外文翻译部分

所有钢筋混凝土梁都要求通过计算或者构造配置抗剪钢筋。从理论上将，当外部施加的剪力超过无腹筋梁的抗剪承载力的设计值时，需要计算配筋。然而，由于多种原因，例如为了避免脆性破坏，应该提供最小的抗剪箍筋。最小的抗剪箍筋和计算配置的箍筋在形式上都是分离式的垂直箍筋或者弯起钢筋。现在所有配箍量的设计方法都以Morsch和Ritter的桁架模型为基础的。据此，许多研究者也提供了一些修改和补充，例如：Leonhardt考虑了基本的抗剪承载力，Bruggeling考虑了混凝土和箍筋之间的相关性。近来，Zararis，Tompos，Frosch 也提出了与斜裂缝相关的修正。虽然，欧洲、美国、日本无腹筋梁抗剪承载力的设计计算公式在很大程度上不同，但是他们标准中设计计算抗剪箍筋梁的方法都非常相似。虽然，混凝土和钢筋之间的相互影响由许多研究者描述，但是没有标准囊括二者之间的相互影响作用。最后，剪跨比也受到了研究，美国ACI规范和日本JSCE规范都包括了剪跨比的内容。无论是用标准还是计算方法，RC梁中大部分位置都是需要康健箍筋的。箍筋的弯曲和安装是一个耗时的操作，占最终成本的很大一部分，那么一个可能的方法就是使用螺旋箍筋。除了在柱中的使用，尤其是地震敏感区之外，连续螺旋箍筋代替传统箍筋来应用的研究是很少的。虽然，螺旋箍筋首先应用在柱抗震承载力的增加及梁柱外部节点区延性的提高上，但是，这项研究的结果对工程应用有很大的帮助。通过Karayannis的对照研究表明螺旋箍筋梁有较好的抗剪承载力。Tuomo，Clarke，Birjandi也探索了垂直倾斜的理论效果。虽然，这两项研究中，它的效率因子是不相同的，但是对于大部分螺旋箍筋间距来说，同等数量的螺旋箍筋的效率达到普通计算配箍量的90%或者95%或者更多。如果这种效率能够通过实验测试，那么劳动成本将大大减少。这一观察启动了一项研究：测试螺旋箍筋的有效性，剪跨比的评估，密实混凝土的使用。这篇文章的第一部分描述了混凝土的性能，RC梁的尺寸和实验设备。第二部分描述了新拌混凝土和RC梁的实验结果。然而第三部分讨论了早期通用的国际规范的理论设计值和实验值的比较结果。最后，得出结论。

2.材料和方法

2.1材料和试样的规格

24根梁中所使用的是传统的振捣混凝土和自身密实混凝土。C40/50混凝土由预拌混凝土公司分三批提供。混凝土的型号是CEM Ⅲ/A 42.5 N LA，粗骨料的最大粒径D max接近于16mm，所有的混合物都适合EE4环境。本文中的实验结果依据24根梁的试验研究（梁的尺寸150×286，长是2400mm）。其中12根梁采用振捣混凝土，12根梁采用自身密实的混凝土。根据欧洲规范EN1080，纵向钢筋采用BE500S。对于所有的梁，纵向钢筋强度是相等的，并且所有梁经过计算发生剪切破坏。为了首先发生剪切破坏，底部配有较低配筋量的3?20，上部2?6构成架立筋，所有的箍筋，包括普通箍筋和螺旋箍筋都采用?6。图1显示了传统的箍筋和螺旋箍筋。螺旋箍筋就像传统的箍筋一样缠绕在纵向钢筋上，通过计算螺旋箍筋的倾角获得与普通箍筋等量的箍筋面积。然而，在实践中，箍筋的重叠对于锚固是必要的，而当使用螺旋箍筋，这种重叠是不存在的。当考虑到传统箍筋必要的多余重叠时，对于试验梁来说，不起作用的抗剪箍筋接近25%，这项研究中没有考虑这项多余的抗剪区。因为显然，大规模的梁来说，相关的减少是不显著的。所有梁的概述、钢筋情况都列在表1和图2中。

