单选题 美国文学

1. William Faulkner is the author of ______. B

a. Far From the Madding Crowd

b. Sound and Fury

c. For Whom the Bell Tolls

d. Scarlet Letter

2. Robert Frost is a famous_______. C

a. novelist

b. playwright

c. poet

d. literary critic

3. The Old Man and the Sea is one of the great works by ________. D

a. Jack London

b. Charles Dickens

c. Samuel Coleridge

d. Earnest Hemingway

4. The great transcendental work by Henry David Thoreau is______. B

a. Nature

b. Walden

c. Experience

d. Essays

5. Mark Twain shaped the world?s view of America and made a combination of

_____and serious literature. A

a. American folk humor

b. funny jokes

c. English folklore

d. American values

6. I Have a Dream is addressed by _____. C

a. Abraham Lincoln

b. John F. Kennedy

c. Martin Luther King

d. Ralph Waldo Emerson

7. The period from 1865—1914 has been referred to as the _______in the literary history of the United States. A

a. Age of Realism

b. Age of Classicalism

c. Age of Romanticism

d. Age of Renaissance

8. With “Collected Poems”, ______won the second Pulitzer Prize. C

a. Ezra Pond

b. e. e. cummings

c. Robert Frost

d. William Cullen Bryant

9. Moby Dick is the most important work by ______. B

a. Jack London

b. Herman Melville

c. Sinclair Lewis

d. Ralph Ellison

10. O. Henry earned his fame mainly for his ______. C

a. novels

b. poems

c. short stories

d. dramas

11. ______ is NOT a novel of Francis Scott Fitzgerald. B

a. Tender Is the Night

b. Anna Christie

c. The Beautiful and Dammed

d. The Great Gatsby

12. The 1954 Nobel Prize for literature was awarded to ______for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”. D

a. William Faulkner

b. John Steinbeck

c. Saul Bellow

d. Earnest Hemingway

13. Sister Carrie is a masterpiece of _______work. D

a. romantic

b. classic

c. neo-classic

d. naturalistic

14. The Road Not Taken is a poem written by ______. A

a. Robert Frost

b. Longfellow

c. Ezra Pond

d. Carl Sandburg

15. T. S. Eliot?s most famous long poem is ______. C

a. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

b. A Boy?s Will

c. The Waste Land

d. The Golden Bough

16. Daisy Miller is a great work by _____. A

a. Henry James

b. Mark Twain

c. Dreiser

d. Stowe

17. The black man Jim is a character in Mark Twain?s _______. B

a. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

b. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

c. Life on the Mississippi

d. The Prince and the Pauper

18. The Grapes of Wrath is the masterpiece of ______. A

a. John Steinbeck

b. John Cheever

c. John Updike

d. John Dos Passos

19. The image of the famous “henpecked husband” is created by_____. A

a. Washington Irving

b. Fennimore Cooper

c. Edith Wharton

d. William Dean Howells

20. _____was the most important person of the transcendental club. C

a. Hawthorn

b. Whitman

c. Emerson

d. Thoreau

21．Whitman?s poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT_____. A

a. a strict poetic form

b. a simple and conversational language

c. a free and natural rhythmic pattern

d. an easy flow of feelings

22．The high tide of Romanticism in American literature occurred around ______. A a. 1820 b. 1850

c. 1880

d. 1920

23．The publication of _______ established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of the New England Transcendentalism. A

a. Nature

b. Self-Reliance

c. The Over-Soul

d. The American Scholar

24．Chinese poetry and philosophy have exerted great influence over ____. A

a. Ezra Pound

b. Ralph Waldo Emerson

c. Robert Frost

d. Emily Dickinson

25．______is NOT written by Edgar Allan Poe. D

a. The Raven

b. Annabel Lee

c. The Fall of the House of Usher

d. Song to Celia

(C) 26. In addition to Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson is also noted for his famous essay, ___, which has often been called the second American Declaration of Independence---a declaration of cultural independence for the United States.

A. The Dial

B. The Divinity School Address

C. The American Scholar

D. The Over-Soul

(D) 27. Which of the following is NOT written by Nathaniel Hawthorne?

A. The House of the Seven Gables

B. The Scarlet Letters

C. Young Goodman Brown

D. Self-Reliance

(A) 28. In his ___ and ___, Mark Twain shows his nostalgic recollections of his early boyhood.

A. Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

B. Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Gilded Age

C. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Gilded Age

D. Life on the Mississippi and The Gilded Age

(C) 29. One of the differences between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson is their intention of writing poems. Emily Dickinson wrote poems chiefly for ___.

