Don't insist on English

1

别坚持说英语 Don't insist on English

I know what you're thinking. You think I've lost my way, and somebody's going to come on the stage in a minute and guide me gently back to my seat. (Applause) I get that all the time in Dubai. "Here on holiday are you, dear?" (Laughter) "Come to visit the children? How long are you staying?"

我知道你们在想什么，你们觉得我迷路了，马上就会有人走上台温和地把我带回我的座位上。（掌声）。我在迪拜总会遇上这种事。“来这里度假的吗，亲爱的？”（笑声）“来探望孩子的吗？这次要待多久呢？"

Well actually, I hope for a while longer yet. I have been living and teaching in the Gulf for over 30 years. (Applause) And in that time, I have seen a lot of changes. Now that statistic is quite shocking. And I want to talk to you today about language loss and the

globalization of English. I want to tell you about my friend who was teaching English to adults in Abu Dhabi. And one fine day, she decided to take them into the garden to teach them some nature vocabulary. But it was she who ended up learning all the Arabic words for the local plants, as well as their uses -- medicinal uses, cosmetics, cooking, herbal. How did those students get all that knowledge? Of course, from their grandparents and even their great-grandparents. It's not necessary to tell you how important it is to be able to communicate across generations.

恩，事实上，我希望能再待久一点。我在波斯湾这边生活和教书已经超过30年了。（掌声）这段时间里，我看到了很多变化。现在这份数据是挺吓人的，而我今天要和你们说的是有关语言的消失和英语的全球化。我想和你们谈谈我的朋友，她在阿布达比教成人英语。在一个晴朗的日子里，她决定带她的学生到花园去教他们一些大自然的词汇。但最后却变成是她在学习所有当地植物在阿拉伯语中是怎么说的。还有这些植物是如何被用作药材，化妆品，烹饪，香草。这些学生是怎么得到这些知识的

呢？当然是从他们的祖父母，甚至曾祖父母那里得来的。不需要我来告诉你们能够跨代沟通是多么重要。

But sadly, today, languages are dying at an unprecedented rate. A language dies every

14 days. Now, at the same time, English is the undisputed global language. Could there be

a connection? Well I don't know. But I do know that I've seen a lot of changes. When I first came out to the Gulf, I came to Kuwait in the days when it was still a hardship post. Actually, not that long ago. That is a little bit too early. But nevertheless, I was recruited by

the British Council along with about 25 other teachers. And we were the first non-Muslims to teach in the state schools there in Kuwait. We were brought to teach English because the government wanted to modernize the country and empower the citizens through education. And of course, the U.K. benefited from some of that lovely oil wealth.

但遗憾的是，今天很多语言正在以前所未有的速度消失。每14天就有一种语言消失，而与此同时，

2 英语却无庸置疑地成为全球性的语言。这其中有关联吗？我不知道。但我知道的是，我见证过许多改变。初次来到海湾地区时，我去了科威特。当时教英文仍然是个困难的工作。其实，没有那么久啦，

这有点太久以前了。总之，我和其他25位老师一起被英国文化协会聘用。我们是第一批非穆斯林的

老师，在科威特的国立学校任教。我们被派到那里教英语，是因为当地政府希望国家可以现代化并透

过教育提升公民的水平。当然，英国也能得到些好处，产油国可是很有钱的。

Okay. Now this is the major change that I've seen -- how teaching English has morphed

from being a mutually beneficial practice to becoming a massive international business

that it is today. No longer just a foreign language on the school curriculum. And no longer

the sole domain of mother England. It has become a bandwagon for every

English-speaking nation on earth. And why not? After all, the best education -- according

to the latest World University Rankings -- is to be found in the universities of the U.K. and the

U.S. So everybody wants to have an English education, naturally. But if you're not a native speaker, you have to pass a test.

言归正传，我见过最大的改变，就是英语教学的蜕变如何从一个互惠互利的行为变成今天这种大规模

的国际产业。英语不再是学校课程里的外语学科，也不再只是英国的专利。英语（教学）已经成为所

有英语系国家追逐的潮流。何乐而不为呢？毕竟，最好的教育来自于最好的大学，而根据最新的世界

大学排名，那些名列前茅的都是英国和美国的大学。所以自然每个人都想接受英语教育，但如果你不

是以英文为母语，你就要通过考试。

Now can it be right to reject a student on linguistic ability alone? Perhaps you have a computer scientist who's a genius. Would he need the same language as a lawyer, for example? Well, I don't think so. We English teachers reject them all the time. We put a stop sign, and we stop them in their tracks. They can't pursue their dream any longer, till they

get English. Now let me put it this way, if I met a monolingual Dutch speaker who had the

3 cure for cancer, would I stop him from entering my British University? I don't think so. But indeed, that is exactly what we do. We English teachers are the gatekeepers. And you

have to satisfy us first that your English is good enough. Now it can be dangerous to give

too much power to a narrow segment of society. Maybe the barrier would be too universal.

