中国古代文学名词解释
1.建安风骨：汉献帝最后的年号为“建安”（公元196年～220年），文学史上的建安时期，是指建安至魏初的一段时间。“风”偏重指精神气质，“骨”偏重指骨格形态，二者密不可分，合而为一为风骨。指汉魏之际曹氏父子、建安七子等人诗文的俊爽刚健风格。汉末建安时期文坛巨匠“三曹”（曹操、曹丕、曹植）、“七子”（孔融、陈琳、王粲、徐干、阮瑀、应玚、刘桢）继承了汉乐府民歌的现实主义传统，普遍采用五言形式，以风骨遒劲而著称，并具有慷慨悲凉的阳刚之气，形成了文学史上“建安风骨”的独特风格，被后人尊为典范。
建安风骨：又称建安风力、汉魏风骨，是指建安诗人继承《诗经》、汉乐府优秀的现实主义创作传统，一方面在诗篇中真实地描写汉末的大动乱、大分裂，表现对民生疾苦的关切；同时又在诗歌中抒发统一天下、建立伟业的雄心壮志。诗歌的情感基调慷慨悲凉，语言自然明白十分流畅，成为后世诗歌创作推崇的榜样。
2．正始文学：正始为魏废帝曹芳的年号（240——249）。正始文学以阮籍、嵇康为代表，发生在魏晋交替之际。因为处于黑暗恐怖的政治统治中，又加上玄风正盛，这些文学作品中没有了建安文学反映人民疾苦和建功立业的内容，也没有了建安文学慷慨奋发的进取精神，多表现否定现实、韬晦遗世的消极反抗思想，散文多旁敲侧击，诗歌多用比兴象征，正始诗风曲折含浑。但正始文学的基本倾向是对黑暗现实的批判和反抗，这在基本精神上与建安文学是一致的。
3.太康文学：“太康文学”之“太康”，是一个“模糊”概念，其所指时段大致上是西晋立国后的大约四十年的时间。这期间比较重要的作家有傅玄、张华、张载、张协、陆机、陆云、潘岳、潘尼、左思、挚虞等。这一时期的文学大潮是趋于浮艳，诗尚雕琢，文崇骈俪，词采绮丽成为诗文的普通特色。代表这种主流派风格的作家，当首推潘岳和陆机。
4.元嘉三大家：指南朝宋文帝元嘉年间三位著名的诗人谢灵运、颜延之和鲍照的并称。谢诗富艳精工，颜诗华美典雅，鲍诗雄恣奔放，是谓“宋初三体”，诗风差异明显，共同之点是描写山水，都讲究词藻和对偶
5.永明体：“永明体”是指南朝齐永明年间出现的一种新诗体。其时，周颙发现了汉语的平、上、去、入四声规律，诗人们便利用这个规律来写诗，创作时讲究“四声”“八病”和汉魏以来的对偶、用典手法。这种新诗体，人称永明体，代表诗人有王融、周颙、沈约、谢眺。永明体是中国格律诗的开端，此后，诗即从自由状态开始走向格律化。
6.徐庾体：指南北朝时期徐摛、徐陵父子和庾肩吾、庾信父子的诗文风格。徐摛和庾肩吾都是南朝梁后期诗人，为简文帝萧纲所器重，并以写艳体诗闻名。徐陵和庾信早年仕梁，诗风亦继承父辈，比较靡丽，而且多用典。徐陵后来仕陈，继续写作艳体诗。庾信则因出使被留在北周，后期诗风有所变化，显得苍凉刚健，非徐陵所及；但重辞藻、用典多的特点，仍与徐有相似之处。唐代元稹为杜甫作墓志铭，曾概括“徐庾”的特色为“流丽”，这是就诗来说的。就骈文而论，则专指徐陵和庾信两人。他们比前辈沈约、任昉等，更讲究用典，写得更丽逸，但由于过份拘泥于典故，有时个别文句欠通顺，影响了文章的流畅。
7.宫体诗：宫体诗发端于齐梁之际，萧纲时达到全盛。今人考证“宫体诗”因萧纲入主东宫而得名。内容上多写妇女、男女之情，或者咏物游戏、游宴登临。创作上重声律、求技巧，从咏物走向咏人，刻画精工，细致入微。情调上伤于轻艳，风格上靡丽。
“宫体诗”是指一种以写闺阁情怀为主要内容的重声律、词采丽靡轻艳的文风。
8.上官体：指高宗龙朔年间以上官仪为代表的宫廷诗风，题材以奉和、应制、咏物为主，内容空泛，重视诗的形式技巧、追求诗的声辞之美。《旧唐书》本传：“工五言，好以绮错婉媚为本，仪既贵显，故当时颇有学其体者，时人谓之上官体。”
上官体：上官，指初唐诗人上官仪，工于五言诗，好以绮错婉媚为本，上官仪贵显，故当时多有效其体者，人称为上官体。特点：体察细致、情思婉转、笔法精细、对偶工整。
