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当代研究生英语读写教程(上)Unit 5教案

当代研究生英语读写教程(上)Unit 5教案
当代研究生英语读写教程(上)Unit 5教案

Unit 5

Text A Can We Know The Universe- Reflections on a Grain of Salt Teaching Objectives(教学目的)

Students will be able to

1. grasp the main idea and structure of the text

2. master the key language points and grammatical structures

3. conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit.

Teaching procedures(教学步骤)

(1) Pre-reading activity (Period1)

a. Information related to the text

b. Introduction to the Text

c. Pre-reading questions

(2)While-reading activity(Periods2-3)

a. The organization of the text

b. Detailed reading---study of the language points

(3) Post-reading activity (Period4)

a. Speaking Activity

b. Writing Practice

c. Have students finish the exercises

Period 1

Pre-reading activity

a. Background Information

1. Introduction to the Author

American astronomer and pioneer exobiologist. Sagan was born in New York city and studied at the University of Chicago, where he received a Ph.D. in astrophusics. Sagan?s research wsa directed toward evidence of life in outer space. He also studied the origins of organism with geneticsts Hermann J. Mullers and Joshua Lederberg.

2. Introduction to the Text

The Bi Bang Theory

Big Bang Theory, currently accepted explanation of the beginning of the universe. The big bang theory proposes that the universe was once extremely compact, dense, and hot. Some original event, a cosmic explosion called the big bang, occurred about 10 billion to 20 billion years ago, and the universe has since been expanding and cooling. The theory is based on the mathematical equations, known as the field equations, of the general theory of relativity set forth in 1915 by Albert Einstein. In 1922 Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann provided a set of solutions to the field equations. These solutions have served as the framework for much of the current theoretical work on the big bang theory. American astronomer Edwin Hubble provided some of the greatest supporting evidence for the theory with his 1929 discovery that the light of distant galaxies was universally shifted toward the red end of the spectrum (see Redshift).

This proved that the galaxies were moving away from each other. He found that galaxies farther away were moving away faster, showing that the universe is expanding uniform ly. However, the universe?s initial state was still unknown.

In the 1940s Russian American physicist George Gamow worked out a theory that fit with Friedmann?s solutions in which the universe expanded from a hot, dense state. In 1950 British astronomer Fred Hoyle, in support of his own opposing steady-state theory, referred to Gamow?s theory as a mere “big bang,” but the name stuck. Indeed, a contest in the 1990s by Sky & Telescope magazine to find a better (perhaps more dignified) name did not produce one.

Evolution of the universe

3. Pre-reading questions

Lead-in questions

Purposes:

·To present key words and phrases related to universe

·To encourage students to think about the theme of the coming text, i.e.the concept of macrocosm or that of microcosm

·T o arouse students? interest in the topic of the coming text

·To develop students? skill in predicting the main idea of the text

Methodology:

1. The purpose of activities 1, 2 and 3 is to arouse students’interests in the topic of

the text and prepare them to read the text actively. It may be very easy for your students to give a list of environmental problems and the harmful effects of population explosion on the ecological system and human life as a whole, but to find the way out is more difficult. If you encourage students to think carefully about the solution to the population explosion, they will probably hit upon the central idea and the main purpose of the coming article.

2.In order to get the whole class involved, pair-work is recommended for activity 1, 2 and 3. If time permits, you can find on or two students to report to the class what they have discussed.

3. In activity 4, some key words and phrases along with their definitions are

presented.Although many students are already familiar with these words and phrases, they cannot always give accurate definitions of them in English. To make sure that the whole class participate in the discussion, let them work in pairs first and then encourage them to compare their answers with other neighboring classmates. By working with a partner first and then more classmates, students should be able to match the terms and definitions correctly. There is no need to check the answers in class, but be ready to provide any help they need while they are working.

Key to lead-in questions

1.Bigness and smallness are relative concepts in comparison with others. For

example, the Sun is very big in comparison with its nine planets, whereas it is small when compared with some other enormous celestrial bodies in the universe.