但仅凭语言能力就拒绝学生这样对吗？譬如如果你碰到一位天才计算机科学家，但他会需要有和律师

一样的语言能力吗？我不这么认为。但身为英语老师的我们，却总是拒绝他们。我们处处设限，将学

生挡在路上，使他们无法再追求自己的梦想，直到他们通过考试。现在容我换一个方式说，如果我遇

到了一位只会说荷兰话的人，而这个人能治愈癌症，我会阻止他进入我的英国大学吗？我想不会。但

事实上，我们的确在做这种事。我们这些英语老师就是把关的。你必须先让我们满意，使我们认定你

的英文够好。但这可能是危险的。把太多的权力交由这么小的一群人把持，也许会令这种障碍太过普及。

Okay. "But," I hear you say, "what about the research? It's all in English." So the books are in English, the journals are done in English, but that is a self-fulfilling prophecy. It feeds the English requirement. And so it goes on. I ask you, what happened to translation? If you

think about the Islamic Golden Age, there was lots of translation then. They translated from Latin and Greek into Arabic, into Persian, and then it was translated on into the Germanic languages of Europe and the Romance languages. And so light shone upon the Dark

Ages of Europe. Now don't get me wrong; I am not against teaching English, all you English teachers out there. I love it that we have a global language. We need one today more

than ever. But I am against using it as a barrier. Do we really want to end up with 600 languages and the main one being English, or Chinese? We need more than that. Where

do we draw the line? This system equates intelligence with a knowledge of English which is quite arbitrary.

4 于是，我听到你们问"但是研究呢?研究报告都要用英文。”的确，研究论著和期刊都要用英文发表，

但这只是一种理所当然的现象。有英语要求，自然就有英语供给，然后就这么循环下去。我倒想问问

大家，为什么不用翻译呢？想想伊斯兰的黄金时代，当时翻译盛行，人们把拉丁文和希腊文翻译成阿

拉伯文或波斯文，然后再由拉伯文或波斯文翻译为欧洲的日耳曼语言以及罗曼语言。于是文明照亮了

欧洲的黑暗时代。但不要误会我的意思，我不是反对英语教学或是在座所有的英语老师。我很高兴我

们有一个全球性的语言，这在今日尤为重要。但我反对用英语设立障碍。难道我们真希望世界上只剩

下600种语言，其中又以英文或中文为主流吗？我们需要的不只如此。那么我们该如何拿捏呢？这

个体制把智能和英语能力画上等号这是相当武断的。

And I want to remind you that the giants upon whose shoulders today's intelligentsia stand did not have to have English, they didn't have to pass an English test. Case in point, Einstein. He, by the way, was considered remedial at school because he was, in fact, dyslexic. But fortunately for the world, he did not have to pass an English test. Because they didn't start

until 1964 with TOEFL, the American test of English. Now it's exploded. There are lots and lots

of tests of English. And millions and millions of students take these tests every year. Now you might think, you and me, those fees aren't bad, they're okay, but they are prohibitive to so many millions of poor people. So immediately, we're rejecting them.

我想要提醒你们，扶持当代知识分子的这些“巨人肩膀"不必非得具有英文能力，他们不需要通过英

语考试。爱因斯坦就是典型的例子。顺便说一下，他在学校还曾被认为需要课外补习，因为他其实有

阅读障碍。但对整个世界来说,很幸运的当时他不需要通过英语考试，因为他们直到1964年才开始使

用托福。现在英语测验太泛滥了，有太多太多的英语测验，以及成千上万的学生每年都在参加这些考试。现在你会认为，你和我都这么想，这些费用不贵，价钱满合理的。但是对数百万的穷人来说，这

些费用高不可攀。所以，当下我们又拒绝了他们。

It brings to mind a headline I saw recently: "Education: The Great Divide." Now I get it, I understand why people would focus on English. They want to give their children the best

5 chance in life. And to do that, they need a Western education. Because, of course, the

best jobs go to people out of the Western Universities, that I put on earlier. It's a circular thing.