2.2试验设备

用一个量程是600KN的液压执行器进行静态试验。图3和图4展示了实验设备。简支梁的跨度是2m，转换梁是用来转移施加荷载，两点荷载间的间距是0.75m（λ=2.5）或者0.5m（λ=3）。这次试验测试了结构的挠度、应变、裂缝扩展、失效形式。使用三个挠度计测跨中和加载点下的垂直位移，如图4所示。应变用应变仪测量，裂缝的宽度和扩展用20μm分辨率的裂缝宽度显微镜测量。

3.1新拌混凝土的特性

CVC的性能用坍落度实验和流动性测试。（对于第一批混凝土坍落度级别是S2，流动级别是F1；对于第二批混凝土坍落度级别是S3，流动级别是F2）。SCC的性能由坍落度流动实验（坍落流动级别SF3）和V型漏斗测试（V型漏斗流动时间级别VF1）。表2给出了性能结果（S表示坍落度，d f表示通径，d sf表示坍落度通径，t表示V型漏斗时间）。连同梁，许多混凝土对照试件得到浇筑。

150mm的混凝土立方体试件和直径是150mm，高度是300mm的圆柱体试件储存在水温20°±2°的环境中养护28天，通过它们来确定混凝土的强度，立方体和圆柱体试件储存在与梁相同的环境中并在梁实验期间进行测试。三组试样的平均值和标准偏差的结果都列于表3中。

3.2极限荷载试验结果

正如期望的那样，所有的量都发生剪切破坏。表4给出了多组试件的极限荷载值。由于浇筑的错误，剪跨比是2.5的螺旋箍筋梁从试验结果在被省略。表4括号内的数字是指实验梁的数量。表4中的值是这些实验的平均值。对于剪跨比相对应的，表4 的结果显示了箍筋的形式以及混凝土形式的影响。图5和图6显示了混凝土的影响和剪跨比的影响。

4.讨论

4.1极限荷载试验结果

图5显示了对于λ=2.5的梁来说，螺旋箍筋梁比普通箍筋梁的抗剪能力的效果要差。然而，对于剪跨比是3的梁来说，结构是正好相反的。对于第一种情况，直接荷载通过受压的支杆转移给支座的影响将会更加明显。对于第二种情况，螺旋形式的箍筋只对CVC2的效果不如普通箍筋。在实践中，大多数荷载都是分布荷载，会产生一个更大的剪跨比。在这种情况下，螺旋箍筋显示了等效的抗剪承载力。这就证明了连续螺旋箍筋可有效地替代传统的箍筋。可以从图5和图6中看出，SCC的使用对于极限荷载有一个积极的影响。考虑到SCC混凝土的抗压强度要低于CVC1。当与CVC1对照时，SCC的效果将更明显。这要归因于不同的粘结强度和在其他研究中所观察到的SCC混合物的裂缝形式。

4.2国际规范的对比

为了比较表4中的结果来分析数据，研究中使用了欧洲EN 1922-1-1，ACI 318-2和JSCE标准的抗剪设计公式，这就决定了极限抗剪承载力取决于混凝土的抗压强度和抗剪箍筋的数量。结果列于表5和表6中。在所有的分析计算中，都使用了混凝土的有效性能（表3）以及将所有适用的安全系数设置为1.这包括在欧洲规范EN1922-2-2中?Rd,c因素中设置γM=1。重要的是要理解表6中，螺旋箍筋理论上的抗剪强度是用来自各自规范的公式计算出的，而不是采用Turmo，Clarke，Birjandi的效率因子将其计算为0.977，（u=2,.5）和0.959，（u=3）。

极限剪切的理论值和实验值的比值V theo/V exp列于表8中和图7中。对于传统的箍筋来说，所有的比值都小于1。，此外，JSCE中二者之间的比值也接近于1，尤其对于λ=3的试件。只有EC2的值略微超过1。然而，平均值都要比1小，这表明了计算公式对于箍筋的布置仍然是有效的，而且小的修正也是必要的。很显然，更多的研究应该设置水平倾斜和垂直倾斜的边界，在它们之间公式仍然有效。

4.3竖直挠度的测量

图8给出了λ=2.5的CVC1普通箍筋梁和螺旋箍筋梁的跨中挠度测试值。在这些图中，挠度是两种形式（传统—螺旋）中的两种梁（L1—L2）的挠度。很显然，螺旋箍筋的使用对于挠度没有影响。因为挠度是有弯矩驱动而不是剪力驱动，这是显而易见的。对于λ=3的相同的结论也可以得出。SCC1—CVC1的对比显示出SCC梁有较大的挠度，可以从表3中的抗压强度值以及杨氏模量和抗压强度之间的关系得出这完全可以归因于SCC1相比CVC1混合

