的、非常好的) time.

58th Paragraph

79. I went back to my room with a heavy heart. :I went back to my room feeling sad and depressed.

heavy heart: depressed, sorrowful (feeling)

80. This girl’s lack of information was terrifying. : Polly?s lack of knowl edge (her ignorance) was

dreadful (frightening).

81. This loomed as a project of no small dimensions...: To teach her to think appeared to be a rather

big task.

1) loom v. to appear or come in sight indistinctly 隐约出现

A warship loomed up through the heavy fog. 大雾中隐隐约约出现了一艘军舰。

2) no small dimensions: understatement or litotes (曲言法，间接表达法，反语法), in which

something is expressed by a negation of the contrary, for example, “no small” for “great” or “not a few regrets” for “many regrets”, etc.

3) dimension: (often plural) extent, size, or degree 体积，容积，面积，范围，规模

e.g. What are the dimensions of this language laboratory? 这个语言实验室的容积是多少？

82. But then I got to thinking her abundant...and fork…: The narrator recapitulates (概括、重述

点) Polly?s good points or those qualities which made the narrator choose Polly as his future wife.

1) got to: began to, started to

2) physical charms: beautiful face and figure

3) way she entered a room: carriage and poise of bearing

4) way she handled a knife and fork: refined table manners

59th Paragraph

83. I gave her a course in logic. : I taught her logic systematically.

84. …so I had all the facts at my finger tips. : I was completely familiar with all the facts.

have at one?s finger tips:to be completely familiar with; to have available for instant use

e.g. We have all the facts and figures at our fingers. 我们已经掌握了所有的事实和数字。

85. I picked her up on our next date…:On our next social engagement day I called on her to take

her along with me.

pick up: to stop for (to call on) and take or bring along

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86. Oo, terrif:Oh, terrific. Oh! It?s wonderfu l.

terrific: (colloquial) unusually fine, admirable, enjoyable, etc.

87. …you would go far to find another so agreeable. : It isn?t easy to find a girl so agreeable.

go far: to go a long way; to look at a lot of examples

61st Paragraph

88. We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place...old oak…: an implied allusion to Robin Hood,

whose trysting (meeting) place was under a huge oak tree in Sherwood Forest. Robin Hood, in English legend, is an outlaw of the 12th century who lived with his followers in Sherwood Forest and robbed the rich to help the poor.

1) the Knoll: the University of Minnessota is located on both banks of the Mississippi river with

most of its buildings on the east Bank which is broken into several areas. The Knoll area is one of them.

2) trysting (约会、幽会) place: meeting place, especially where lovers meet secretly

63rd Paragraph

89. Magnif:magnificent. Logic would be a very nice subject to talk about.

magnificent: (colloquialism) exceptionally good, excellent

65th Paragraph

90. “Wow-dow!”: Interjection; an exclamation of surprise, wonder, pleasure, etc.

感叹词，表示一种强烈的惊奇、高兴等情绪

67th Paragraph

91. “By all means,” she urged, batting her lashes eagerly. :

1) by all means: of course; certainly, expressing her approval

2)batting her lashes: Blinking or fluttering her eye-lashes rapidly to show pleasurable excitement.

She is making fun of him. She realizes what a phony she is. She sees through him from this point. She is not as silly as he thinks.

69th Paragraph

92. “I mean exercise is wonderful. I mean it builds the body and everything.” :“And everything”

is more or less a meaningless phrase here. It?s a weak, vague way of ending a sentence when the speaker fails to find something important to say. A similar phrase is “or anything like t hat”.

70th Paragraph

93. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. : A metonymy. Otherwise you have

committed a logical fallacy called “a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid”.

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94. But this is marvy. : But this is marvellous (wonderful).

95. Do more: Explain more logical fallacies.

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96. “It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve”…: Polly, in her excitement, was tugging

the narrator?s sleeve and asking him to explain more logical fallacies. The narrator tells Polly rather brusquely to stop tugging his sleeve.

高英第2课课文

Marrakech George Orwell As the corpse went past the flies left the resta urant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but t hey came back a few minutes later. The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boy s, no women--threaded their way across the market p lace between the piles of pomegranates and the taxi s and the camels, walling a short chant over an d over again. What really appeals to the flies i s that the corpses here are never put into coffin s, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag an d carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulder s of four friends. When the friends get to the bu rying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or tw o deep, dump the body in it and fling over i t a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which i s like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no id entifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is m erely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derel