这使我想起最近看到的一个新闻标题：“教育：大鸿沟”现在我懂了。我了解为什么大家都重视英语，因为他们希望给孩子最好的人生机会。为了达成这目的，他们需要西方教育。毕竟，不可否认，最好

的工作都留给那些西方大学毕业出来的人。就像我之前说的，这是一种循环。

Okay. Let me tell you a story about two scientists, two English scientists. They were doing an experiment to do with genetics and the forelimbs and the hind limbs of animals. But they couldn't get the results they wanted. They really didn't know what to do, until along came

a German scientist who realized that they were using two words for forelim

b and hind limb, whereas genetics does not differentiate and neither does German. So bingo, problem

solved. If you can't think a thought, you are stuck. But if another language can think that thought, then, by cooperating, we can achieve and learn so much more.

好，我跟你们说一个关于两位科学家的故事：有两位英国科学家在做一项实验，是关于遗传学的，以

及动物的前、后肢。但他们无法得到他们想要的结果。他们真的不知道该怎么办，直到来了一位德国

的科学家。他发现在英文里前肢和后肢是不同的二个字，但在遗传学上没有区别。在德语也是同一个字。所以，叮！问题解决了。如果你不能想到一个念头，你会卡在那里。但如果另一个语言能想到那

念头，然后通过合作我们可以达成目的，也学到更多。

My daughter, came to England from Kuwait. She had studied science and mathematics in Arabic. It's an Arabic medium school. She had to translate it into English at her grammar school. And she was the best in the class at those subjects. Which tells us that, when students come to us from abroad, we may not be giving them enough credit for what they know, and they know it in their own language. When a language dies, we don't know

6 what we lose with that language.

我的女儿从科威特来到英格兰，她在阿拉伯的学校学习科学和数学。那是所阿拉伯中学。在学校里，

她得把这些知识翻译成英文，而她在班上却能在这些学科上拿到最好的成绩。这告诉我们，当外籍学

生来找我们，我们可能无法针对他们所知道的给予赞赏，因为那是来自于他们母语的知识。当一个语

言消失时，我们不知道还有什么也会一并失去。

This is -- I don't know if you saw it on CNN recently -- they gave the Heroes Award to a

young Kenyan shepherd boy who couldn't study at night in his village like all the village children, because the kerosene lamp, it had smoke and it damaged his eyes. And anyway, there was never enough kerosene, because what does a dollar a day buy for you? So he invented a cost-free solar lamp. And now the children in his village get the same grades at school as the children who have electricity at home. (Applause) When he received his award, he said these lovely words: "The children can lead Africa from what it is today, a

dark continent, to a light continent." A simple idea, but it could have

such far-reaching consequences.

这是--我不知道各位有没有看最近的CNN--他们将一座英雄奖授予一位年轻的肯亚牧童。在他住的村

庄里，他和村里其它的孩童一样无法在夜晚读书，因为煤油灯产生的烟雾会弄伤他的眼睛。再说，他

也没有足够的煤油——毕竟，每天只有一块美金的收入，你还能买什么？所以他发明了不需成本的太

阳能灯。现在他们村里的孩子们的成绩都和那些家里有电的孩子相同（掌声）。当他接受奖励时，说

了下面这句话："这些孩子可以带领非洲这块黑暗大陆迎向光明"一个简单的想法，却有着深远的影响。People who have no light, whether it's physical or metaphorical, cannot pass our exams,

and we can never know what they know. Let us not keep them and ourselves in the dark.

Let us celebrate diversity. Mind your language. Use it to spread great ideas.

没有“光”的人——无论具体来说，还是抽象来说，都无法通过我们的测验。我们也无法了解他们拥

有的知识。别让他们和我们自己都身处在黑暗里，让我们一同为多元性欢呼！关注你自己的语言，用

7 它来宣扬伟大的想法。

Thank you very much.

