高级英语 第四单元

The Domestication of Animals

动物的驯化

The domestication of wild species led directly to denser human populations by yielding more food than the hunter-gatherer lifestyle could provide. In societies that possessed domestic animals, livestock helped to feed more people by providing meat, milk and fertilizer, and by pulling plows. Large domestic animals became the societies’ main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport. Humans have domesticated only a few species of large animals, with “large” defined as those weighing over 100 pounds (45 kilograms). Fourteen such species were domesticated before the twentieth century, all of them terrestrial mammals and herbivores. The five most import of these are sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and cattle or oxen.

野生物种的驯化直接导致了人类种群密度的增加，比狩猎采集者的生活方式提供了更多的食物。在拥有家畜的社会里，牲畜通过提供肉类、牛奶和化肥，以及拉犁来养活更多的人。大型家畜成为了社会动物蛋白的主要来源，取代了野生动物，他们还提供羊毛、皮革和陆地运输。人类只驯养了一些大型动物，其中“大”被定义为体重超过100磅(45公斤)的大型动物。在二十世纪之前驯养了十四种这样的动物，它们都是陆地哺乳动物和食草动物。其中最重要的五个是绵羊、山羊、猪、马、牛或牛。

Small animals such as ducks, geese, rabbits, dogs, cats, mink, bees, and silkworms have also been domesticated. Many of these small animals provided food, clothing, or warmth. However, none of them pulled plows or wagons, none carried riders, and none except dogs pulled sleds. Furthermore, no small domestic animals have been as important for food as have large domestic animals.

鸭子、鹅、兔子、狗、猫、鼬、蜜蜂和蚕等小型动物也被驯养。许多小动物提供食物、衣服或温暖。然而，没有一个人拉犁或马车，没有一个人带着骑手，只有狗拉雪橇。此外，与大型家畜一样，小型家畜对食物的重要性也不高。

Early herding societies quickly domesticated all large mammal species that were suitable for domestication. There is archaeological evidence that these species were domesticated between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago, within the first few thousand years of the origins of farming-herding societies after the last Ice Age. The continent of Eurasia has been the primary site of large mammal domestication. Having the most species of wild mammals to begin with, and losing the fewest to extinction in the last 40,000 years, Eurasia has generated the most candidates for domestication.

早期的放牧社会很快驯养了所有适合驯养的大型哺乳动物。有考古证据表明，这些物种是在1万到4500年前被驯化的，这是在上一个冰河时代之后的农牧社会起源的最初几千年里。欧亚大陆是大型哺乳动物驯化的主要场所。在过去的4万年里，欧亚大陆拥有最多的野生哺乳动物，并在灭绝的过程中失去了最少的数量，因此成为了最适合驯化的物种。

Domestication involves transforming wild animals into something more useful to humans. Truly domesticated animals differ in many ways from their wild ancestors. These differences result from two processes: human selection of individual animals that are more useful to humans than other individuals of the same species, and evolutionary responses of animals to the forces of natural selection operating in human environments rather than in wild environments.

驯化包括将野生动物转化为对人类更有用的东西。真正的驯养动物在许多方面与它们的祖先不同。这些差异是由两个过程产生的:个体动物的人类选择比其他个体对人类更有用，动物对自然选择的力量的进化反应在人类环境中而不是在野生环境中。

To be domesticated, a wild species must possess several characteristics. A candidate for domestication must be primarily a herbivore because it takes less plant biomass to feed a plant eater than it does to feed a carnivore that consumes plant eaters. No carnivorous mammal has ever been domesticated for food simply because it would be too costly. A candidate must not only weigh an average of over 100 pounds but also grow quickly. That eliminates gorillas and elephants, even though they are herbivores. Moreover, candidates for domestication must be able to breed successfully in captivity.

要被驯化，野生物种必须具备几个特征。一个驯养的候选人必须主要是食草动物，因为饲养食草动物所需的植物生物量要比消耗食草动物的食肉动物少。没有食肉哺乳动物因为太昂贵而被驯养。一个候选人不仅要平均体重超过100磅，而且要快速成长。这就消除了大猩猩和大象，即使它们是食草动物。此外，驯养的候选人必须能够在囚禁中成功繁殖。

Since almost any sufficiently large mammal species is capable of killing a human, certain qualities disqualify a wild animal for domestication. The animal cannot have a disposition that is nasty, dangerous, or unpredictable –characteristics that eliminate bears, African buffaloes, and some species of wild horses. The animal cannot be so nervous that it panics around humans. Large herbivores mammal species react to danger from predators or humans in different ways. Some species are nervous, fast and programmed for instant flight when they perceive danger. Others are less nervous, seek protection in herds, and do not run until necessary. Most species of deer and antelope are of the former type, while sheep and goats are of the latter.