高级英语第四课全文翻译

震撼世界的审判 约翰?司科普斯 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯?达罗。担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉?詹宁斯?布莱恩，他曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导人。 几个星期之前，我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，而现在我却成了一次举世瞩目的庭审活动的当事人。在法庭就座为我作证的有以哈佛大学的科特里?马瑟教授为首的十几位有名望的教授和科学家。到场的还有一百多名新闻记者，甚至还有一些广播电台的播音员，他们也要破天荒地播放一次庭审实况。就在我们静候着法庭开审的当儿，达罗关切地搂住我的肩膀低声安慰道：“别担心，孩子，我们会给他们点厉害瞧瞧。” 我刚到戴顿中学任自然科学教员兼足球教练不久，这件案子就突然降临到我的头上。若干年来，原教旨主义者和现代主义者之间就一直在酝酿着一场冲突。原教旨主义者坚持严格按照字面意义去理解《旧约全书》，而现代主义者则接受查尔斯?达尔文的进化论——认为一切动物，包括猿和人，都是由同一个祖先进化而来的。 在田纳西州，原教旨主义势力很强，州立法机构最近还通过了一项法令，禁止公开讲授“任何否定《圣经》上宣讲的创世说的理论。”这项新法规的矛头直接指向了达尔文的进化论。有位名叫乔治?拉普利亚的工程师因反对这项法规常和当地人进行辩论。有一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，任何人要讲授生物学，就不能不讲进化论。因为我就是讲授生物学的，所以他们便把我叫去作证。 “拉普利亚是对的，”我对他们说。 “那么说，你在触犯法律，”他们中的一位说。 “所有其他的教师也都在触犯法律，”我回答说。“亨特所著的《生物学基础》中就讲到了进化论，那是我们使用的教科书。” 于是拉普利亚提出一个建议。“让我们将此事交付法庭判决，”他说，“以检验其是否合法。” 当我于五月七日被正式起诉时，谁也不曾料到，我本人更没有料到我的这件案子竟会越闹越大，以至成为美国历史上最著名的庭审案例之一。美国公民自由联合会宣布：如有必要，联合会将把我的案子提交美国最高法院审理，“以确保教师不至于因讲授真理而被送进监狱。”接着，布莱恩自告奋勇地要协助州政府方面对我进行起诉。著名律师克拉伦斯?达罗也立即主动提出要替我辩护。具有讽刺意味的是，在这次审判之前我并不认识达罗，但我却见过布莱恩，那是我念大学的时候，他来校作过演讲。我很钦佩他，尽管我并不赞同他的观点。 到七月十日庭审开始的时候，我们这个拥有一千五百人口的小镇上呈现出一派看马戏似的热闹气氛。大街两旁的建筑物上都挂起了彩旗。在法院的三层红砖房子周围的街道上突然冒出了许多摇摇晃晃的摊贩货架，出售的是热狗、宗教书籍和西瓜。福音传教士们也在街上搭起帐篷向行人传教布道。附近一带的山区居民，其中多半是原教旨主义者，也纷纷赶到镇上来为布莱恩呐喊助威，打击那些“外来的异教徒”。他们当中就有具体起草了那条反进化论法令的约翰?