非常谢谢各位。

语法

定语从句 That的特殊用法 1.最高级形容词+先行词+that He is the most boring speaker that I have ever heard. 2. 人+动物或事物（共同作形容词）+that Look at the girl and her dog that are crossing the bridge. 3. 前面已有疑问词Who或Which时 Who that knows him would trust him? 4. 先行词前有下列代词修饰时：the first, the last, the only, the very, all, no, every He is the last person that I want to see. 5. 先行词前为下列情况或附有下列修饰语时：much, little, none, everything, everybody, nothing, nobody There?s nothing in the world that can frighten him. As的用法: 通常与such, the same, as并用 I will buy the same watch as you have. He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand. As much money as is necessary must be collected. Do not trust such men as praise you to your face. 1. Tom ate more food ( ) was good for his health. A.that B. as C. than D. which 2. Ahead of me I saw a woman ( ) I thought was my aunt. A. who B. whom C. of whom D. whose 让步状语从句 （1）although; though引导 e.g. Wrong: He could not sleep, although he was tired. Right: Although he was tired, he could not sleep. Right: He could not sleep, though he was tired. （2）adj. / adv. / p.p. / n. (无冠词) + as + S. + V. = Although + S. + V. Y oung as he is, he knows a lot of things. Tired as he was, he sat up late studying last night. Heavily as it rained, the football match has been decided not to be put off. Shoe-maker as he was, he was a man of principle. （3）V. + as + S. + may (or might; will; would) Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautifully. （4）e.g. No matter how hard it may be, I will carry it out. Whatever you may do, you must do it well. Y ou may come and talk to me whenever you feel lonely. 名词从句 1.最常见的all, all that, what I really mean what I say. →I really mean the thing which I say. →I really mean all that I say. →I really mean all I say. 2. That引导的主语从句, 表语从句 That he is a rich man is know to all in the city. The reason why I burst into tears is that I don?t want to part from my mother. 3. If 与whether的不同 1) Whether … or not e.g. It doesn?t matter whether we need it or not. 2) Whether … is … e.g. Whether we need it is a different matter. 3) … is whether… e.g. The problem is whether we need it.

高中阶段的英语介词 英语的介词用法

欢迎下载学习好资料 高中阶段介词短语汇总be/get/become used to 习惯于 be given to 喜欢；癖好 be related to 与…有关系 be addicted to 沉溺于；对…上瘾 be opposed to 反对 devote oneself to献身于；专心于 be devoted to 致力于；忠诚于 be admitted to 被…录取；准进入 be reduced to 沦为 reduce…to…使…沦为 be attached to附属于；喜欢；依恋 be adjusted to 适应 be known to 为…所知 be married to 和…结婚 be sentenced to被判处 be connected to 和…连在一起 be exposed to 暴露于；遭受 be compared to 被比喻成 compare…to…把…比作… be/become/ get accustomed to//accustomed to 习惯…惯于；有be engaged to 与…订婚get down to 着手做lead to 导致 object to反对；不喜欢；不赞成 put one's mind to全神贯注于 引起give rise to 盼望look forward to 注意pay attention to 坚持stick to attend to 专心；注意；照料； see to 负责；注意contribute to对…作贡献；有助于…作贡献make contributions to对apply oneself to 致力于 come close to几乎；将近回答reply to 增加add to add up to 加起来 之外in addition to除… 转向；求助于turn to 能胜任于feel up to 欢迎下载学习好资料 look up to 尊敬 admit to承认 belong to 属于 take to 喜爱；开始 cling to 附着 fall to 开始

whatever 用法

whatever，whoever，whichever，whenever，wherever, however用法归纳 一、引导状语从句 它们都可用来引导状语从句(让步状语从句)，其大意为“无论什么(是谁、哪一个、什么时候、什么地方、如何)”等，相当于英语中的no matter what (who, which, when, where, how)。如：Whatever [No matter what] you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。 Whoever [No matter who] telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。Whichever [No matter which] day you come, I’ll be pleasedto see you. 无论你哪天来，我都欢迎。 Whenever [No matter when] you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。 We found the people friendly wherever [no matter where] we went. 无论我们走到哪里，我们都发现人们很友好。 However [No matter how] much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少，他都不发胖。 注：有时从句谓语可用情态动词： 无论他在哪里，我都要找到他。 正：I’ll find him, wherever he is. 正：I’ll find him, wherever he may be. 无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。 正：Keep calm, whatever happens. 正：Keep calm, whatever may happen另外，whoever 的宾格也是whoever, 而不是whomever, 后者在现代英语已基本不用，有的词典已不收录此词。如： Whoever you marry, make sure he can cook. 不管你跟谁结婚，他一定要会做饭才行。 二、引导名词性从句 除引导状语从句外，whatever, whoever, whichever等还可引导名词性从句(主语从句或宾语从句)。如： He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。 I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。 Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。 I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 请想要这票，我就把它给谁。 Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多，哪个队就赢。 Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. 我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做饭。 三、用于加强语气 有时用于加强语气，含有“究竟”、“到底”之义。如： Whatever [What ever] do you mean? 你到底是什么意思? Whenever [When ever] did you find time to do it? 你什么时候有空做这事? Wherever [Where ever] can the children be? 孩子们究竟会在哪里呢? Whoever [Who ever] told you that? 到底是谁告诉你的呢? Whichever [Which ever] did you choose? 你到底选了哪个? However [How ever] did you escape? 你到底是怎样逃出来的? “ No matter+ 疑问词”与“疑问词＋ever ”用法透析 1. “ No matter ＋疑问词”意为“无论……”、“不论……”，用来引导让步状语从句。如：no matter who / whom （无论谁），no matter what （无论什么），no matter which （无论哪一个），no matter how （无论怎样）等。如： You are always welcome no matter where you are.

