高级英语第二册第八课课后题

Lesson 8

Exercises

I.Write a short note on Peter F.Dructer.

[SRB]

1.Who’s who (1972)

2.The International Who’s who (1976-1979)

II. Questions on content:

1.Why is man defined as “ the animal that produces”?

2.How does work liberate man from nature and make him a social and

independent being?

3.Why, according to Fromm, was work meaningful in the thirteenth and

fourteenth centuries in the Western countries?

4.How did the meaning of work change after the collapse of the medieval social

structure? How did people’s sense of insecurity influence their work? What part did religion play?

5.What two views of work were common during the first centuries of the modern

era? How did different classes view work differently? How, according to Fromm, did these views emerge?

6.How has the industrial worker’s role changed? What is his relationship to the

machine?

7.What, according to Peter Drucker, is the meaning of a job in the automobile

industry? Why is this meaning inadequate for the worker?

8.What has most concerned researchers in industrial psychology? How has the

comparision of worker to a machine influenced these investigations?

9.What two reactions has the alienated nature of work today resulted in,

according to Fromm?

III. Questions on appreciation:

1.How do the ideas presented in paragraph 1 prepare the reader for paragraph 2?

2.How does paragraph 2 provide the definition of an ideal kind of work?

3.Are the first two paragraphs important? What role do they play in the whole

essay?

4.How do the quotations from C.W. MILLS and P.Drucker support and develop

Fromm’s point? Are quotations more effective than a paraphrase or a summary?

5.Why are industrial psychologists concerned with “human relations,” according

to Fromm? What are Fromm’s reactions to their endeavors? How does he make his reactions clear to his readers?

6.Review the ways in which Fromm demonstrates that work “has become

alienated” from people. When did this alienation begin? What caused it? What have been its effects?

7.The method of causal analysis is used in the writing of this essay. Explain how

Fromm’s survey of the history of people’s attitude toward work is essential to the development of his causal analysis.

8.Do you have any comments or criticism to make on some of the points or views

put forward by Fromm? Give your reas ons/

IV. Paraphrase:

1.…by the very fact of production, he has risen above the animal

kingdom…(para1)

2.Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independent

being.(para1)

3.…all are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man’s reason

and skill.(para 1)

4.There is no split of work and play, or work and culture.(para2)

5.Work becomes the chief factor in a system of “innerworldly ascetcism,”an

answer to man’s sense of aloneness and isolation. (para3)

6.Work has become alienated from the working person.（para5）

7.Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaningful human

activity.(para7)

8.…a pay check is not enough to base one’s self respect on. (para7)

9.…most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of

worker’s psyche. （para9）

10.It is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management, … (para9)

11.But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to

complete passivity and receptivity. (para11)

12.…he has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it.

(para13)

V. Translate paragraph 9 into Chinese.

VI.Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words:

1.he has risen above the animal kingdom (para1)

2.as a social and independent being (para1)

3.develop his capacities and skills in its prosecution (para2)

4.he was among the “chosen” ones (para4)

5.Work has become alienated from the working person. (para5)

6.the whole product in its physical aspects (para6)

7.rather than its master as an active agent (para6)

8.this puts a premium on slovenly work (para7)

9.how he can made to work with less friction (para9)

10.with the manipulation of the worker’s psyche (para9)

11.It is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management … (para9)

12.There are, of course, many useful and labor saving gadgets. (para11)

VII. Give ten synonymous and/or related words of the word creator (meaning producer). Give words of the same part of speech.

VIII. Give corresponding nouns for the following adjectives or verbs:

1.appropriate 11. English

2.precise 12. ambiguous

3.subtle 13. amass

4.prefer 14. disappoint

5.accept 15. disallow

6.assemble 16. physiological

7.absent-minded 17. provoke

8.sincere 18. judge

9.carry 19. understand

10.inherit 20. extend

IX. Add the suffix-ship or –dom or –hood to the following words:

1.false 11. guardian

2.official 12. seaman

3.bachelor 13. knight

4.woman 14. duke

5.lord 15. marksman

6.dean 16. prince

7.priest 17. town

8.king 18. censor

9.brother 19. serf

10.trustee 20.citizen

X.Explain how the meaning of the following sentences is affected when the italicized words are replaced with the words in brackets. Pay attention to the shades of meaning of the words:

