语言学 术语翻译及术语解释讲解学习
语言学术语翻译及术
语解释
术语翻译及术语解释汇总
术语翻译
1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）
Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性）， Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）
2. Functions of language
referential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive情感功能
conative 劝慰功能 phatic寒暄功能 metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能 Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能）， Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）， Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)， Phonology（音系/音位学）;
Morphology（形态学）， Syntax（句法学）;
Semantics（语义学）， Pragmatics（语用学）
Articulatory phonetics发音语音学Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学
4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式
Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时 Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为
5. Vocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)， pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔 and nasal cavity鼻腔.
其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带, larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭,
soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈
6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）
A. Manners of articulation发音方式
B. Places of articulation发音位置
7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音 Fricative摩擦音 Approximant近似音
Lateral (approximant)边音 Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音 and tap 闪音
Bilabial双唇音 Labiodental唇齿音 Dental齿音 Alveolar齿龈音
Postal veolar后齿龈音 Retroflex卷舌音 Palatal硬腭音
Velar软腭音 Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音 glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs双元音 triphthongs三元音
Lax vowels短元音 Tensed vowels长元音
8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音
anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音. broad transcription宽式标音 narrow transcription严式标音
9. minimal pairs最小对立体 Phoneme音位
phonemic transcriptions音位转写 phonetic transcriptions语音转写
phones音子 allophones音位变体 complementary distribution互补分布
phonetic similarity发音近似性 Free variation自由变体
assimilation同化 regressive assimilation逆同化
progressive assimilation顺同化 phonological rule 音系规则 Epenthesis增音binary 二分的
Distinctive features区别特征
Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构
subordinate and coordinate从属和并列
Conceptual meaning概念意义
Associative meaning:联想意义
Connotative meaning内涵意义 Social meaning社会意义
Affective meaning情感意义 Reflected meaning反射意义
Collocative meaning搭配意义 Thematic meaning主位意义
denotation: 外延意义connotation: 内涵
The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角
Sense and reference：涵义和指称
Synonymy同义关系 Antonymy反义关系 Hyponymy上下义关系
Polysemy一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系
Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms风格同义词
Collocational synonyms搭配同义词
gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term覆盖项
Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项
complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词 homographs : 同形异义词
complete homonyms semantic components语义部分
术语解释
1.Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的） properties
of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
2.Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at some point of time
in history.
3.Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language. In other
words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .
4.prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic study aims to lay down rules for
“correct and standard” behavior in using language.
5.descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the
language people actually use.
6.Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, we mean that
there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.
7.Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system, which consists of
two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.
8.Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used to communicate
about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208767012.html,petence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge of the underlying
system of rules in a language.
10.Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in
a real communicational context.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208767012.html,ngue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledge of the
language that he speaks.
12.Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.
13.Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that the details of the
linguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再） by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.
14.Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges, exchanges that
have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.
15.Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds and
provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
16.Vowels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulators come very
close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without
obstruction.
17.Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction
of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.
18.Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it is concerned
with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these
sounds in order to express meaning.
19.Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two
words.
20.Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.
21.Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the
characteristics of a neighboring sound.
22.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping
articulations are involved.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208767012.html,plementary distribution互补分布: when two sounds never occur in the
same environment, they are in complementary distribution.
24.Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do
not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a
different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.
25.Distinctive features区别特征： A phonetic feature which distinguishes one
phonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.
26.minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs of words which
differ from each other by only one sound.
27.vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one sound to another
are called vowel glides.
28.Epenthesis增音： it means a process of inserting a sound after another sound.
29.Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between an individual
unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence.
30.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or
approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.
31.Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words where none of
them is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no
definable center or head inside the group
32.Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects, actions or
properties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)
33.Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208767012.html,ponential analysis ：Componential analysis defines the meaning of a
lexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.
35.Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that hold between linguistic
elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）
36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and
sentences in particular.
37.Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same
form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
38.Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.
39.Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upper
term in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词, and the lower terms, hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.