高中英语单词天天记insist素材

· insist · v. [?n's?st] ( insists; insisted; insisting ) · · 双解释义 · vt. & vi. 1.力言,坚决主张declare firmly · vt. & vi. 2.坚持order (sth to happen) · 基本要点 ? 1.insist的基本意思是“坚持”,常用于坚持意见、看法、主张等。 2.insist既可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。作及物动词时,不能用名词、代 词或动词不定式作宾语,只能接that引导的从句。若指尚未发生的动作,从句谓语常用虚拟语气(should+动词原形或直接用动词原形); 若表示一个已发生的动作或已 存在的状态时,从句谓语多用陈述语气。that有时可以省略。 3.insist用作不及物动词时,其后常须加介词on〔upon〕,然后接名词、代词或动名 词。该动名词前可加物主代词或名词、人称代词的宾格形式作其逻辑主语,该动名词的否定形式是在其前直接加not。 ? · 词汇搭配 ?insist one's correctness 坚持说自己是对的 ?insist absolutely 绝对坚持 ?insist accidentally 偶尔坚持 ?insist apparently 明显坚持 ?insist assiduously 不懈地坚持 ?insist belligerently 挑衅性地命令

?insist blandly 温和地强调 ?insist deliberately 故意坚持 ?insist desperately 不顾一切地坚持?insist determinedly 坚决坚持 ?insist dramatically 戏剧性地坚持?insist eloquently 雄辩地坚持 ?insist emphatically 有力地坚持?insist energetically 充满活力地坚持?insist eternally 永久地坚持 ?insist exclusively 独自坚持 ?insist extemporaneously 临时地坚持?insist falsely 错误地坚持 ?insist generally 一般性地坚持?insist glowingly 热情地坚持 ?insist grudgingly 勉强坚持 ?insist heartlessly 无意坚持 ?insist honourably 光明正大地坚持?insist hotly 激烈地坚持 ?insist impressively 令人难忘地坚持?insist indignantly 威严地坚持?insist inexpressibly 无法形容地坚持?insist instinctively 本能地坚持?insist intensely 强烈地坚持 ?insist intentionally 有目的地坚持?insist intermittently 断断续续地坚持?insist largely 大体上坚持 ?insist logically 合理地坚持 ?insist necessarily 有必要地坚持?insist noiselessly 悄悄地坚持?insist obstinately 固执地坚持

高中英语动名词的用法(完美版)

高中英语语法之动名词 一、含义 动名词兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词形式。基本形式为v-ing, 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 动名词有时态和语态的变化。 动名词的时态和语态的基本形式：（以write为例） 注意：动名词的否定形式是：not writing 二、动名词的基本用法 １．用作主语---常表抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作。 Smoking is bad for your health. Playing with fire is dangerous. Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 注意： ①不定式也可以做主语。不定式与动名词作主语的区别： 不定式作主语时经常表示具体的、 ．．．动作，而动名词 ．．．．一次性 作主语时经常表示抽象动作或习惯性动作。

Getting up early is a good habit. To get up early this morning made me sleepy. ②动名词作主语，有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。 It is no use/ good doing...(做。。。没有用); It is fun doing... (做。。。很有趣); It is a waste of time doing... (做。。。是浪费时间) 等句型中。 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收） It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 说服这样一个人加入我们当中来是浪费时间。 2. 作宾语 ①作某些及物动词的宾语 常见的动词有：advise，avoid，delay，escape，excuse，enjoy，consider，finish，deny，fancy，keep，mind（在乎）postpone，pardon，practise，suggest，imagine等。 need，want，require后接动名词，表示被动意义。 如：Would you mind opening the door？请你把门打开好吗？ Fancy meeting you here. 真想不到在这里遇见你。 ②作介词的宾语 He left without saying good-bye to us. 他没有和我们道别就离开了。 On arriving at the airport，I saw my mother standing in the