由于几乎任何足够大型的哺乳动物都能杀死人类，某些品质使野生动物丧失驯养能力。这种动物不可能有一种令人讨厌、危险或不可预知的特性，这种特性可以消灭熊、非洲水牛和一些野马。动物不可能如此紧张以至于它在人类周围恐慌。大型食草哺乳动物对捕食者或人类的威胁有不同的反应。一些物种会紧张、快速，并且在感知危险的时候会进行即时飞行。其他人则不那么紧张，在畜群中寻求保护，直到有必要时才会逃跑。大多数鹿和羚羊都属于前者，而绵羊和山羊属于后者。

Almost all domesticated large mammals are species whose wild ancestors share three social characteristics: living in a herd, maintaining a dominance hierarchy in the herd, and having herds that occupy overlapping home ranges instead of mutually exclusive territories. Humans have taken advantage of these characteristics in keeping domestic animals together with others of their species and in close proximity to other species of domestic animals

几乎所有被驯养的大型哺乳动物都是种，它们的野生祖先有三个社会特征:生活在一群动物中，维持一种群体的统治地位，并且拥有一群拥有重叠的家庭区域而不是相互排斥的领地。人类利用这些特性，将家畜和其他同类保持在一起，并与其他种类的家畜保持密切的距离

研究生英语泛读翻译第十四单元

失意时期的伦勃朗新的创作 荷兰在17世纪是欧洲最兴旺的国家。但到了世纪中叶，部分由于耗资巨大的战争，泡沫破裂了。荷兰的艺术市场在最高峰时崩溃了。有人说：“哦，那只是阶段性的衰落。”并非如此，荷兰艺术的黄金时代就此结束了。 伦勃朗（Rembrandt)受的打击尤其严重。十年前他曾是一个明星，想买他绘画的客户能排出一英里长。当时的阿姆斯特丹人就像是今天的纽约人一样，对艺术渴望的有钱人在家里挂上伦勃朗的绘画是必须的，曾经是必须的。于是伦勃朗把自己变成了一架艺术制造机，雇佣了大批助手来赶制他的作品，他变的十分富有。 他还变得随心所欲。他倾其所有去借贷。除了制造艺术，他也自己销售,他不仅经营自己的绘画，而且卖其他艺术家的作品。他购买了一幅鲁宾斯的作品，然后转手加价。他还兜售那些与自己的作品十分相似的，学徒的绘画。 衰落的经济使一切都分崩离析。客户不见了，债主上门了。他破产了，不再流行了，成了失败者。可能其他艺术家认为荷兰的经济恢复只是个时间问题，但我猜想伦勃朗不是这么想的。他不再像以前那样去画了，他失去的太多了。他走上了一条自己的路。 这些是我几天前去大都会艺术博物馆参观荷兰绘画时的感想。我自从在2007年看了“伦勃朗的时代”那次画展后再没有看过这些绘画，说实在的，我那时对这样的艺术有点腻烦了。 但是艺术给人的感受不是从一而终的，而是根据周围的变化而变化。我现在从一个经济崩溃的角度看这些荷兰绘画。一个触礁的市场，繁荣假象的幻灭，使这种艺术给人以不同的感受。 这次伦勃朗给我的不同感受尤其震撼，其实我一直是个会被突然的不同发现感动的人。就像是你多年熟悉的老朋友，你认为他们的所做所为不会出乎你的预料，但是你错了。因为他们从未像你想的那样一样过。 我对维米尔（Vermeer, 荷兰17世纪画家——译者按）的作品没有这样的感受。我在博物馆里再次看到的维米尔的绘画与我记忆中的维米尔基本一致。是不是由于在他的作品中，每一个构图都是那样精确的决定，每个主体都是同样的摆放，每个人物都有清晰的线条，就像是押韵顺口的诗词或是固有的想法那样在脑中挥之不去。我不知道，但是我知道我对伦勃朗的感受是非常不同的。 举例来说，我总记得伦勃朗那幅 1640年画的正坐的乌木工Herman Doomer是个年轻人，虽然他其实不年轻。画中他有着会微笑的眼睛，戴者宽边的帽子，使他看上去很年轻。但其实他被画的时候已经是在40岁中后期了。在后来伦勃朗的肖像画中，被画的对象总显得未老先衰。但是这幅画不是这样的，那时他的生活和事业正如日中天。 他的1643年的“浴中的拔什芭”（The Toilet of Bathsheba)也同样让我吃惊，也许是因为他现存卢浮宫的那幅，画于1654年，同样题材的作品给我的印象太深了。两幅画同样取材与圣经故事：年轻漂亮的妻子正在为和她的情人——大卫王的幽会作准备，最终导致了她那被背叛的丈夫的死亡。 在卢浮宫的那幅画中，裸体女人陷入伤感的沉思中，仿佛是对自己将要去赴的幽会早有悔意。而在大都会博物馆中的这幅画则正相反。这里，她正被伺候着梳头，修脚指甲，一手抚弄着自己的乳房，并对观众报以得意洋洋挑逗的一瞥。等待她去赴约的大卫王在远处城堡上隐隐可见，象征骄傲的孔雀在她房间的角落。 一些人认为伦勃朗是个伤感主义者，其实他像他的画一样坚强。他在画这幅画的时候，命运早已带给了他一些突如其来的打击：他妻子Saskia, 在一年前去世，并留给他们的儿子Titus一笔遗产，而他则卷入了和他妻子家里无休止的对遗产的争斗中。但那时他的事业仍然稳固，生活舒适。