1. However primitive and simple his method of work may be, by the very fact of

production, he has risen above the animal kingdom; rightly has he been defined as “the animal that produces.” (backward) (correctly)

2. The more his work develops, the more his individuality develops. (individualism)

3. Work was not only a useful activity, but one which carried with it a profound

satisfaction. (action)

4. There is no split of work and play, or work and culture. (difference between)

5. The outcome of this activity, success or failure, decided his salvation, indicating

whether he was among the saved or the lost souls. (consequence)

6. The first centuries of the modern era find the meaning or work divided into that

of duty among the middle class and that of forced labor among those without property. (wealth)

7. P.Drucker, observing workers in the automobile industry, expresses this idea very

succinctly. (briefly)

8. Most investigations in the field of industrial psychology are concerned with the

question of how the productivity of the individual worker can be increased (products)

9. most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of the

worker’s psyche (psychology)

10. One speaks of “human relation”and one means the most inhuman relations

(humane)

Ⅺ.For each of the following, give another word or expression with similar meaning found in the text:

1. be detached from 6. act

2. mode 7. gadget

3. duty 8. riches

4. role 9. passivity

5. feature 10. longing

XII.Read the following paragraphs and prepare to discuss: 1) What is the central idea of the paragraph? 2) What method is used in developing the central idea? 1.I love my lawyer. My lawyer is not an ordinary person. My lawyer is a rebel, a

revolutionary who is alienated fundamental from the status quo, probably with as great an intensity, conviction, and irretrievability as I am alienated from it - and probably with more intelligence, compassion, and humanity. If you read the papers, you are no doubt aware of my lawyer’s incessant involvement in agitation against all intervention in the internal affairs of the Vietnamese people or the invasion of the Dominican Republic by U.S. Marines. And my lawyer defends civil rights demonstrators, sit –inners, and the Free Speech students who rebelled against the Kerr – Strong machine at the University of California.

My love for my lawyer is due, in part, to these activities and involvements, because we are always on the same side of the issues.

2.Of all the forces which have temted us to lose our sense of history, none has

been more potent than television. While, of course, television levels distance –puts us closer and more vividly present in Washington than we are in our state capital and takes us all instantly to the moon – it has had a less noticeable but equally potent effect on our sense of time. Because television enables us to b there, anywhere, instantly, precisely because it fills the instant present moment with experience so engrossing and overwhelming, it dulls our sense of the past.

If it had not been possible for us all to accompany Scott and Irwin on their voyage of exploration on the moon, we would have had to wait to be engrossed in retrospect by the vivid chronicle of some Francis Parkman or Samuel Eliot Morison, and there would then have been no possible doubt that the moon journey was part of the stream of our history. But with television we saw that historic event –as we now see more and more of whatever goes on in our country – as only another vivid item in the present.

XIII. Topics for oral work:

1.Do you agree with all the views of the writer? What criticisms have you to

make?

2.Do we have any problems in the management of our industry? How should

we solve them?

XIV. Write a short expository composition on：

Workers in Socialist China.

高级英语第三版课后答案整理

Lesson 1 Question: 1. Why did John Koshak decide to stay although he knew the hurricane would be bad? For the following reasons: For one thing, the house was 23 feet above sea level; for another,he was unwilling to abandon his home. 2. How did the man prepare for the hurricane? Why was a generator necessary? They filled bathtubs and pails. Besides, they checked out batteries for portable radio and flashlights, and fuel for the lantern. A generator was necessary because John's father wired several light bulbs to it and prepared a connection to the refrigerator. 3. What made it impossible for the Koshak to escape? It was impossible for the Koshers to escape both by car and on foot. The car's electrical system had been killed by water. Meanwhile, the water became too deep for them to escape on foot. 4. Why did John Koshak feel a crushing guilt? Because he blamed himself for underestimating the power of the hurricane and then endangering the whole family by his wrong decision not to flee safer inland. 5. Why did Grandma Koshak ask children to be sing? A: Because she knew how frightened the children were and wanted to boost their spirit. 6. What was a hurricane party? What happened to the party gores? A hurricane party was the one that was held by several vacationers to enjoy the spectacle of the hurricane with a clear and broad view in the fancy Richelieu Apartments from where they believed they would be safe. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart by the hurricane and 26 people perished. 7. What did Grandma Koshak mean when she said," We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important?" She meant that human lives are more important than material possessions. 8. How did the community of Gulfport act after Hurricane Camille was over? They managed to make their lives return to normal and began rebuilding their community without any delay. Paraphrase: 1. We're elevated 23 feet. Our house is 23 feet above sea level. 2. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. The house was built in 1915 and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it. 3. We can batten down and ride it out. We can prepare ourselves for the hurricane and manage to survive it without much damage. 4. The generator was doused, and the lights went out. Water got into the generator, and it didn't work. As a result, the lights were put out. 5. Everybody out the back door to the cars! Everybody go out though the back door and get into the cars. 6. The electrical system had been killed by water. The electrical system in the cars had been destroyed by water. 7. John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. When John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he b