英语介词用法详解

英语常用介词用法与辨析 ■表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如： Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如： Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如： Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。 ■表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。如： It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。如： He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。 注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。 3. by表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位。如： They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。 ■表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如： This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from成品已看不出原料。如： Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如： Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。 They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈(from 。 注意：in指用材料，不用冠词；而with指用工具，要用冠词。请比较：draw in penc il/draw with a pencil。 ■表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1. by用某种方式，多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车，by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。

虚拟语气用法总结

虚拟语气的用法总结 语气：语气是动词的一中形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 语气的种类： （1）陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的，确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句，疑问句和某些感叹句。如We are ready. What a fine day it is! （2）祈使语气表示说话人的建议，请求，邀请，命令等。如Open the door, Please. 应注意以下几点： 1.主语通常是第二人称you，但多不出现，动词用原形，否定用do not 或者don’t 加动词 原形（或be）如Be careful next time. Don’t smoke here. 2.有时为了强调，主语也可以出现，而且可以是第三人称，谓语动词不加-s或者-es如You be quiet. He stand up. 3.祈使语气可以用do加强语气如Do come to see this Sunday. 4.在Let’s 的祈使句后，疑问部分通常用shall we；在Let us后，疑问部分用will you 如Let’s go out for a walk after supper，shall we? /Let us clean our classroom, will you? 5.祈使句与连词and连用时相当于一个条件句，而and之后则是表示结果。如Think hard and you will have a good idea. （3）虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望，假设或推测等。如If I were you, I should study English. 一．虚拟语气在条件从句的用法 条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句；一类是非真实条件句，也就是虚拟条件句。 如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句，谓语要用陈述语气。如If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，列表如下： 例如：If he were here, everything would be all right. If her mother had taken the doctor’s advice, she would/might have got well earlier. If it were to rain tomorrow, the match would be canceled. 有时候省略if，采用局部倒装语序。把had /should/were 等动词（不包括行为动词）移到从句的句首。例如：

高中英语：名词作定语的用法讲解

高中英语：名词作定语的用法讲解 作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。 下面是是名词作定语的用法讲解，大家可以参考学习。 一、名词作定语的基本原则 名词作定语原则上用单数，不用复数。如： a stone bridge 石桥(不能说a stones bridge) a meeting room 会议室(不能说a meetings room) morning exercise 早操(不能说a mornings exercise) a story book 故事书(不能说a stories book) a coffee cup 咖啡杯(不能说a coffees cup) a baby girl 女婴(不能说a babies girl) a school gate 校门(不能说a schools gate) eye drops眼药水(不能说eyes drops) test paper考卷(不能说tests paper) book report读书报告(不能说books report) train station火车站(不能说trains station) plane ticket机票(不能说plane tickets) pocket money零花钱（不能说pockets money） generation gap代沟（不能说generations gap） 二、用复数名词作定语的四种情形： 1. 有些只有复数形式的名词，则用复数作定语：

goods train 货车 clothes shop 服装店 an arts degree文科学位 customs officer海关人员 2. 有些习惯上通常要用复数的名词也习惯上用复数。如： sports car 跑车 savings bank储蓄银行 3. 当man, woman用于名词前作定语，表示性别时，若被修饰的名词为复数，则man, woman也要用复数。如： men nurse 男护士 women doctor 女医生 4. 有时复数名词作定语可视为复数名词所有格作定语的省略形式。如： a teachers college 师范学院(teachers等于teachers’) one trousers pockets 裤兜(trousers等于trousers’) eight hours sleep 八个小时睡眠(hours等于hours’) a three weeks training 三周训练(weeks等于weeks’) 注：eight hours sleep 之类的说法，既可表达为eight hours’sleep，也可表达为an eight-hour sleep。类似的如： a five-second pause 一次五秒钟的停顿 a ten-minute break 一次十分钟的中间休息 a two-hour exam. 一次两小时的考试

英语时间介词的用法

英语时间介词的用法 表示时间的介词 1)in ,on, at 在……时 一.in, on在方位名词前的区别 1.in表示A地在B地范围之内.如： Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 2.on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻.如： North Korea is on the east of China. 二.at, in, on在表示时间上的区别 1.at指时间表示： （1）时间的一点、时刻等.如： They came home at sunrise （at noon, at midnight, at ten o’clock, at daybreak,at dawn）. （2）较短暂的一段时间.可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子.如：He went home at Christmas （at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night）. 2.in指时间表示： （1）在某个较长的时间（如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等）内.如： in 2004,in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening, etc （2）在一段时间之后.一般情况下,用于将来时,谓语动词为瞬间动词,意为“在……以后”.如： He will arrive in two hours.