高级英语2第二课译文讲课稿

第二课 参考译文 马拉喀什随笔 乔治·奥威尔 1. 一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上一哄而起，追逐而上，几分钟后又嗡嗡地飞了回来。 2. 一支人数不多的送葬队伍——无论成人或孩子全是男性，没有女性——沿着集贸市场，迂回穿行于一堆堆石榴摊子、出租车和骆驼之间，一边走着一边反复地哀号着一曲短促的悲歌。真正吸引苍蝇成群追逐的是：这里的尸体从来都不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着，放在一个粗糙的木制陈尸架上，由死者的四位朋友抬着送葬。抵达安葬地后，先在地上挖出一个一两英尺深的长方形坑，随即将尸体往坑里一倒，再扔上一些像碎砖头一样的干土块。既没有墓碑，也没有留名，更没有任何身份标识。安葬地不过是一片巨大的土丘林立的荒原，恰似一块废弃的建筑工地。一两个月之后，谁也说不准自己的亲人究竟葬在何处。 3. 当你徒步经过这样的城镇——20万当地居民当中，至少有两万人除了一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂裳外，一无所有——当你看到那些人何以生存，又何以轻易地死去时，你永远难以相信自己是在人类当中穿行。事实上，这是所有殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸——而且，他们人数众多！他们果真和你一样同属人类吗？他们也有名有姓吗？或许他们只是像一群群彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们生于土地，受苦受累，忍饥挨饿地过上几年，然后就被埋到无名的小坟丘下。没有人会注意到他们的离去，甚至那些小坟丘本身也会很快地夷为平地。有时，当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到脚下特别的凸凹不平，只有那起伏凹凸的固定形状使你意识到脚下踩的正是死人的骷髅。 4. 我正在公园里给一只瞪羚喂食。 5. 瞪羚几乎是唯一一种在存活时看上去能让人食欲大开的动物。实际上，人们光看到它的两条后腿就会联想到薄荷酱。我正在喂着的这只瞪羚似乎已看出了我的心思，尽管它在吃我手上递出去的面包，但显然对我并没什么好感。它迅速地咬了一小口面包，然后低下头，试图用脑袋顶我，然后又咬一口面包，又顶了一次。它大概以为：如果把我赶走，面包仍能悬在半空当中。 6. 一个正在附近小道上干活的阿拉伯民工放下笨重的锄头，羞怯地侧着身子慢慢向我们走过来。他诧异地看看瞪羚，又看看面包，看看面包，又看看瞪羚，好像他从未见过这样的情景。最终，他怯生生地用法语说：“我能吃点那面包就好了。” 7. 我撕下一块面包给他，他充满感激地把它藏到破衣裳贴身的地方。这个人是市政当局的一名雇工。 8. 当你经过犹太人居住区时，你就会了解中世纪的犹大人区大概是什么样子。在摩尔人的统治下，犹太人只可以在几个规定的区域内拥有土地，而且经过几个世纪的如此待遇之后，犹太人已经不再为拥挤不堪烦扰了。这儿的许多街道远不足6英尺宽；房屋完全没有窗户；眼睛红肿的孩子成群结队，四处可见，多得像一群群的苍蝇，令入难以置信。沿着街心常常尿流成河。 9. 在集市里，一大家子的犹大人都身着黑色长袍，头戴黑色瓜皮帽，在看起来像洞穴一般暗淡、苍蝇麋集的货摊里干活。一个木工双腿交叉坐在一架最原始的车床旁，正以飞快的速度旋制着椅子腿。他右手握弓开动车床，左脚引动旋刀。由于一辈子都保持这样的坐姿，他的左腿已经弯曲变形。旁边坐着他年仅六岁的小孙子，竟已开始帮着做些简单的活计了。

高级英语 第四单元

The Domestication of Animals 动物的驯化 The domestication of wild species led directly to denser human populations by yielding more food than the hunter-gatherer lifestyle could provide. In societies that possessed domestic animals, livestock helped to feed more people by providing meat, milk and fertilizer, and by pulling plows. Large domestic animals became the societies’ main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport. Humans have domesticated only a few species of large animals, with “large” defined as those weighing over 100 pounds (45 kilograms). Fourteen such species were domesticated before the twentieth century, all of them terrestrial mammals and herbivores. The five most import of these are sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and cattle or oxen. 野生物种的驯化直接导致了人类种群密度的增加，比狩猎采集者的生活方式提供了更多的食物。在拥有家畜的社会里，牲畜通过提供肉类、牛奶和化肥，以及拉犁来养活更多的人。大型家畜成为了社会动物蛋白的主要来源，取代了野生动物，他们还提供羊毛、皮革和陆地运输。人类只驯养了一些大型动物，其中“大”被定义为体重超过100磅(45公斤)的大型动物。在二十世纪之前驯养了十四种这样的动物，它们都是陆地哺乳动物和食草动物。其中最重要的五个是绵羊、山羊、猪、马、牛或牛。 Small animals such as ducks, geese, rabbits, dogs, cats, mink, bees, and silkworms have also been domesticated. Many of these small animals provided food, clothing, or warmth. However, none of them pulled plows or wagons, none carried riders, and none except dogs pulled sleds. Furthermore, no small domestic animals have been as important for food as have large domestic animals. 鸭子、鹅、兔子、狗、猫、鼬、蜜蜂和蚕等小型动物也被驯养。许多小动物提供食物、衣服或温暖。然而，没有一个人拉犁或马车，没有一个人带着骑手，只有狗拉雪橇。此外，与大型家畜一样，小型家畜对食物的重要性也不高。 Early herding societies quickly domesticated all large mammal species that were suitable for domestication. There is archaeological evidence that these species were domesticated between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago, within the first few thousand years of the origins of farming-herding societies after the last Ice Age. The continent of Eurasia has been the primary site of large mammal domestication. Having the most species of wild mammals to begin with, and losing the fewest to extinction in the last 40,000 years, Eurasia has generated the most candidates for domestication. 早期的放牧社会很快驯养了所有适合驯养的大型哺乳动物。有考古证据表明，这些物种是在1万到4500年前被驯化的，这是在上一个冰河时代之后的农牧社会起源的最初几千年里。欧亚大陆是大型哺乳动物驯化的主要场所。在过去的4万年里，欧亚大陆拥有最多的野生哺乳动物，并在灭绝的过程中失去了最少的数量，因此成为了最适合驯化的物种。 Domestication involves transforming wild animals into something more useful to humans. Truly domesticated animals differ in many ways from their wild ancestors. These differences result from two processes: human selection of individual animals that are more useful to humans than other individuals of the same species, and evolutionary responses of animals to the forces of natural selection operating in human environments rather than in wild environments. 驯化包括将野生动物转化为对人类更有用的东西。真正的驯养动物在许多方面与它们的祖先不同。这些差异是由两个过程产生的:个体动物的人类选择比其他个体对人类更有用，动物对自然选择的力量的进化反应在人类环境中而不是在野生环境中。