A. displaying her poetic talent

B. expressing her view on public affairs

C. psychological therapy

D. wide reputation

(C) 30. ___ by Theodore Dreiser is a story , tracing the material rise of an actress and the tragic decline of a man who used to give the actress indispensable help.

A. An American Tragedy

B. Trilogy of Desire

C. Sister Carrie

D. Nigger Jeff

(D) 31. Hemingway used Gertrude Stein's remark that "You are all a lost generation." as a motto in his novel________.

A. For Whom the Bell Tolls

B. The Old Man and the Sea

C. A Farewell to Arms

D. The Sun Also Rises

(B) 32. In 1920, Fitzgerald's first novel _______ was published, which brought him, not only reputation, wealth but also Zelda, an embodiment of his romantic notions of a Southern Belle.

A. The Great Gatsby

B. This Side of Paradise

C. The Beautiful and Damned

D. Tender is the Night

(C) 33. Ezra pound wrote 70 books of his own, and edited 70 books of other writers. His major work of poetry is _____, a long poem which he worked on over a long period of time , and which traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires.

A. Make It New

B. The ABC of Reading

C. The Cantos

D. In a Station of the Metro

(A) 34. Which is of the following poems is NOT composed by Robert Frost?

A. Success

B. After Apple - Picking

C. The Road Not Taken

D. Mending Wall

35. Mark Twain created, in____________, a masterpiece of American realism that is also one of the great books of world literature. A

A. Huckleberry Finn

B. Tom Sawyer

C. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg

D. The Gilded Age

36. Choose the work NOT written by Mark Twain. D

A. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

B. Innocents Abroad

C. Life on the Mississippi

D. The Rise of Silas Lapham

37. With William Dean Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the scene, _______ became the major trend in the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century. C

A. sentimentalism

B. romanticism

C. realism

D. naturalism

38. Ezra Pound' s long poem____________ contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected. B

A. The Waste Land

B. The Cantos

C. Don Juan

D. Queen Mab

39. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as ______. B

A. The Roaring Twenties

B. The Jazz Age

C. The Dollar Decade

D. all of the above

40. In Paris, Ernest Hemingway, along with _____________, accomplished

a revolution in literary style and language. D

A. James Joyce

B. Ezra Pound

C. Thomas Stearns Eliot

D. all of the above

41. __________ tells the Joad family's life from the time they were evicted from their farm in Oklahoma until their first winter in California. B

A. Of Mice and Men

B. The Grapes of Wrath

C. The Great Gatsby

D. For Whom the Bell Tolls

42. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ______

43. The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving?s work

46．Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in _____ and

50. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author?s tone in writing becomes

52. _____ is a fantasy tale about a man who somehow stepped outside the main

55. From Thoreau?s jail experience, came his famous essay, _____ which states his belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government. C

A. Walden

B. Nature

C. Civil Disobedience

D. Common Sense

56. Most of the poems in Whitman?s Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and the

1620 and arrived in the present Provincetown harbor on November 21 in the same

year. This ship was named ____________. B

a. The Pilgrims

b. Mayflower

c. America

d. Titanic

59. _________ was the first American writer to write entirely American literature. C

a. Anne Bradstreet

b. Washington Irving

c. Mark Twain

d. Ernest Hemingway

60. _______ was the leader of American transcendentalism. C

a. Benjamin Franklin

b. Washington Irving

c. Ralph Waldo Emerson

d. Henry David Thoreau

61._________ is father of the detective story and of psychoanalytic criticism. D

a. Washington Irving

b. Ralph Waldo Emerson

c. Walt Whitman

d. Edgar Allan Poe

63. Which of the following is a naturalistic writer? D

a. William Dean Howells

b. Mark Twain

c. Ernest Hemingway

d.Theodore Dreiser

64. Hemingway wrote about American compatriots in Europe whereas ________

wrote about the Jazz age, life in American society. D

a.William Carlos Williams

b. William Faulkner

c. John Steinbeck

d. F. Scott Fitzgerald

65. Dreiser?s Tri logy of Desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and_____ .

A. The Genius

B. The Tycoon

C. The Stoic

D. The Giant

66. The impact of Darwin?s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American___________ .

A. local colorism

B. vernacularism

C. modernism

D. naturalism

67. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms -the sonnet, rhyming couplets, blank verse -with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of _______farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax.

A. Southern

B. Western

C. New Hampshire

D. New England

68. Apart from the dislocation of time and the modern stream-of-consciousness, the other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include_________,

symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.

A. impressionism

B. expressionism

C. multiple points of view

D. first person point of view

69. One of the characteristics that have made Mark Twain a major literary figure in the 19th century America is his use of____________ .