新世纪高级英语视听说4 unit5 听力原文

Unit 5 Big Business Listening Audio Track 4-5-1 Talk 1 Our company employs 100 people from the local area. It develops and produces wooden artware which it sells in one of its five city stores. Even without advertisement, the products are very popular and the stores are always busy. Customers often come directly to the stores to make purchases. *Talk 2 I’m the Product Marketing Manager of our company. We are working on a marketing plan at the moment. Before any contracts are signed, there are a lot of things we have to take into careful consideration. We should know, for instance, the needs and preferences of consumers, the best distribution channel, the governing rules and regulations concerning the distribution of products, and the price at which products can be sold. **Talk 3 My employer is a world-leading information and communications technology (ICT) solutions provider. The company supplies networking and telecommunications equipment to 45 of the world’s 50 largest telecom operators. In such a compet itive market, the company has to innovate to stay ahead. That’s why it invests heavily in research and development, the department I work in. I’m a senior analyst in the R&D division. Audio Track 4-5-2/Audio Track 4-5-3 He may have been your typical teenager in most ways. But he was different in one particular way: he started his own magazine. At the age of 15 he managed the magazine called Student. It was written for and about young people in school. He was very busy, but it was a satisfying job. His next business venture was completely different. He and some friends started a mail order record company. It was also the same year, 1970, when his music discount store was opened in England. It made a lot of money. In the early 1990s, he sold his successful music business and used the money for another business idea: an airline company. And so, Virgin Airways Ltd. was born. To compete with other airlines, his company offered good prices to customers. Today Virgin is known for its excellent service. Richard Branson now runs the Virgin Group, Ltd. He employs 50,000 people and in many different fields, such as book publishing, financial services, modeling, and even bridal services! Not bad for a teenager from the UK who dreamed of editing his own magazine! Audio Track 4-5-4/Audio Track 4-5-5

高级英语Unit 5

Unit Five Love Is a Fallacy ---by Max Shulman ?Love Is a Fallacy is taken from "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis” published in 1951 and brings to light issues of the day including the stereotyping of women. In it, Max Shulman demonstrates a wit and clarity of language. Max Shulman(1919-1988) ?One of America’s best known humorists, a writer of many talents. ?First delved into the world of writing as a journalism student at the University of Minnesota. ?Max was also the world's most underrated romantic poet. He loved to include poetry in his novels, usually to hilarious effect. Max Shulman(1919-1988) ?He began writing Dobie Gillis stories in 1945 for various humor magazines. ?In 1951, these were collected and published as a book entitled "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis”, from which our text is taken. Max Shulman(1919-1988) ?In 1959, Shulman published another volume of Dobie stories, "I Was A Teenage Dwarf". ?That same year, Shulman created and produced "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis" TV series for CBS. The show had a run of 147 episodes between 1959 and 1963. Shulman’s other works Before his two Dobie books, Shulman had already written four other successful novels: ?“Barefoot Boy With Cheek“《无礼的赤脚少年》, ?“The Feather Merchants“《衣冠楚楚的商人》, ?"The Zebra Derby" ?"Sleep Till Noon". ?After the Dobie books he wrote ?“Rally Round The Flag Boys“《孩子们，团结在旗帜周围吧》, which became a best-seller and then a movie starring Paul Newman, Joanne Woodward, Joan Collins, Max Shulman's last novels ?Max Shulman's last novels were "Anyone Got A Match?", a biting satire about cigarette advertising on television, "Tatums Smoke Mild Like an Innocent Child!" and then finally his semi-autobiographical "Potatoes Are Cheaper". Quotations from Dobie Gillis (1) ?"My name is Dobie Gillis and I like girls. What am I saying? I love girls! Love 'em! Beautiful, gorgeous, soft, round, creamy girls. Now, I'm not a wolf, mind you. No, you see a wolf wants lots of girls, but me? Well, I just want one. One beautiful, gorgeous, soft, round, creamy girl for my very own. That's all I want! One lousy girl!""But I'll tell you a sad, hard fact. I'm never gonna get a girl. Never. Why? Because to get a girl you need money . And standing between me and money is a powerful obstacle: a POWERFUL obstacle!" Quotations from Dobie Gillis (2) ?Dobie, wants a little cutie, ?Dobie, wants a little beauty, ?Dobie want a gal to call his own ?Any size, any style, any eyes, any smile, any Jean, any Jane, nay Joan. ?Oh Dobie, wants a girl who is dreamy, ?Dobie, wants a girl who's creamy, ?Dobie, wants a girl to call his own. ?Is she blond, is she tall, is she dark, is she small, Is she any kinda dreamboat at all ?No matter, he's hers and hers alone. Definition of love