语言学术语解释和举例
1. Sequential Rules [s?'kwen?(?)l] 序列规则Sequential Rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in particular language. e.g. If a word begins with a /l/ or /r/, then the next sound must be a vowel（元音）. 2. Prototype ['pr??t?ta?p]原型 What members of a particular community think of as the typical instance of a lexical category. e.g. F or some English speakers “cabbage”(rather than say carrot) might be the prototypical vegetable. 3. Presuppositional Trigger 预设触发语 A presupposition trigger is a construction or item that signals the existence of a presupposition in an utterance. e.g.” Jane had another date with John.” It presupposes the fact that Jane has had one date with John before. Apparently, the use of “another” called a presupposition trigger. 4. Possessor [p?'zes?] 所有人 Refers to one who has something e.g. Jane’s doll. The first noun is the possessor. 5. Positive Face 积极面子 The positive consistent self-image or “personality”(including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)claimed by interactants. e.g.: You are excellent. 6. Phoneme ['f??ni?m] 音位The smallest unit in the sound system of a language e.g. the two words peak and speak, we are aware that the sound /p/ is pronounced differently 7. Performative Utterance 言有所为 It is a sentence which is not true or false but instead 'happy' or 'unhappy', and which is uttered in the performance of an illocutionary (语内表现行为的) act rather than used to state something. e.g. "I swear to do that", "I promise to be there" 8. Negative Face 消极面子 The basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction. i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition. e.g.: You’d better not smoke here. 9. Morpheme ['m?:fi:m] 词素 The smallest meaningful unit of language. It can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning. e.g. the English word unkindness consists of three morphemes: the S TEM1 kind, the negative prefix un-, and the noun-forming suffix -ness. 10. Metonymic Reasoning [,met?'nimik] 转喻推理 Metonymic Reasoning is a figure of speech used in rhetoric(修辞) in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately(密切地) associated with that thing or concept.
英语语言学名词解释(2)
现代语言学 一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.
四六级翻译30个常用句型
1)It is+形容词+that It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。 2)It is+形容词+to do/ doing She had said what it was necessary to say. 她已经说了一切有必要说的话。 3)祈使句/名词+and/ or Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination. 努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。 4)as+many/ much+名词+as It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in Lon-don. 据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。 5)倍数词+as+形容词+as The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago. 这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。 6) 倍数词+ more +名词/形容词十than Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. 吸烟对人体健康的危害极大，每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人多七倍。 7)(not)as/ so...as(和……(不)一样)
英语语言学名词解释
Chapter 12 : Lan guage And Brain 1. n euroli nguistics: It is the study of relati on ship betwee n brain and Ian guage. It in eludes research into how the structure of the brain in flue nces Ian guage lear ning, how and in which parts of the brain Ian guage is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use Ian guage. 2. psycholinguistics: ____ t he study of Ian guage process in g. It is concerned with the processes of Ian guage acqisiti on, comprehe nsion and product ion. 3. brain lateralizati on: The localizatio n of cog nitive and perceptive fun cti ons in a particular hemisphere of the brain. 4. dichotic listening: A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cog nitive fun cti on. 5. right ear advantage: ___ The phe nomenon that the right ear shows an adva ntage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage. 6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cog niti on are called as split brain studies. 7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired Ianguage disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accide nt and so on. 8. non- flue nt aphasia: Damageto parts of the brain in front of the cen tral sulcus is called non-flue nt aphasia. 9. flue nt aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex beh ind the cen tral sulcus results in a type of aphasia called flue nt aphasia. 10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the an gular gyrus of the parietal lobe ofte n causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia. 11. phono logical dyslexia: ___ it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems to have lost the ability to use spelli ng-to-so und rules. 12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems un able to recog nize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spell in g-to-so und rules. 13. spo on erism: a slip of ton gue in which the positi on of soun ds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let' s have chish and fips instend of Let' s have fish and chips. 14. prim ing: the process that before the participa nts make a decisi on whether the stri ng of letters is a word or not, they are prese nted with an activated word. 15. freque ncy effect: Subjects take less time to make judgeme nt on freque ntly used words tha n to judge less com monly used words . This phe nomenon is called freque ncy effect.