谓语动词为延续性动词时,in意为“在……以内”.如： These products will be produced in a month. 注意：after用于将来时间也指一段时间之后,但其后的时间是“一点”,而不是“一段”.如： He will arrive after two o’clock. 3.on指时间表示： （1）具体的时日和一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等.如： On Christmas Day（On May 4th）,there will be a celebration. （2）在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上.如： He arrived at 10 o’clock on the night of the 5th. （3）准时,按时.如： If the train should be on time,I should reach home before dark. 三.at,in和on表示地点时的区别 1.at表示地点： （1）用于指较小的地方.如： I shall wait for you at the station. （2）用于门牌号码前.如： He lives at 115 Zhongshan Road. 2.in表示地点： （1）用于指较大的地方.如： He lives in Shanghai. （2）虽然是很小的地方,如果说话人住在那里,也可用in.商店、学校、机关等,

高中英语介词用法详解

介词用法详解 用来表明名词、代词与句子中其他词的关系的词叫做介词。 介词是虚词，不能重读，也不能单独作句子成分，往往与名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语、从句一起构成介词短语，以表示它与其他词在时间、方式、方向、位置等方面的关系。 Ⅰ介词的用法：1. 作状语：表示时间、地点、方式、条件、目的、原因等。 He left after a while. 过了一会他离开了。（表时间） Thanks to your advice, we completed the project on time. 多亏了你的建议，我们按时完成了工程。（表原因） I live near my company. 我住在公司附近。（表地点） We held a party in honor of our friends. 我们举行宴会款待朋友。（表目的） 2. 作表语：My home is just opposite the university. 我家就在大学对面。 We are of the same age. 我们年龄一样大。 The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 We are like brothers and sisters. 我们就像兄弟姐妹。 3. 作定语：介词作定语时常放在被修饰词或短语的后面。 The man next to Bill is from Spain. 比尔旁边的那个人来自西班牙。 I am a student of the English Department. 我是英语系的学生。 The young man with red hair is Tom. 红头发的那个年轻人是汤姆。 There is no news about the accident. 没有关于这次事故的消息。 4. 作补足语：Make yourself at home. 不要拘束。 I found Mary in a red dress today. 我发现玛丽今天穿着一件红裙子。 Keep the dog out of the house. 让狗呆在外面。 Don’t leave your books all over the desk. 不要把你的书放的满桌子都是。 Ⅱ介词的分类及使用 1.表示“时间”的介词 1）in in 表时间段，即指在较长的一段时间内，相当于during。如世纪、朝代、年代、年、月、季节等。

insist的用法

insist的用法 答：insist作“反复说”、“一定要”、“坚决要求”解,可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词。 一、作不及物动词用时,后跟on或upon引起的短语 1) insist on/ upon+名词 They insisted on a definite answer. I insisted on a replacement for the broken part on my bike. Our English teacher insists upon the importance of the correct pronunciation. 2) insist on / upon +动名词(或动名词的复合结构) She insisted on seeing the manager as soon as possible. He insisted on a second message being sent (不用to be sent) to them. We insisted upon his staying with us for another week. 注意: insist on (doing) sth. , stick to (doing) sth. 与persist in (doing) sth.的区别: 这三个短语都有“坚持”的意思,但侧重点不同。 insist on (doing) sth.是"坚持"某种做法、意见、主张。如: They insisted on leaving that day. 他们坚持要在那天走。 stick to (doing ) sth. 是"坚持"原则、计划、诺言、决定、真理、路线等。如: He always sticks to his promise / his plan. 他总是坚守自己的诺言/计划。 如果表示"继续努力从事于某项工作",stick to后也可接动名词。如: If you stick to practising English, you'll make great progress. 要是你每天坚持练习英语,就会取得很大进步。 而persist in (doing )sth.指不作任何改变地坚持某事,可能是一件好事,也可能是一件坏事。常包含“固执己见”的意思,但也可指意志的坚定。如: She persists in her opinion. He persists in his sparetime studies. She persisted in wearing that old-fashioned dress. The old woman persists in taking half an hour's exercise every day. (表示意志的坚定,不用insist on来代替) 二、insist 作及物动词的用法 insist的此种用法只能接从句作宾语。 1)insist作“坚决要求”、“一定要”,其宾语从句常用与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,即should+动词原形,其中should可以省略。如: Her father insists that she (should) learn music after she leaves school. 2) insist作"坚持说"、"坚持认为"时,用陈述语气。如: Alice insisted that she had done nothing wrong. 3) insist that...有时与insist on / upon互换。如上面1)、2)中的两个例句可分别改写为: Her father insists on her learning music after she leaves school. Alice insisted on her having done nothing wrong.