高级英语第三版第一册课后英译汉答案

高级英语第三版第一册课后英译汉答案 Unit1Paraphrase: 1.We’re23feet above sea level. 2.The house has been here since1915,andno hurricane has ever caused any damag e to it. 3.We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage. 4.Water got into the generator and put it out.It stopped producing electricity,so the lights also went out. 5.Everybody goes out through the back door and runs to the cars! 6.The electrical systems in the car(the battery for the starter)had been put out by w ater. 7.As John watched the water inch its way up the steps,he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee i nland. 8.Oh God,please help us to get through this storm safely 9.Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew di mmer and finally stopped. 10.Janis displayed the fear caused by the hurricanerather late. 1.每架飞机起飞之前必须经过严格的检查。（check out） Each and every airplane must be checked out thoroughly before taking off. 2.居民坚决反对在附近建立垃圾焚烧厂，因为他们担心工厂排放的气体会污染周围的空气。（waste incineration plant,concerned about） The residents were firmly against the construction of a waste incineration plant in th eir neighborhood because they were deeply concerned about the air pollution emitt ed by the plant. 3.在这个地区，生态工程的投资额高达数十亿。（mount to） In this area,investment in ecological projects mounted up to billions of yuan. 4.干枯的河道里布满了大大小小的石块。（strewn with） The dry riverbed was strewn with rocks of all sizes. 5.虽然战争给这个国家造成巨大的损失，但当地的文化传统并没有消亡。（perish）Although war caused great losses to this country,its local cultural traditi ons did not perish. 6.为了建筑现代化的高楼大厦，许多古老的、具有民族特色的建筑都被拆毁了。（demolish） To make space for modern high rises,a lot of ancient buildings with ethnic cultural fe atures had to be demolished. 7.在地震中多数质量差的房子的主体结构都散架了。（disintegrate） The main structures of most of the poor-quality houses disintegrated in the earthqua ke. 8.他为实现自己的目标付出了最大的努力，但最后美好的梦想还是化为了泡影。