物来说有较小的杨氏模量。

4.4静力实验中裂缝的扩展

作为一个示例，图9显示了传统箍筋CVC1梁在λ=3时裂缝的扩展。然而，这些结果对于所有传统箍筋梁来说都是有代表性的。第一种弯曲裂缝出现在F=50KN。直到F=100KN，这些裂缝长度增加但是在裂缝宽度上只增加了一点。在F=130KN时，第一条剪切裂缝开始出现在剪跨区。随着荷载的持续增加，弯曲裂缝保持完好，剪力裂缝一个减少的角度对着荷载点向上发展。在F=170KN时，两端的临界斜裂缝都产生。从这个荷载点直到失效，裂缝形式保持相当稳定，除了受压区主要斜裂缝的扩展和支座劈裂裂缝的形成之外。失效时，恰破坏。此外，裂缝的扩展在梁的两边都可以监测到，而且在这项实验中，两边的裂缝形式都是相同的。以下将解释，这种情况不适用于螺旋箍筋梁。

图10显示了CVC1螺旋箍筋梁λ=3的裂缝发展形式。试验结果对于所有的螺旋箍筋梁都是有代表性的。然而，综观整个实验，虽然临界裂缝是对称的，两边的裂缝形式却是不相同的。出于这种原因，一边的裂缝用红色描述，另一边裂缝用黑色描述。

第一条弯曲裂缝出现在F=50KN，这些裂缝的位置不是对称的。直到F=100KN，这些裂缝长度增加但是在裂缝宽度上只增加了一点，在F=100KN时，所有的弯曲裂缝形成。在F=130KN时，第一条剪切裂缝开始出现在剪跨区。随着荷载的持续增加，弯曲裂缝保持完好，剪力裂缝一个减少的角度对着荷载点向上发展。在F=150KN时，临界剪切裂缝形成，并与箍筋保持平行。在F=170KN时，两端的临界斜裂缝都产生。然而，箍筋的方向确实影响了裂缝的形成和扩展。

只有在F=170KN，临界裂缝在另一边是可见的，然而，箍筋和裂缝是不平行的。失效时，临界裂缝的混凝土区域被压碎，抗剪箍筋屈服，混凝土在较小的配筋率下产生脆性破坏。需要引起重视的是，裂缝形式虽然不是两边对称的，但临界裂缝是对称的。

通过观察梁两边的裂缝形式，在大部分测试中，裂缝在不同的位置产生和扩展取决于螺旋箍筋的有效位置。然而，在失效之前，裂缝形式重新分配，它的失效机理与传统箍筋的失效机理实际上是一致的，这就解释了系统的有效性。

4.5静态实验中裂缝宽度的发展

正如上述所提到的那样，图9和图10的失效机理对于所有的梁都是有代表性的，据观察，SCC梁具有更多和更密集的裂缝。因此，平均的裂缝宽度也较小。图11给出了这种效果的示例，显示了CVC和SCC试验梁左边和右边临界裂缝的宽度（看图9和图10）。对于这些非垂直裂缝，裂缝宽度取中间高度的裂缝。很显然，对于大部分试验，在正常使用极限状态下，SCC的裂缝宽度明显低于CVC的裂缝宽度。这些效果可由过去相似的SCC/CVC的对照试验中观察到。

5．结论

为了评估螺旋箍筋的有效性，24根梁都受到两点加载。实验结果表明在标准情况下，对于剪跨比大的梁，螺旋箍筋梁显示了与普通箍筋梁相同的效果；对于剪跨比小的梁，螺旋箍筋梁的性能不如普通箍筋梁好。用现行的标准，螺旋箍筋梁可以安全地设计使用，因为螺旋箍筋不会产生劳动力的消耗，而且不产生相同的效果。它的使用无论对于计算配筋还是构造配筋都是有利的。试验测试也确认了早期发现的剪跨比是适用的，SCC相比于CVC产生了更有利的裂缝形式。很显然，建立倾角的边界需要更多的试验，因为实验结果只有两组倾斜角度。