英语中名词的用法

精心整理 一、英语中各种词性的用法及解释 1.名词 名词可以分为专有名词（ProperNouns）和普通名词(CommonNouns）。 专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。（不是专有名词就是普通名词） （1 2)不规则变化情况 ①以o结尾的名词，变复数时： a.加s，如：photo---photospiano---pianosradio---radioszoo---zoos； b.加es，如：potato—potatoestomato—tomatoes

（基本规律：有生命性质的词在后面加es，否则加s） ②以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时： a.加s，如：belief---beliefsroof---roofssafe---safesgulf---gulfs； b.去f,fe加-ves，如： half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---live sthief---thieves； ， ， news (2)名词的格 1)在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称 为该名词的所有格，如：ateacher'sbook。名词所有格的规则如下： 2)单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如theboy'sbag 男孩的书包，men'sroom男厕所。

3)若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加"'"，如：theworkers'struggle工人的斗争。 4）凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：thetitleofthesong歌的名字。 5）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：thebarber's理发店。 6）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则 解析: 4.Anold_______wantstoseeyou. A.people B.person C.thepeople D.theperson 解析:person与people都有”人”的意思,但用法不同.“一个人”用“aperson”, “两个人”用“twopersons”;people泛指“人们”是集合名词,表示复数,thepeople指“人民”,apeople指“一个民族”.应选B。

高中英语45个介词的基本用法

——45个基本介词的用法 1、about 【原始含义】 a-b-out “A在B外面” 【引申含义】 [prep] （1）在…到处，在…各处here and there eg: We wandered about the town for an hour or so. He looked about the room. （2）在…附近next to a place eg. She lives about the office. （3）关于in connection with eg: a book about English study I don’t know what you are talking about. [adv] （1）大约close to eg: We left there about 10 o’clock. It costs about 500 dollars. （2）到处，各处 eg: The children were rushing about in the garden. （3）在附近 eg : There is no food about. 【常见搭配】 作介词时的搭配: 一.动词+(about+名词) （1）arrange (about sth) 安排关于某事（2）argue (about sth) 讨论某事 （3）ask (about sth) 询问关于某事（4）boast (about sb/sth) 吹嘘... （5）care (about sb/sth)关心…,对…感兴趣（6）chat(about sth) 谈论某事（7）complain(about sb/sth) 抱怨… （8）dream (about sb/sth) 梦见某人/某物（9）go (about sth) 着手做...；从事...

(完整版)It作形式宾语用法总结

" It" 做形式宾语用法总结 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作宾语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾，构成“动词＋it＋宾语补足语＋不定式（动名词或从句）”结构，也可称作“6123结构”。此时it仍只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。它可以代替三种形式：不定式、动名词和宾语从句。 it作形式宾语时，需具备两个条件：①真正的宾语是不定式、动名词或从句; ②有宾语补足语，具备了这两个条件，形式宾语it一定要用。 ⒈ it代替不定式短语think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/ regard…+ it +形容词/名词+ 不定式短语如： ①I find it pleasant to work with him. (it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to work with him) ②They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time. （it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to finish the work in such a short time） ③She thinks it her duty to help us. （it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to help us） ④I think it my honor to be invited to speak here. （it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to be invited to speak here） ⑤Tom didn’t find it difficult to write letters i n Chinese. （it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to write letters in Chinese） ⑥All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work. （it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to go on with the work） ⒉ it代替动名词短语( 这只限于少数句型，在多数情况下用不定式时更多一些) 如： ①The professor considers it no good reading without understanding. ②Do you consider it any good trying again? ③He found it useless( no use) arguing with him. ④He thought it absolutely senseless attempting the impossible. ⑤I don’t think it worthwhile going to such a place. ⒊ it代替宾语从句： 如： ①We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled. ②I took it for granted that they were not coming. ③I’ll see to it that everything is ready in time. “it”的特殊用法常出现在以下几种结构中。 A. 动词＋it＋when / if 从句。常见于appreciate, enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer等少数动词之后。 We would much appreciate it if you could do us that favour. I'd prefer it if I didn't have to finish the work. B. 动词+ it + that从句。常见于like, take, have, put等少数动词之后（it相当于that从句的同位语）。 I take it that they will succeed sooner or later. The newspapers have it that some Japanese firms have gone bankrupt. Rumor has it that Mary is getting married. I take it that you have been out. Let me come and stay. You can put it that it was arranged before.