A. vernacular

B. interior monologue

C. point of view

D. photographic description

70. It is on his____________ that Washington Irving?s fame mainly rested.

A. childhood recollections

B. sketches about his European tours

C. early poetry

D. tales about America

71. As a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism are generally concerning ____________________.

A. nature, man and the universe

B. the relationship between man and woman

C. the development of Romanticism in American literature

D. the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism

72. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statements is NOT right?

A. It?s very hard to say that it is a love story or a story of sin.

B. It?s a highly symbolic story and the author is a master of symbolism.

C. It?s mainly about the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin

upon the main characters and the people in general.

D. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel.

73. The great sea adventure story Moby-Dick is usually considered____________.

A. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe.

B. an adventurous exploration into man?s relationship with nature

C. a simple whaling tale or sea adventure

D. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the artistic truth and beauty

74. In his poems, Walt Whitman is innovative in the terms of the form of his poetry, which is called “____________________.”

A. free verse

B. blank verse

C. alliteration

D. end rhyming

75. Which of the following is said of the American naturalism?

A. They preferred to have their own region and people at the forefront of the stories.

B. Their characteristic setting is usually an isolated town.

C. Humans should be united because they had to adapt themselves to changing harsh

environment.

D. Their characters were conceived more or less complex combinations of inherited

attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.

76. Which of the following is not right about Mark Twain?s style of language?

A. His sentence structures are long, ungrammatical and difficult to read.

B. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect.

C. His humor is remarkable and characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration，

repetition and anti-climax.

D. His style of language had exerted rather deep influence on the contemporary writers.

77. As a great innovator in American literature, Walt Whitman wrote his poetry in an

unconventional style which is now called free verse, that is _________.

A. lyrical poetry with chanting refrains

B. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme

C. poetry without rhymes at the end of the lines but with a fixed beat

D. poetry in an irregular metric form and expressing noble feelings

78. In his poetry, Robert Frost made the colloquial ______ speech into a poetic expression.

A. England

B. New England

C. Plymouth

D. Boston

79. Which of the following statements is right about Robert Frost?s poetry?

A. He combined traditional verse forms with the difficult and highly ornamental language.

B. He combined traditional verse forms with the pastoral language of the Southern area.

C. He combined traditional verse forms with a simple spoken language-the speech of

New England farmers.

D. He combined traditional verse forms with the experimental.

80. Which of the following is not written by Ernest Hemingway, one of the best-known American authors of the 20th century?

A. The Sun Also Rises.

B. The Old Man and the Sea.

C. Mosses From the Old Manse.

D. The Green Hills of Africa.

81. Which of the following is not a work of Nathaniel Hawthorne?s?

A. The House of the Seven Gables.

B. The Blithedale Romance.

C. The Marble Faun.

D.White Jacket.

82. In Hawthorne?s novels and short stories, intellectuals usually appear as ______________.

A. commentators

B. observers

C. villains

D. saviors

83. Besides sketches, tales and essays, Washington Irving also published a book on ______, which is also considered an important part of his creative writing.

A. poetic theory

B. French art

C. history of New York

D. life of George Washington

84. In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______ at Harvard, which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmes as "Our intellectual Declaration of Independence."

A. "Nature"

B. "Self-Reliance"

C. "Divinity School Address"

D. "The American Scholar"

85. Which of the following statements about writers in 1920s is true?

A. Mark Twain published his last and most important novel.

B. F. Scott Fitzgerald received the Nobel Prize.

C. Freudian psychology influenced many modern writers.

D. Most writers were politically radical.

86. In American literature the first important writer who earned an international fame on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean is_______________.

A. Washington Irving

B. Ralph Waldo Emerson

C. Nathaniel Hawthorne

D. Walt Whitman

87. The American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his“black vision．”The Term “black vision” refers to______________.

A. Hawthorne's observation that every man faces a black Wall

B. Hawthorne's belief that all men are by nature evil

C. that Hawthorne employed a dream vision to tell his story

D. that Puritans of Hawthorne's time usually wore black clothes

88. In__________, Robert Frost compares life to a journey, and he is doubtful whether he will regret his choice or not when he is old, because the choice has made all the difference.

A. “After Apple-Picking”

B. “The Road NOt Taken”

C. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”

D. “Fire and Ice”

89. The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the_______ in the American literary history．

A. individual feeling

B. survival of the fittest

C. strong imagination

D. return to nature

90. Generally speaking，all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be_____.

A. transcendentalists

B. optimists

C. pessimists

D. idealists

91. American writers after World War I self-consciously acknowledged that they were(a) “_______,” devoid of faith and alienated from the Western civilization．

A. Lost Generation

B. Beat Generation

C. Sons of Liberty

D. Angry Young Men

92. Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely Characters in_______.