高级英语第二册第八课课文翻译

第八课 工人是创造者还是机器 人只要不剥削他人，就得靠劳动来求生存。不论其劳动方式是多么原始，多么简单，仅凭从事生产性劳动这一事实，就足以使人超出动物界。把人定义为“从事生产的动物”是很有道理的。但对于人来说，劳动不仅是必不可少的生存条件。劳动还使他从自然界中解放出来，成为一个不依附于自然界的社会的人。在劳动过程中，即在模铸和改造其自身以外的自然界的过程中，人也模铸和改造了他自己。人由征服自然、驾驭自然才最终达到超出自然的境界，并进而逐步增强了自己的协作能力、思维能力和审美能力。他将自己从自然界，从自己与自然结成的原始统一体中分离出来，同时又以主人翁和建设者的身分重新与自然相结合。人的劳动方式越进步，其个性特征也就发挥得越充分。在塑造和改造自然的过程中，人逐步学会了如何充分利用自己具有的各种能力，增进自己的技艺和创造性。无论是法国南部洞穴中的美丽绘画，原始人所用武器上的纹饰图案，希腊的雕像和神殿，还是中世纪的教堂建筑，能工巧匠制作的桌椅，乃至农民培育出来的花木五谷等等——这些无一不是人利用自己的思维能力与技艺创造性地改造大自然的具体例证。 在西方历史上，手工技艺，尤其是十三、十四世纪中发展起来的手工技艺构成了人类创造性劳动发展史上的一个顶峰。那时的劳动不仅是一项有现实价值的活动，而且是一项给人以巨大的满足的活动。有关手工技艺的主要特征，美国社会学家米尔斯曾作过清楚的说明。他说，“除了劳动者对于被制造的产品和制造产品的生产过程本身的兴趣之外，劳动并无其他的深层动机。日常工作的细枝末节之所以有意义，是因为在劳动者的心目中，它们与劳动的产品密不可分。劳动者不受任何约束地主宰自己的劳动行为。这样，工匠艺人便能通过劳动过程来学习劳动技艺，并且在劳动过程中应用和提高自己的劳动技艺。工作和娱乐、工作和文化活动融为一体。工匠艺人的谋生手段决定并影响着其生活方式。” 随着中世纪社会结构的瓦解和现代生产方式的出现，劳动的社会意义和作用发生了根本性的变化，这一变化在新教国家尤为显著。人们对于自己新近获得的自由感到害怕，而为了克服自己的疑惧，他就必须进行某种狂热的活动。这种活动的结果，或成或败，就决定着他的命运和灵魂的归宿，标志着他死后是将进天堂还是入地狱。于是，劳动便成了一种义务，一种烦恼，而不再是一种能使人满足和愉快的活动。靠劳动发财致富的可能性越大，劳动就越发变成了一种纯粹的升官发财的手段。用马克斯?韦伯的话说，劳动已成为“内心世界禁欲主义”思想体系中的一个主要因素，解决人们内心的寂寞和孤独感的一种办法。 不过，这种意义的劳动也只是对于那些能够积累一些资本并雇用他人劳动的中、上层阶级而言才存在的，而对于那仅有劳动力可供出卖的绝大多数人来说，劳动只不过是一种强迫劳役。十八、十九世纪的工人，若是不想饿死，便得一天劳动十六个小时。他这样做，并不是要以此侍奉上帝，也不是为以工作上的成功来证明他属于“上帝的选民”之列，而是因为他迫于无奈，不得不向那些拥有剥削手段的人出卖自己的劳动力。现代史开初的几个世纪中，劳动的意义划分为两种：对于中产阶级来说是义务，而对于无产者来说则是强迫劳役。 视劳动为一项义务的宗教观念在十九世纪还十分流行，但最近几十年来，这种宗教观念正经历着重大的演变。现代人不知道自己该做些什么，怎样才能有意义地度过自己的一生，只是为了逃避无所事事所造成的寂寞无聊，才被迫去参加劳动。但劳动已不再被人们以十八、十九世纪的中产阶级的那种态度看作是一种道德和宗教上的义务。新的观念产生了。不断地提高生产，追求更大更、好地东西，这些本身已成了劳动的目的，成了新的理想。劳动与劳动者的关系开始异化了。 产业工人的情况又如何呢?他一天要花七八个小时把自己最旺盛的精力用于生产“某种东西”。他需要劳动以求生计，但他在劳动过程中只扮演一个被动的角色。他只在一个复杂的、组织程度很高的生产过程中起一点很小的、孤立的作用，从来没有机会接触到“他的”

高级英语 课后习题答案

Unit1 Paraphrase 1.Our house is 23 feet above sea level. 2.The house was built in1915, and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it. 3.We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage. 4.Water got into the generator, it stopped working. As a result all lights were put out. 5.Everyone go out through the back door and get into the cars! 6.The electrical systems in the cars had been destroyed/ruined by water. 7.As john watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the family by making the wrong decision not to flee inland. 8.Oh, God, please help us to get through this dangerous situation. 9.She sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped. 10.Janis didn't show any fear on the spot during the storm, but she revealed her feelings caused by the storm a few nights after the hurricane by getting up in the middle of the night and crying softly. Practice with words and expressions A 1.main:a principal pipe, conduit, or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.