2.The universe means the entire celestrial comos which is generally believed to be

boundless and mysterious, therfore the word “universe” is always used to indicate the concept of bigness or something unknown. Salt is a very common colorless or white solid substance with many uses ranging from daily life ti chemical industry.

A grain of salt is generally considered as something common and small. It seems

there is no relation between these two words. However, the author associates the universe with a grain of salt deftly so as to reveal to the reader the comlexity of things in the world – intelligence as we are, we cannot understand even such small matter as a grain of salt.

3.1) d 2) f 3) j 4) a 5) h 6) b 7) k 8) i 9) e 10) c 11)l 12) g

Period 2-3

While-reading activity

a. The organization of the text

The Gist of the Article

The first part of the article(para1-3) defines what science is. According to the author, science is more of a way of thinking than of a body of knowledge. Its goal is to find out how the workd works, to seek what regularities there may be, to penetrate to the connections of things. Sicence cannot depend on out intuition or our perception, it is based on experiment, on the willingness to challenge old dogma, and on an opneness to see the universe as it really is.

The second part of the article examines the question whether the universe is knowable and to what extent we can really know it. Before answering these questions, the author uses something as tiny as a grain of salt to illustrate his point.

From the axample of a grain of salt, the author makes the point that if the unverse also has laws that govern its behavior to the same degree of regularity tht determines a crystal of salt, then the unverse would be knowable. That is why human beings are highly motivated to find regularities and natural laws.

The author concludes his article by expressing his peronsal opinion about an ideal universe. An idlea universe is one that is knowable, and at the same time, there is much in it that is unknown. The reason is clear; there will be no source of motivation for the thinking being if ervery thing is known or if the unverse is unknowable.

b. Detailed reading---study of the language points

Detailed reading of the text

Purposes:

·To help student s draw important facts of each paragraph ?

·To help students identify and remove the source of difficulty in understanding the text

·To help students actively interact with the text and develop strategies to work out the meaning of the text

·To give students practice in note-taking

Methodology:

When working through the text, you can, besides explanation (refer to “Detailed E xplanation of the Text?? in the student’s book), use the technique of asking questions to develop students?understanding. Make sure students always keep their text open when they answer the questions. The purpose of asking questions is to make students actively interact with the text and develop their strategies to derive the meaning from the text. At the same time, they can become aware of the way language is used to convey meaning. There is a close connection between answering questions and developing understanding.

At the start, three types of questions should be designed for this purpose. First, straightforward questions ne ed to be asked to draw students?attention to important facts in the text and to ensure they understand the literal meaning of the facts.The second type of questions should be used to develo p students? skills of tackling difficult sentences.A third type should make students recognize grammatical and lexical features that play a crucial part in the interpretation of the text.…

When students answer your questions they should also practice taking notes.

You can ask the following questions orally.

1.What are the goals of science? Can we rely on our intuition or perception to

achieve these goals?

2.What are the bases of scientific study of the world around us?

3.What does “Just So Stories”mean in para 2? Can we count on explanations

divorced from experiment, or from carful comparative observations?

4.What are the characteristics of a scientific mind?

5.Is Science soemthing that only scientists are concerned about? Why does the author

mention Walt Whitman?

6.Why are some people fearful of a universe in which everything might one day be

known?

7.What is the author?s attitude towards those who confidenlt state that everything

worth knowing will soon be known?

8.What knids of atoms is a grain of salt composed of?

9.Why in para 6, does the author tell us the number of neuroons in the human brain?

What is he trying to show?

10.What is the characteristics of the structure of a grain of salt according to para 8?

For what purpose does the writer explain the characteristics of the structure of a grain of salt?

11.What is the importance of finding regularities and natural laws?

12.What knid of universe is an ideal universe in the author?s opinion?

13.What kind of universe do human beings inhibit now?

14.Is the concluding para encouraging or discouraging to the scientific mind? In what

way?

Period 4

Post-reading activity

a. Speaking Activity

Ask Ss to discuss “Is there UFO or aliens in universe?” in groups and then present their opinions in class.

b. Writing Practice

With the help of writing strategies on P136, Ss write an essay based upon one of the topics on page 142.

c. Have students finish the exercises

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