语言学的名词解释
序论部分 语言学：是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；从方法上分为历史语言学、比较语言学、历史比较语言学、描写语言学；从研究对象上可分为个别语言学和普通语言学；19C 初的历史比较语言学标志着语言学的诞生。 历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变、研究它的变化规律的语言学。 比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律的语言学。表层结构、深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。 语言的社会功能语言的依存性（强制性）：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，但一经社会约定俗成后,音义之间就具有互相依存的关系，不得任意更改。 语言层级性：语言是一种分层装置。语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。语言可分为二层——底层是一套音位和由音位组成的音节，为语言符号准备了形式部分；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，分为三级：第一级是词素，是构词材料'；第二级是词，是造句材料；第三级是句子，是交际的基本单位。语言发展的渐变性：指语言从旧质过渡到新质不是经过爆发，不是经过消灭现存的语言和创造新的语言，而是经过新质要素的逐渐积累，旧质要素的逐渐死亡来实现的。语言结构的体系的演变只能采取渐变，不能爆发突变。 语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、语音、语法的发展速度是不一样的。与社会联系最直接的词汇、语义变化最快，语音次之，语法最慢。组合关系：构成线性序列的语言成分之间前后相继的关系。语言单位顺着时间的线条前后相继，好像一根链条，一环扣着一环，处于这个组合链中的两个符号或符号序列之间的关系就叫组合关系。如：主谓、动宾等都是具体的组合关系类型。 聚合关系：在线性序列的某一结构位置上语言成分之间相互替换的关系。在同一位置上能够相互替换的语言单位具有相同的语法功能。在这个线性序列中，每一个语言单位都占有一个特定的位置，在这个位置上它可以被其他语言单位替换下来，犹如一根链条，某一环可以被另一环替换下来，从而形成一根新的链条。 语言习得性：是指虽然人类先天就具有潜在的语言能力，但要掌握一门语言，必须通过后天的学习，没有现实的语言环境，不能掌握任何一种语言。 语言能力：抽象思维能力和发音能力的结合，即，掌握语言需要有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官。征候：是事物本身的特征，它代表着事物，可以让我们通过它来推知事物。如：炊烟代表人家。语音部分语音：即语言的声音，由人的发音器官发出，负载一定的意义，是语言的物质外壳，语言依靠语音来实现其社会交际功能。 音素：从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位，分为元音和辅音。 国际音标：由国际语音学会于1888年制定的一套记音符号，它根据“一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素”的原则，主要使用拉丁字母和各种变形符号，是国际上通用的记音符号。语音的生理属性：指语音的动力、发音体和发音方法。 语音的物理属性：是指物体受到外力作用而发生振动，从而使周围的空气也发生振动，形成音波，音波传入人耳，使鼓膜发生振动，刺激听觉神经，于是人们产生了声音的感觉。语音的物理属性包括音高、音长、音重、音质。 语音的社会属性：指同一个音素在不同的语言或方言中具有不同的作用，执行不同的交际功能，是语音的本质属性。 音高：指声音的高低，取决于发音体振动的频率，具有区别意义的作用。如汉语的声调。音重：指声音的强弱，取决于振幅，具有区别意义的作用。语音的强弱与气流量的大小和发
语言学名词解释整理
Morphology 形态学，研究词的内部结构和构造规则 如colorful,由color和-ful两部分构成，由此概括出一条规则：名词词尾加上-ful可构成形容词 Morpheme, 语素，不能再简化的有意义的语言单位。如boys,由boy和-s构成 Morph 语素的具体形态 Allomorph 语素变体 英文单词illogical,imbalance,irregular和inactive有着共同的语素in-。换句话说，im-,ir-是语素in-的变体。 Free morphemes 能单独出现，独立构词的语素称为自由语素。如work,boy Bound morphemes 不能独立出现，必须附着在其他语素后才能构词的语素。如distempered中，dis-和-ed是黏着语素，temper是自由语素 Bound roots 不能独立出现，只能被词缀附着后出现 如refer中的-fer,consist中的-sist Content morphemes 包含语义内容的语素（包含简单词和能改变词根意义的词缀），如名词、动词、形容词、副词。如work Function morphemes 通过联系一个句子中的其他词提供语法功能的语素 如介词、连词、冠词 at，for，a,but Inflectional 曲折，生成同一语素的不同形式 -s,-‘s,-ing,-en,-er,-est，-s Derivational 派生，生成新词，通常可以改变词汇意义 Cat,caty Compounding合成 如Girlfriend Reduplication 重复 Abbreviation or shortening 简写 Blending 混合 Motor+hotel=motel Breakfast+lunch=brunch Alternation Man men Suppletion不规则 Go went Syntax句法
英语语言学部分名词解释(英文版)
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole. 3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say). 5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.(09C) 6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. (06C/ 04) 7. diachronic study: It’s a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (06C) 8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（08F/09C）linguistic competence: universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker. 11. performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.(08C) 15. productivity: Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by it’s users. 16. duality（double articulation）: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.