高级英语第一册Unit12 课后练习题答案

THE LOONS 课后习题答案/answer I . 1)The Tonnerres were poor The basis of their dwelling was a small square cabin made of poles and mud, which had been built some fifty years before. As the Tonnerres had increased in number, their settlement had been added, until thc clearing at the foot of the town hill was a chaos of lean-tos, wooden packing cases, warped lumber, discarded car tyres, ramshackle chicken coops, tangled strands of barbed wire and rusty tin cans. 2)Sometimes, one of them would get involved in a fight on Main Street and be put for the night in the barred cell underneath the Court House. 3)Because she had had tuberculosis of the bone, and should have a couple of months rest to get better. 4)Her mother first objected to take Piquette along because she was afraid that the girl would spread the disease to her children and she believed that the girl was not hygienic. She then agreed to do so because she preferred Piquette to the narrator's grandmother, who promised not to go along with the family and decided to stay in the city if the girl was taken along. 5)The cottage was called Macleod, their family name. The scenery there was quite beautiful with all kinds of plants and animals at the lakeside. 6)The narrator knew that maybe Piquette was an Indian descendant who knew the woods quite well, so she tried to ask Piquette to go and play in the wood and tell her stories about woods. 7)Because Piquette thought the narrator was scorning and showing contempt for her Indian ancestors, which was just opposite to her original intention. 8)Because the narrator felt somewhat guilty. Piquette stayed most of the time in the cottage and hardly played with the narrator. At the same time, she felt there was in Piquette something strange and unknown and unfathomable. 9)That was the very rare chance she was unguarded and unmasked, so that the author could perceive her inner world. 10)Her full name is Vanessa Macleod. 11)Just as the narrator's father predicted, the loons would go away when more cottages were built at the lake with more people moving in. The loons disappeared as nature was ruined by civilization. In a similar way, Piquette and her people failed to find their position in modern society. Ⅱ. 1)who looked deadly serious, never laughed 2)Sometimes old Jules, or his son Lazarus, would get involved in a rough, noisy quarrel or fight on a Saturday night after much drinking of liquor. 3)She often missed her classes and had little interest in schoolwork. 4)I only knew her as a person who would make other people feel ill at ease. 5)She lived and moved somewhere within my range of sight (Although I saw her, I paid little attention to her). 6)If my mother had to make a choice between Grandmother Macleod and

(完整版)高级英语第三版第二册张汉熙1-4单元课后题及答案

Lesson One 1. And it is an activity only of humans. And conversation is an activity found only among human beings. 2. Conversation is not for making a point. Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas or points of views. 3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. In fact , people who are good at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his ideas. 4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives. People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not close friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each other’s private lives. 5. ....it could still go ignorantly on ... The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong. 6. There are cattle in the fields ,but we sit down to beef. These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feed in the fields , but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meet beef. 7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it hard for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers. 8. English had come royally into its own. English received proper recognition and was used by the King once more. 9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. The phrase , the King’s English ,has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes.(The working people often mock the proper and formal language of the educated people.) 10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. As the early Saxon peasants , the working people still have a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class. 11. There is always a great danger that “ words will harden into things for us. “ There is always a great danger , as Carlyle put it , that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. Translation

高级英语第二册第八课课后题

Lesson 8 Exercises I.Write a short note on Peter F.Dructer. [SRB] 1.Who’s who (1972) 2.The International Who’s who (1976-1979) II. Questions on content: 1.Why is man defined as “ the animal that produces”? 2.How does work liberate man from nature and make him a social and independent being? 3.Why, according to Fromm, was work meaningful in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in the Western countries? 4.How did the meaning of work change after the collapse of the medieval social structure? How did people’s sense of insecurity influence their work? What part did religion play? 5.What two views of work were common during the first centuries of the modern era? How did different classes view work differently? How, according to Fromm, did these views emerge? 6.How has the industrial worker’s role changed? What is his relationship to the machine? 7.What, according to Peter Drucker, is the meaning of a job in the automobile industry? Why is this meaning inadequate for the worker? 8.What has most concerned researchers in industrial psychology? How has the comparision of worker to a machine influenced these investigations? 9.What two reactions has the alienated nature of work today resulted in, according to Fromm? III. Questions on appreciation: 1.How do the ideas presented in paragraph 1 prepare the reader for paragraph 2? 2.How does paragraph 2 provide the definition of an ideal kind of work? 3.Are the first two paragraphs important? What role do they play in the whole essay? 4.How do the quotations from C.W. MILLS and P.Drucker support and develop Fromm’s point? Are quotations more effective than a paraphrase or a summary? 5.Why are industrial psychologists concerned with “human relations,” according to Fromm? What are Fromm’s reactions to their endeavors? How does he make his reactions clear to his readers? 6.Review the ways in which Fromm demonstrates that work “has become alienated” from people. When did this alienation begin? What caused it? What have been its effects? 7.The method of causal analysis is used in the writing of this essay. Explain how Fromm’s survey of the history of people’s attitude toward work is essential to the development of his causal analysis.