高英二第四课

Lesson 4 Love Is a Fallacy by Max Shulmas Teaching Points Ⅰ. Background Knowledge Ⅱ. Introduction to the Passage Ⅲ. Text analysis Ⅳ. Rhetorical Devices Ⅴ. Questions Teaching Process Warming up Question 1:What is love? Question 2: What is logic? Question 3: Love is blind? Question 4: Love is reason? Introduction to the Passage 1. Type of literature: a piece of narrative writing --protagonist/antagonists --climax --denouement 2. The main theme 3. Well chosen title and words 4. Style --a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang --employing a variety of writing techniques to make the story vivid, dramatic and colorful Text Analysis Vocabulary 1. Pay attention to words and expressions in the following aspects respectively: Spelling and Pronunciation Synonyms Opposites Similar words and expressions Settled or habitual usage 2. Word building knowledge Effective Writing Skills 1. Employing colorful lexical spectrum, from the ultra learned terms to the infra clipped vulgar forms 2. Too much figurative language and ungrammatical inversion for specific purposes 3. The using of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes to maintain the speed of narration Rhetorical Devices

大学高级英语第一册张汉熙版第四课原文加翻译everydayuseforyour

I will wait for her in the yard that Maggie and I made so clean and wavy yester day afternoon. A yard like this is more comfortable than most people know. It is not just a yard. It is like an extended living room. When the hard clay is swept clean as a floor and the fine sand around the edges lined with tiny, irregular grooves, anyone can come and sit and look up into the elm tree and wait for the breezes that never come inside the house. Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that "no" is a word the world never learned to say to her. You've no doubt seen those TV shows where the child who has "made it" is confronted, as a surprise, by her own mother and father, tottering in weakly from backstage. (A Pleasant surprise, of course: What would they do if parent and child came on the show only to curse out and insult each other) On TV mother and child embrace and smile into each other's face. Sometimes the mother and father weep, the child wraps them in her arms and leans across the table to tell how she would not have made it without their help. I have seen these programs. Sometimes I dream a dream in which Dee and I are suddenly brought together on a TV program of this sort. Out of a cark and soft-seated limousine I am ushered into a bright room filled with many people. There I meet a smiling, gray, sporty man like Johnny Carson who shakes my hand and tells me what a fine girl I have. Then we are on the stage and Dee is embracing me with tear s in her eyes. She pins on my dress a large orchid, even though she has told me once that she thinks or chides are tacky flowers. In real life I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands. In the winter I wear flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls during the day. I can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man. My fat keeps me hot in zero weather. I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing; I can eat pork liver cooked over the open tire minutes after it comes steaming from the hog. One winter

高级英语1 第二课课文翻译

第二课 广岛——日本“最有活力”的城市 (节选) 雅各?丹瓦“广岛到了!大家请下车!”当世界上最快的高速列车减速驶进广岛车站并渐渐停稳时，那位身着日本火车站站长制服的男人口中喊出的一定是这样的话。我其实并没有听懂他在说些什么，一是因为他是用日语喊的，其次，则是因为我当时心情沉重，喉咙哽噎，忧思万缕，几乎顾不上去管那日本铁路官员说些什么。踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我来说这行动本身已是一个令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。难道我不就是在犯罪现场吗? 这儿的日本人看来倒没有我这样的忧伤情绪。从车站外的人行道上看去，这儿的一切似乎都与日本其他城市没什么两样。身着和服的小姑娘和上了年纪的太太与西装打扮的少年和妇女摩肩接踵；神情严肃的男人们对周围的人群似乎视而不见，只顾着相互交淡，并不停地点头弯腰，互致问候：“多么阿里伽多戈扎伊马嘶。”还有人在使用杂货铺和烟草店门前挂着的小巧的红色电话通话。 “嗨!嗨!”出租汽车司机一看见旅客，就砰地打开车门，这样打着招呼。“嗨”，或者某个发音近似“嗨”的什么词，意思是“对”或“是”。“能送我到市政厅吗?”司机对着后视镜冲我一笑，又连声“嗨!”“嗨!”出租车穿过广岛市区狭窄的街巷全速奔驰，我们的身子随着司机手中方向盘的一次次急转而前俯后仰，东倒西歪。与此同时，这

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