A. The House of the Seven Gables

B. The Scarlet Letter

C. The Portrait of a Lady

D. The pioneers

93. In his realistic fiction, Henry James's primary concern is to present the_________.

A. inner life of human beings

B. American Civil War and its effects

C. life on the Mississippi River

D. Calvinistic view of original Sin

94. American Romanticism stretches from the end of the ________ century through the outbreak of ______.

A. 18th, the Civil War

B. 18th, the War of Independence

C. 19th, WWI

D. 19th, WWII

95. _________ believes that the chief aim of literary creation is beauty, and “the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world.”

A. Walt Whitman

B. Edgar Allen Poe

C. Anne Bradstreet

D. Ralph Waldo Emerson

96. Which is generally regarded as the manifesto and the Bible of American Transcendentalism?

A. Thoreau?s Walden

B.Emerson?s Nature

C. Poe?s Poetic Principle

D. Thoreau?s Nature

97. Henry David Thoreau?s work, ________, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of the New England Transcendental Movement.

A. Walden

B. The Pioneers

C. Nature

D. "Song of Myself"

98. …Leaves of Grass? commands great attention because of its uniqu ely poetic

embodiment of________, which are written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War and the American Civil War.

A. the democratic ideals

B. the romantic ideals

C. the self-reliance spirits

D. the religious ideals

99. ________is the author of the work “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.

A. Washington Irving

B. James Joyce

C. Walt Whitman

D. William Butler Yeats

100. After "The Adventure of Tom Sawyer", Twain gives a literary independence to Tom?s buddy Huck in a book called_________, and the book from which "all modern American literature comes".

A. Life on the Mississippi River

B. The Gilded Age

C. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

D. The Sun Also Rises

101. The greatest work written by Theodore Dreiser is__________.

A. Sister Carrie

B. An American Tragedy

C. The Financier

D. The Titan

102. We can perhaps summarize that Walt Whitman?s poems are characterized by all the following features except that they are _______________.

A. conversational and crude

B. lyrical and well-structured

C. simple and rather crude

D. free-flowing

103. Who exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism, of which Theodore Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writers?

A. Freud

B. Darwin.

C. W.

D. Howells. D. Emerson

104. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ____.

A. international theme

B. waste-land imagery

C. local color

D. symbolism

105. In Henry James? Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of _______________.

A. the force of convention

B. the free spirit of the New World

C. the decline of aristocracy

D. the corruption of the newly rich

106. "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood / And sorry I could not travel both ..." In the above two lines of Robert Fros t?s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to _______.

A. a travel experience

B. a marriage decision

C. a middle-age crisis

D. one?s course of life

107. The Transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling, and second, the individual is ____________.

A. insignificant

B. vicious by nature

C. divine

D. forward-looking

108. The Publication of ______established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.

A. Nature

B. Self-Reliance

C. The American Scholar

D. The Over-Soul

美国文学史-知识点梳理

Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of

20世纪外国文学专题期末复习指导

《20世纪外国文学专题》期末复习指导 一、课程考核说明和实施要求 1.本课程的考核对象是汉语言文学专业本科阶段的学生。 2.考核说明是根据中央电大“20世纪外国文学专题”课程教学大纲及主教材《20世纪外国文学专题》（吴晓东著，北京大学出版社，2002年7月）编写的，是该课程考试命题的基本依据。 3.本课程考核主要对主教材中涉及的文学思潮流派、作家作品的了解和掌握。 4.考核的要求分为了解、掌握、分析三个层次，要求如下： （1）“了解”要求学生对教材中所涉及的知识点做一般性的回答。 （2）“掌握”要求学生对教材中所涉及的问题做进一步的回答，并具有一定的归纳总结的能力。 （3）“分析”要求学生能较深入地分析教材中重点讲授的作品的某一方面，或通过自己的归纳总结，完整地回答教材中所涉及的较大问题。鼓励学生有自己的独到见解。 5.本课程的考试采取平时作业和期末考试相结合的方式，平时作业安排4次，由中央电大统一下发，占考核总成绩的20％。 6.本课程的期末考试由中央电大统一命题，采用开卷考试的方式。 7.试题类型包括填空题、选择题、简答题、论述题。试题难度分为较易、适中、较难三个等级，分别占卷面总成绩的30％、40％、30％。卷面成绩为100分，占课程总考核成绩的80％。考试时间为150分钟（两个半小时）。 8.简答题答题字数原则上在300字左右，论述题字数在800～1000字。 二、考核内容和目标 第一章现代主义的奠基：卡夫卡 一、了解 1.卡夫卡的生平及创作简况。 2.卡夫卡的创作对人类境况寓言式的呈示。（《饥饿艺术家》、《变形记》等）。 二、掌握 1.表现主义的概念及其特征。 2.卡夫卡对二十世纪人类生存境况的揭示。（《变形记》等）

陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)章节题库-第十七章至第十八章【圣才出品】

第17单元20世纪美国诗人（1） I.Fill in the blanks. 1.Author_____Title_____（南京大学2007研） The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet,black bough. 【答案】Author:Ezra Pound；Title:“In a Station of the Metro” 【解析】题目节选自庞德的《在一个地铁车站》，该诗是以一个意象作为叙述语言的典型范例。 2.Ezra Pound’s lifelong endeavor had been devoted to the writing of_____,which contains_____poems.（国际关系学院2007研） 【答案】The Cantos;117 【解析】庞德把毕生精力都投入到写作《诗章》当中，《诗章》共包括117首诗。 3.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____”movement. 【答案】imagism 【解析】庞德是意象主义运动的领军人物。 4._____was successful in two fields of activity which did not seem compatible with

one another:he was a very successful businessman and a very remarkable contemporary poet at the same time.（人大2006研） 【答案】Wallace Stevens 【解析】华莱士·史蒂文斯(Wallace Stevens)是美国20世纪的著名诗人。他集企业家和诗人于一身。 5.Winner of the National Book Award in1950and the Pulitzer Prize in1963,______ is the author of the five-volume epic Paterson which is a lucid statement of the author’s aesthetics. 【答案】William Carlos Williams 【解析】威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯的代表作是《佩特森》，它清晰地表达了诗人的美学观点。 6.At the age of44,Wallace Stevens was finally persuaded to publish a book of poems,entitled_____. 【答案】Harmonium 【解析】1923年，44岁的华莱士-史蒂文斯出版了他的第一部诗集《风琴》（Harmonium）。 7.After his death,Wallace Stevens’s previously uncollected works appeared under the title_____. 【答案】Opus Posthumous 【解析】华莱士·史蒂文斯死后，其之前未收集的诗作集合成册于1957年发表，名为《遗作》(Opus Posthumous)。

美国文学赏析

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一 I heard the merry grasshopper then sing, The black-clad cricket bear a second part, They kept one tune, and played on the same string, Seeming to glory in their little art. Shall creatures abject thus their voices raise? And in their kind resound their maker’s praise, Whilst I, as mute, can warble forth no higher lays? “Under the cooling shadow of a stately Elm, Close state I by a goodly River’s side, Where gliding streams the Rocks did overwhelm; A lonely place with pleasures dignifi’d. I once that lov’d the shady woods so well, Now thought the rivers did the trees excel, And if the sun would ever shine there would I dwell. “While musing thus with contemplation fed, And thousand fancies buzzing in my brain, The sweet tongu’d Philomel percht o’er my head, And chanted forth a most melodious strain, Which rapt me so with wonder and delight, I judg’d my hearing better than my sight. 题目：the 9th of Contemplations 作者：Anne Bradstreet 赏析： 1. Rhyme royal: sevenline iambic petametre 七行五步抑扬格 2. Rhyme: ababccc 3. Theme: religion 4. 象征：black-clad=death; abject=admitting defeat; maker= god 5. A genuine expression of poetic feeling in the presence of nature. The poem offers the reader an insight into the mentality of the early Puritan pioneering in a new world. The poet heard the grasshopper and the cricket sing, and she searched for her own soul accordingly. 6. She saw sth metaphysical inhering in the physical, a mode of perception which was singularly Puritan 二 It was about this time I conceived the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection. I wished to live without committing any fault at any time; I would conquer all that either natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into. As I knew, or thought I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other. But I soon found I had undertaken a task of more difficulty than I had imagined. While my care was employed in guarding against one fault, I was often surprised by another; habit took the advantage of inattention; inclination was sometimes too strong for reason. I concluded, at length, that the mere speculative conviction that it was our interest to be completely virtuous was not sufficient to prevent our slipping and that the contrary habits must be broken, and good ones acquired and established, before we can have any dependence on a steady, uniform rectitude of conduct. For this purpose I therefore contrived the following method. In the various enumerations of the moral virtues I had met with in my reading, I found the catalog more or less numerous, as different writers included more or fewer ideas under the same name. Temperance, for example, was by some confined to eating and drinking, while by others it was extended to mean the moderating every other pleasure, appetite, inclination, or

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