9.初唐四杰：王勃、杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王的并称，四人都出生于太宗时，才高位下，高宗时以文词齐名天下。四人从理论和实践上与“上官体”对立，体现出诗风的转变。并扩大了诗歌的题材，推动了律诗的发展。
10.俗讲：又可称为讲经文。取材全为佛经，思想内容是宣扬佛教教义，用来解释佛教经典，将艰深不为俗
人所懂得的经文加以通俗的讲解。
11.变文：民间曲艺“转变”所用的底本。对“变”字的解释，历来有多种不同的见解和推测，或认为是梵文citra（图画）的音译，或认为是“变更”、“神通变化”等义，或认为是佛教语“因缘变”（因果变换）的简称，迄无定论。现存变文的内容主要是三类：一是演唱佛经故事的，二是演唱历史故事的，三是演唱民间传说的。后二者往往相互渗透，即历史故事多带有传说色彩，民间传说常牵扯历史人物。另外有一种比较特别，数量也少，是演唱当时重大事件的。
变文：
一．“变文”是唐代民间创作的一种新文体，其体裁是有说有唱的，为佛教俗讲所借用。所谓“变文”之“变”，当时指变更了佛经的本文而成为“俗讲”之意。
二．变文的体制是散文与韵文相结合而成。散文为讲述之用，韵文用来歌唱。
三．变文分为三类：一是演说佛经故事的宗教性作品；二是演说历史故事讲史作品；三是演说明间传说题材的作品。
艺术概论名词解释 简答 论述
名词解释 美感在审美认识基础上形成的审美观念。是美感产生的根源。当客观事物的美与审美主体的审美观念相符合，于是产生了美的感受与感动，既有感官的快适，又有理性的满足，整个身心都感到愉悦，这就是美感。 艺术典型在作品中，艺术典型就是高度典型和高度概括的艺术形象。它一方面以非常鲜明生动的现象和特殊性充分的集中的表现出社会生活的本质和普遍性，同时，它又凝聚着创作主体突出的个性，真挚的情感和独特的审美创造。 艺术发展的自律性：艺术发展的自律性就是艺术自身的发展规律，它包含两方面的内容：第一，从艺术的纵向发展来看，艺术发展的昨天今天明天之间的必然的本质的稳定的联系，这就是艺术发展的继承与革新;第二，从艺术的横向联系来看，不同民族艺术之间以及民族艺术与世界艺术之间必然的本质的稳定的联系，这就是多民族艺术的借鉴与创造，民族艺术与世界艺术的相互影响与融合。 Δ什么是艺术灵感艺术灵感就是大脑皮质兴奋中心的神经细胞，经过一段长时间的高度自 觉和异常紧张的苦思冥想寻求急需要的信息材料之后，调动其所有的脑细胞的警觉性，特别是调动起了习惯无意识和本能无意识心里活动的积极性，因而在习惯无意识同本能无意识心理活动中，突然发现了所急需的信息而产生了顿悟。 Δ艺术流派是指在一定的历史阶段内，由一些思想倾向，艺术主张，创作方法，艺术风格等 方面行进或相类似的艺术家，自觉或不自觉地形成的艺术家群体。 艺术思潮是指在一定的社会思潮和哲学思潮的影响下，在艺术领域中出现的新的艺术思想和创作倾向的一股潮流。 形象思维是指在艺术构思过程中，以表象作材料，通过艺术想象，对表象予以升华，或对表象予以分解重组联结等，加工成艺术意象的思维过程。 风格就是艺术作品的因于内而符于外的风貌，是艺术作品在整体上呈现出的具有代表性的面貌。它是通过艺术作品表现出来的相对稳定，更为深刻也更为本质的反映出时代，民族及艺术家个人精神气质，审美观念，审美情趣，审美理想等内在特征的外部印记。风格的形成是时代，民族和艺术家在艺术上超越了幼稚阶段，摆脱了各种模式化的束缚，从而趋向成熟的标志。 意境是中国古典美学传统的一个重要范畴。意境就是艺术中一种情景交融的境界，是艺术中主客观因素的有机统一。意境中既有来自艺术家主观的“情”，又有来自客观现实升华的“境”，这种“情”和“境”不是分离的，而是有机地融合在一起，境中有情，情中有境。意境是主观情感与客观景物相熔铸的产物，它是情与景、意与境的统一。 