英语泛读for unit1

Supplementary Reading for Unit 1: Writing Three Thank-You Letters Alex Haley 1It was 1943, during World War II, and I was a young U. S. coastguardsman. My ship, the USS Murzim, had been under way for several days. Most of her holds contained thousands of cartons of canned or dried foods. The other holds were loaded with five-hundred-pound bombs packed delicately in padded racks. Our destination was a big base on the island of Tulagi in the South Pacific. 2 I was one of the Murzim's several cooks and, quite the same as for folk ashore, this Thanksgiving morning had seen us busily preparing a traditional dinner featuring roast turkey. 3 Well, as any cook knows, it's a lot of hard work to cook and serve a big meal, and clean up and put everything away. But finally, around sundown, we finished at last. 4 I decided first to go out on the Murzim's afterdeck for a breath of open air. I made my way out there, breathing in great, deep draughts while walking slowly about, still wearing my white cook's hat. 5 I got to thinking about Thanksgiving, of the Pilgrims, Indians, wild turkeys, pumpkins, corn on the cob, and the rest. 6 Yet my mind seemed to be in quest of something else -- some way that I could personally apply to the close of Thanksgiving. It must have taken me a half hour to sense that maybe some key to an answer could result from reversing the word "Thanksgiving" -- at least that suggested a verbal direction, "Giving thanks." 7 Giving thanks -- as in praying, thanking God, I thought. Yes, of course. Certainly. 8 Yet my mind continued turning the idea over. 9 After a while, like a dawn's brightening, a further answer did come -- that there were people to thank, people who had done so much for me that I could never possibly repay them. The embarrassing truth was I'd always just accepted what they'd done, taken all of it for granted. Not one time had I ever bothered to express to any of them so much as a simple, sincere "Thank you." 10 At least seven people had been particularly and lastingly helpful to me. I realized, swallowing hard, that about half of them had since died -- so they were forever beyond any possible expression of gratitude from me. The more I thought

大学英语1新版第四单元答案

Unit 4 Text A Text Organization (P88) Main Events 1)Tony worked as a help at Mr. Crawford's house. 2)Tony got a job clearing snow at Mr. Crawford's factory. 3)Tony learned to become a skilled worker. 4)Tony bought a house with Mr. Crawford's help. 5)Tony bought a farm and sent for his family in Italy. Language Sense enhancement (P89) 1)passed away 2)grew in stature 3)proud 4)route 5)values and principles 6)above all 7)bottom 8)tiny 9)giant 10)balance sheets Vocabulary (P91) I. 1. 1) wreck 3) approaching 2) balance 4) handle

5) discard6) above all 7) diet8) do with 9) checked on10) cleaned up 11) weekly12) principles 2. 1) to look for survivors were abandoned after it has been/was determined that all the people in th sunken ship had died. 2)I was amazed that Bob left a well-paid job to travel around the world. 3)for a loan has been turned down by many a bank as her business is small and she could provide no guarantee. 4)Express her thoughts with precision, so people often misunderstand her. 5)will weaken our determination to modernize our country in the shortest possible time. 3.1) You can spend hours wandering around the department stores, leisurely inspecting the items for sale, or hunting for some antiques along the sidewalks, where you'll most likely be amazed by the variety of things on display. 2)The local government encourages laid-off workers to learn another trade and become skilled workers. Besides, it has done a lot to help handle their financial troubles by creating re-employment opportunities and by providing business startup loans. 3)The farmer was a man of good moral character. For years, had built up a reputation for kindness by calling on his needy neighbors and trying to be helpful. He was very much respected in the neighborhood and hundreds attended his funeral when he passed away. II. Confusable Words (P93) 1.1) personal2) personnel 2.1) sometime3) some time 2) Sometimes4) sometime III. Euphemism (P94) l.d 2. e 3. h 4. c 5.g 6. a 7. b8.f Comprehensive Exercises (P94) I. Cloze (A) 1.sponsored 2. determination 3. turned away 4. assumed 5. capacity 6. skilled 7. loan 8. character 9. hunting 10. For sale 11. send for

[VIP专享]高级英语第二册第五单元love is a fallacy课文翻译19

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