英语翻译常用句型
翻译中常见的句型 1．否定句型 1）部分否定。其否定意义只局限于整体中的一部分。其形式：“概括词all, every等+not+谓语动词”。常用于该句型词：all, both, everybody, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely, wholly等。 All is not gold that glitters. I do not wholly agree. 2) 完全否定。其形式：no, none 等否定词+肯定式谓语。常用于该句型词：no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, nowhere, nowise, 等。还有一种句型：all等概括词+肯定式谓语+否定意义的词。 No words can describe the scene. 任何言词均不能描绘那景色。 All his plan came to nothing. 3)双重否定 a.主语+cannot+ help/refrain/keep + from + v-ing He could not help showing his pleasure.他不由得喜形于色。 b.主语+cannot+ but/choose but/ help but +do They can not choose but admit that they are wrong. c.(there be) not +主语+but+谓语 (There is )Nobody but has his faults. 人人都有缺点。 2．判断句型 1）强调判断句 a.主语+be+ no/none +other than/but +表语（强调内容） The tall figure that I saw was none other than our commander. b.主语+be+ nothing+(else)but/ else than/ less than+ 表语 Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才只不过是劳动加勤奋而已。 c.it is/was +强调部分+that/ who +从句 It is I who am to blame. 2) 正反判断句 a.主语+be +not+表语a, but +表语b What I admire in Columbus is not his discovered a world, but his having gone to search for it on the faith of an opinion. b.(it is) not… that(who) …, but…that (who) Not that we are afraid of them, but that they are afraid of us. 3)比较判断句： a.主语+be less+表语a +than表语b / more+表语b+表语a Experience shows that success is due less to abilities than to zeal. b.主语+be+表语b+ rather than+表语a He is an artist rather than a philosopher. c.主语+be+ not so much +表语a+ as+表语b It is so much advice as approval that he seeks. 他寻求的与其说是忠告，不如说是忠告。3．倍数表示句型： a.主语+be+倍数+that of 被比较对象/ as +形容词+as+被比较对象
英语语言学名词解释 最终版
现代语言学 1 language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1 interlanguage:The type of language produced by nonnative speakers in the process of learning a second language or foreign language. 1 Linguistics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology 形态学:The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax 句型: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics语义学: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worr ied.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics语用学: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme音素: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone同位音: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 10 intonation朗诵: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation. 3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation. 4 morpheme词素: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes. 6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be
语言学概论名词解释
名词解释 第一章总论 □语言学 以语言为研究对象的一门独立的学科。 □语文学 一门研究古文献和书面语的学问。 □历史语言学 主要用历史的方法研究某种语言和短期的和长期的变化规律，对比语言学主要用比较的方法对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们的相异之处或共同规律（研究语言在不同时期所经历的变化）。 □历史比较语言学 运用比较的方法来发现几种语言在历史演变中的对应规律从而确定语言的亲属关系，构拟产生这些亲属语言的原始母语。 □描写语言学 是和历史语言学相对，即截取某一历史阶段的语言，对其语音、词汇、语法等结构要素进行观察、描写、分析、研究。 □历时语言学 研究语言在不同时期所经历的变化。 □共时语言学 研究语言某一段时期情况的语言学，如现代汉语、古代汉语等。 □个别语言学 其研究的对象是一种语言，如汉语、英语等。 □普通语言学 研究的对象是人类语言，着重从理论上探讨语言的共同特点和一般规律，也叫一般语言学。 □语言的语言学 语言的语言学是以“语言”为唯一对象的语言学，指音义结合的词汇语法系统。是一种静态、同质的纯语言学。 □言语的语言学 言语的语言学是一种动态的、异质的、涉及方方面面的语言学。 □内部语言学（微观语言学） 只对语言系统内部各结构要素进行研究，如：语音学、语义学、词汇学、语法学等。 □外部语言学（宏观语言学） 指与语言相关的边缘学科，如社会语言学、心理语言学、心理语言学、人类语言学等。 □对比语言学 就要用比较的方法对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们的相异之处或共同规律。 □微观语言学（内部语言学） 只对语言系统内部各结构要素进行研究，如：语音学、语义学、词汇学、语法学等。 □宏观语言学（外部语言学） 指与语言相关的边缘学科，如社会语言学、心理语言学、心理语言学、人类语言学等。 □理论语言学 理论语言侧重研究语言的一般理论，狭义的理论语言学就是普通语言学，广义的理论语言学也可以包括个别语言学的理论部分。 □应用语言学 侧重语言在各个领域中实际应用的学科。狭义应用语言学指语言教学的理论和方法研