简答题 建筑艺术的主要特征：空间与实体统一，空间与技术结合，风格性与象征性 为什么说生产劳动实践是艺术发生的根本动力（1）生产劳动实践为艺术的发生创造了前提（2）生产劳动实践推动着思想与感情的产生，为艺术的发展创造了第一个必要的条件（3）生产劳动推动着审美意识的产生和发展，为艺术的发生创造了第二个必要的条件（4）生产劳动时间是原始艺术发生的直接原因 艺术发生的历史过程（1）艺术发生的上限——人所创造的第一件工具（2）“准艺术”的发生（3）“准艺术”的繁荣（4）“准艺术”的衰落与艺术的发生 为什么说经济是艺术发展的决定力量和终极原因第一，经济决定艺术的发生。第二，经济决定艺术的性质。第三，经济决定艺术的发展。第四，艺术与经济发展的不平衡性 艺术的世界性与民族性的关系：艺术的世界性与民族性的联系在于：凡是世界的，都是民
美国文学名词解释
1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.
艺术概论名词解释总结(必考)
一、名词解释（12分） 1．艺术创作：是艺术的“生产阶段”，它是创作主体（作家、艺 术家）对创作客体( 社会生活) 能动反映的过程 2．艺术作品：是艺术生产的“产品”。 3．艺术鉴赏：是艺术的“消费阶段”，它是欣赏主体（读者、观众、 听众）和欣赏客体（艺术品）之间相互作用并得到艺术享受的过程。 4．艺术风格：是指艺术家在创作总体上表现出来的独特的创作个性 与鲜明的艺术特色。1. 艺术语言:指的是它在艺术作品中起到类似 语言的表情达意的作用。事实上艺术语言就是艺术作品的物质表现手 段，是作品的外部形式。每个种类的艺术都有自己独特的语言。如绘 画语言包括线条、色彩、构图等；音乐语言包括旋律、和声、节奏等； 电影语言包括画面、声音、蒙太奇等。 1. 艺术语言:指的是它在艺术作品中起到类似语言的表情达意的作用。事实上艺术语言就是艺术作品的物质表现手段，是作品的外部形式。每个种类的艺术都有自己独特的语言。如绘画语言包括线条、色彩、构图等；音乐语言包括旋律、和声、节奏等；电影语言包括画面、声音、蒙太奇等。 2. 艺术直觉：就是在一定的艺术心理定势的不知不觉的导向和作用下，对客观事物感知后，不经过复杂的智力思考的逻辑过程而直接、迅捷的认识和把握事物的思维活动。 3. 现代主义创作方法：是指艺术家按照生活的本来面貌，通过艺术形象的典型化，真实的再现生活的一种创作方法。它的基本特征是：艺术描绘的客观性、艺术形象的典型性、思
想倾向和情感的隐蔽性。 4. 艺术风格：简单地说，风格就是艺术作品的因于内而符于外的风貌，是艺术作品在整体上呈现出的具有代表性的面貌。艺术家独特的创作个性，离不开艺术家独特的人生道路、生活环境，阅历修养，审美需求和艺术追求。 5.艺术意境：是艺术作品整体所呈现给欣赏者的景真、情深、意切的出神入化的艺术境界，是内容与形式完美统一的有机整体中偏重于内容方面所表现出来的艺术效果。 6.艺术流派：是指在一定的历史阶段内，由一些思想倾向、艺术主X、创作方法、艺术风格等方面相近或相似的艺术家，自觉或不自觉的形成的艺术家群体。艺术流派是多种多样的。它是艺术不断发展、多样化与繁荣的表现。 1、艺术意象：是艺术家在艺术构思的过程中,将主体的审美情感,审美认识与把握到的客观物象相融合,并以一定的艺术表现手段和规律作为媒介,所形成的存在于观念中的艺术形象。 2、基形意象：是客观具体事物最基础的局部形态在人脑中经过想象加工形成的局部意象。 3、艺术风格：体现艺术家成熟而稳定的艺术特征的代表性面貌。 4、艺术直觉：是在一定的艺术心理定势的导向和作用下，对客观事物感知后，不经过复杂的智力思考的逻辑过程，直接迅捷地认识和把握事物的思维活动。 5、艺术心理定势：是指艺术工作者在掌握了一定的文化科学基础知识、艺术基础理论与艺术创作的基本技能的基础上，在长期进行艺术修养的过程中逐渐形成的稳定而又习惯成自然的艺术心理态势。 6、艺术思维:艺术思维就是主要利用形象思维来完成艺术构思和艺术意象并最终物化为艺术形象（作品）的思维活动。
美国文学名词解释
Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.