高级英语第三版第一册课后答案

高英课内考点：第一课：Paraphrase 1、we’re elevated 23 feet. Our house is 23 feet above sea level. 2、The place has been here since 1915,and no hurricane has ever bothered it. The house was built in 1915,and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it. 3、We can batten down and ride it out. We can make the necessary preparation and survive the hurricane without much damage. 4、The generator was doused,and the lights went out. Water got into the generator,it stopped working.As a result all lights were put out. 5、Everybody out the back door to the cars! Everyone go out through the back door and get into the cars! 6、The electrical systems had been killed by water.

The electrical systems in the cars had been destroyed by water. 7、John watched the water lap at the steps,and felt a crushing guilt. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps,he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the family by making the wrong decision not to flee inland. 8、Get us through this mess,will You? Oh,God,please help us to get through this dangerous situation. 9、She carried on alone for a few bars;then her voice trailed away. She sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped. 10、Janis had just one delayed reaction. Janis didn’t show any fear on the spot during the storm,but she revealed her feelings caused by the storm a few nights after the hurricane by getting up in the middle of the night and crying softly. 英译汉： 1、But,like thousands of others in the coastal communities,John was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family----his wife,Janis,and their seven children,aged 3 to 11---was clearly endangered.

(完整版)高级英语2第三版_张汉熙_课文翻译

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit 这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。 当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。 那晚闲聊过后，第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”(Queen’s English)的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：

(完整)高级英语上册巫漪云__课后答案(2)

Keys ( Lesson One To Lesson Seven) VERBAL PRACTICE III. Particles 1. relaxed 2. packed, gliding, fitting 3. disguised 4. blunted 5. spreading，involving 6. leading 7. added 8. prevailing, raised 9. canceled, determined 10.folding, watching, fascinated 11.doting 12.failed 13.hurried, pretending 14.faded 15.renewed Ⅳ. Diction and V ocabulary A. 1.meager/scanty 2.ahead of 3.tram, pavement, wallet/pocketbook 4.boarded it 5.baggage 6.besides/apart from 7.great 8.beamed 9.carriage D.1. get him into trouble 2.sensed 3.keep me company 4.are weighed down 5.took refuge in 6.engrossed, failed 7.to take advantage of 8.to play hokey 9.tiptoed, intrude upon 10.keep up with 11.are looking forward to/look forward to/have been looking forward to 12.tripped over 13.cared 14.practice 15.due E.1. I can’t imagine what prompted him to pursue a graduate program at his age. 2. He set out at six, an hour ahead of his usual time for going to office. 3. I could see Jimmy was eager to tell me about the interview. Laughingly, he said,” When I walked to the desk, the manager looked up, took stock of me, then asked me a few questions and said ‘OK’.” 4.Virtually under house arrest, the general took refuge in traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy and found peace and solace in ink and water. 5.As the Shanghai-Beijing train was due to leave at 17:25, I had to take a taxi .Shortly after I boarded the train and found my berth, it started to move. 6. Like Mrs. Taylor, Mrs. Green lives a lonely life on a skimpy pension Cooped up in a small dreary room day after day , she is starved for company. 7.The women scientist said, “I can do without jewels, I can even do without a car, but I can’t do without my books and laboratory.” 8.The istle and bustle before setting out, the car ride and the picnic itself filled the children with thrill and excitement. 9.As the boat sailed on, the young girls were enthralled by the picturesque scenery around them. 10.Anne was surprised to find Stephen in the corridor. “What is he doing here at this hour of the night?” she asked herself. 11.For a moment I did not recognize her, for instead of the lively girl I knew, she