名词解释 艺术概论
一、名词解释 1．艺术作品的内容 【答案】艺术作品的内容是作品中表现出来的具体的、生动的生活和情感内涵。艺术作品的内容来源于艺术家对生活的认识和理解，是艺术家在意识中创造出来的，具有精神性的内涵。艺术作品的内容不是抽象的概括说明，而是题材、主题、情节、环境等因素融会而成的具体、生动、完整的展示，主要由题材和主题两种因素构成。 2．艺术作品的形式 【答案】艺术作品的形式是艺术作品内容的具体存在方式，主要指结构、艺术语言、艺术手法、类型体裁等。艺术作品的形式一般可分为艺术作品的内部联系和外部表现形式两部分。其内部联系包括内容诸要素之间的相互联系和组织方式，主要指结构;其外部表现形式即借以传达内容的手段和方式，包括艺术媒介、艺术语言、艺术表现手法等。 3．圆雕 【答案】圆雕是艺术形象的整体表现，观赏者可以从小同角度看到物体的各个侧面，圆雕又称浑雕。它要求雕刻者从前、后、左、右、上、中、下全方位进行雕刻。圆雕具有生动、真、 传神的特点。 4．艺术鉴赏 【答案】艺术鉴赏是一种以艺术作品为对象、以受众为主体，力求获得多元审美价值的积极能动的欣赏和再创造活动。艺术鉴赏是接受者在审美经验基础上对艺术作品的价值、属性的主动选择、吸纳和扬弃。艺术鉴赏是一种积极能动的审美再创造活动。严格来说，没有艺术鉴赏，就没有真正意义上的艺术创作，而艺术鉴赏又是其他一切艺术接受方式如艺术批评、艺术史研究的基础。 5．格调 【答案】格调是作品中表现出来的美学品格和思想情操，是艺术家艺术造诣、文化修养、审美理想和思想品格的集中体现。格调有高下雅俗之分。格调高雅的作品一般说具有健康的内容、深刻的思想，赋予生活以新的意义，还体现出艺术家的独立人格和严肃认真对待社会、人生与自我的态度。独特的艺术风貌只有与崇高的格调统一起来，才能产生优秀的艺术作品。格调高低与艺术作品的种类无关。格调高低不仅在于表现什么，也在于怎样表现。 6．审美态度 【答案】审美态度是指对艺术作品采取的一种无功利、超利害的观赏态度。审美态度不仅是一种接受方式，而且是一种审美能力。在艺术鉴赏过程的准备阶段，审美态度的形成具有重要意义，它是接受者能否在具体的接受过程中从艺术的、审美的角度与艺术作品交流和对话的心理基础。审美态度必然带有个人的思想、人生态度，不是绝对超然的。 7．多元决定论 【答案】多元决定论是法国结构主义学者阿尔都塞的观点。多元决定论认为社会发展不是一元决定的，而是多元决定的，任何文化现象的产生，都有多种多样的复杂原因，而不是由一个简单原因造成的，进而提出了多元决定的辩证法。著名的芬兰艺术学家希尔恩认为，艺术本身就是一种综合性现象，因此，研究艺术的起源必须从社会学、人类学、心理学等多学科相结合的综合研究方法，才能真正揭示艺术起源的奥秘。从艺术起源的多元决定论中，我们可以清楚地看到，艺术的起源或艺术的发生，经历了一个由实用到审美、以巫术为中介、以劳动为前提的漫长历史发展过程，其中也渗透着人类模仿的需要、表现的冲动和游戏的本能，从根本上讲，艺术的起源最终应归结为人类的实践活动。 8．互动性
美国文学名词解释
American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights. American Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. Transcendentalism 超验主义: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough. American Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser. American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学)：The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for t he behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school. The Gilded Age镀金时代:the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.The Gilded Age is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era. The Lost Generation: The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American
美国文学名词解释复习
1.Imagism（意象派）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra P ound and Amy Lowell. 2.Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor 3.Psychological Realism: James’s realism is characterized by his psychological a pproach to his subject matter. His fictional world is concerned more with the inner l ife of human beings than with overt human actions. His best and most mature wor ks will render the drama of individual consciousness and convey the moment-to-mo ment sense of human experience as bewilderment and discovery. And we observe people and events filtering through the individual consciousness and participate in h is experience. This emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness prov es to be a big breakthrough in novel writing and has great influence on the comin g generations. James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century " stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological realism. 4.International theme:Henry James’s fame generally rests on his novels and stories with the international theme. These novels are always set against a large international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.The treatment of the international theme is characterized by the richness of syntax and characterization and the originality in point of view, symbolism, metaphoric texture, and organizing rhyme. James is now more mature as an artist, more at home in the craft of fiction. 5. Modernism：It was a complex and diverse （复杂多样的）international movement in all the creative arts （创造性艺术），originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided （出现）the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets （方面），such as symbolism，surrealism （超现实主义），cubism （立体主义），expressionism，futurism （未来主义），ect
艺术概论名词解释
6. 艺术流派：在一定历史阶段内，由一些思想倾向，艺术主张，创作方法，艺术风格等方面相近的艺术家，自觉或不自觉的形成艺术家群体。 19．艺术风格：指艺术家在创作总体上表现出来的独特的创作个性与鲜明的艺术特色。 7. 形象思维：是指在艺术构思过程中，以表象作材料，通过艺术想象，对表象予以升华，或对表象予以分解、重组、联结等，加工成艺术意象的思维过程。20．艺术语言：指任何一们艺术都有自己独特的表现方式和手段，运用独特的物质媒介来进行艺术创作，从而使得这门艺术具有自己赌局饿美学特性和艺术特征。这种独特的表现方式或表现手段，就叫艺术语言。 2. 艺术直觉：就是在一定的艺术心理定势的不知不觉的导向和作用下，对客观事物感知后，不经过复杂的智力思考的逻辑过程而直接、迅捷的认识和把握事物的思维活动。 5. 艺术意境：是艺术作品整体所呈现给欣赏者的景真、情深、意切的出神入化的艺术境界，是内容与形式完美统一的有机整体中偏重于内容方面所表现出来的艺术效果。 9. 意境：是艺术家的思想、审美观念及审美理想与客观景物的融合。它是情与景、意与境的统一 14。蒙太奇：原为建筑学用语，意为装配、组合、构成等，在影视艺术中，这一术语被用来指画面、镜头和声音的组织结构方式。包含三层含义：一、从技术层面上讲，蒙太奇就是剪辑；二、从艺术层面上讲，蒙太奇是电影的基本结构手段和叙事方式；三、从美学层面上讲，它是影视艺术独特的思维方式，也是一种创作方法。 29、什么是艺术意象？ 艺术意象，是艺术主体的审美认知和审美情愫与客体物象实现化合的心理形态，同时也氤氲于这种心理形态的物态化表现之中。艺术意象是主体艺术思维及其情感活动的结果，是凝结了主体生命意识和审美理想的感性显现。 11、什么是灵感？ 灵感或灵感思维是指艺术家在创造活动中，由于大脑皮质的高度兴奋，所产生的一种特殊的心理状态和思维方式，是在一定的抽象思维和形象思维的基础上，显意识和潜意识的相互作用，产生出新概念和新意象的顿悟式和突发性的思维方式。灵感思维具有突发性、超常性、易逝性等特点。 2、什么是艺术作品的内容？ 艺术作品的内容，指的是经过艺术家选择、提炼、加工和改造过的人类生活的外部客观世界和内部主观世界。其构成因素包括题材、主题、人物、情感、环境等诸因素，其中最为主要的构成因素是题材和主题。 3、什么是艺术批评？ 艺术批评是艺术活动的重要组成部分，是对艺术作品及一切艺术活动、艺术现象予以理性分析、评价和判断的科学活动