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails

液压系统及液压缸-外文翻译

液压传动 第十讲 制动器 力流体动力系统的优秀的特性之一是由电源产生，通过适当的控制和指导，并通过电线传输，就可以轻松转换到几乎任何类型的机械运动所需要用到的地方。使用一个合适的驱动装置，可以获得线性（直线）或者是旋转运动。驱动器是一种转换流体动力机械力和运动的装置。缸、马达和涡轮机是最常见的将流体动力系统应用于驱动设备的类型。这一章描述了各种类型的动作汽缸和他们的应用程序、不同类型的流体汽车和使用流体动力系统的涡轮机。 汽缸 制动汽缸是一种将流体动力转换成线性或直线、力和运动的装置。因为线性运动是沿着一条直线前后移动的往复运动。这种类型的制动器有时被称为一个往复、或线性、电动机。由ram或活塞组成的汽缸在一个圆柱孔内操作。制动汽缸可以安装，以便汽缸被固定在一个固定的结构，ram或活塞被连接到该机制来操作，或者是活塞和ram可能被固定到固定结构，汽缸附加到机械装置来操作。制动汽缸气动和液压系统的设计和操作是类似的。一些变化的ram和活塞式制动汽缸的内容将在后面的段落中描述。 冲压式缸 术语ram和活塞通常可以互换使用。然而，一个冲压式缸通常被认为是一个截面积活塞杆超过一半的截面积活动元件。在大多数这种类型的制动汽缸中，杆和活动元件各占一半。这种类型的活动元件经常被称为柱塞。冲压式缸主要是用来推动而不是拉。一些应用程序需要ram的一部分在平坦的外部来推动或升降单位操作。其他应用程序需要一些机械装置的附件，如一个U型夹或有眼螺栓。冲压式缸的设计在很多其他方面不同，以满足不同应用程序的要求。 单作用千斤顶 单作用千斤顶（如图：10-1）试用力只在一个方向。流体定向的汽缸取代ram 和他外部的弹性元件，将物体举起放在上面。

外文翻译正文

西安工业大学北方信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）中期报告 题目：扬浦大桥毕业设计 系别：建筑工程系 专业：土木工程 班级：B100703 姓名：邵续辉 学号：B10070325 导师：王璐 外文出处：《PAUL QUIGLEY, FGS Irish Geotechnical Services Ltd》 附件：1、原文2、译文 2014年01月03日

Xecution Of Ground Investigation For Earthdesigh And Eworks PAUL QUIGLEY, FGS Irish Geotechnical Services Ltd ABSTRACT The design and execution of ground investigation works for earthwork projects has become increasingly important as the availability of suitable disposal areas becomes limited and costs of importing engineering fill increase. An outline of ground investigation methods which can augment ‘traditional investigation methods’ particularly for glacial till / boulder clay soils is presented. The issue of ‘geotechnical certification’ is raised and recommendations outlined on its merits for incorporation with ground investigations and earthworks. KAYWARDS：earthwork investgation geotechnical certification 1. INTRODUCTION The investigation and re-use evaluation of many Irish boulder clay soils presents difficulties for both the geotechnical engineer and the road design engineer. These glacial till or boulder clay soils are mainly of low plasticity and have particle sizes ranging from clay to boulders. Most of our boulder clay soils contain varying proportions of sand, gravel, cobbles and boulders in a clay or silt matrix. The amount of fines governs their behaviour and the silt content makes it very weather susceptible. Moisture contents can be highly variable ranging from as low as 7% for the hard grey black Dublin boulder clay up to 20-25% for Midland, South-West and North-West light grey boulder clay deposits. The ability of boulder clay soils to take-in free water is well established and poor planning of earthworks often amplifies this. The fine soil constituents are generally sensitive to small increases in moisture content which often lead to loss in strength and render the soils unsuitable for re-use as engineering fill. Many of our boulder clay soils (especially those with intermediate type silts and fine sand matrix) have been rejected at the selection stage, but good planning shows that they can in fact fulfil specification requirements in terms of compaction and strength. The selection process should aim to maximise the use of locally available soils and with careful evaluation it is possible to use or incorporate ‘poor or marginal soils’ within fill

液压马达外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文资料 In recent years, the hydraulic motor with brachytely and big torsional moment has great changes, the new structure continuously appears. But, all these hydraulic motors can be divided into two broad categories of single and multi-role according to the role of the number of plunger in each turn. The motors also can be divided into radial and horizontal direction according to the arrangement of the plunger. And the radial motors can be divided into different types according to structure and the summon power way of the plunger. No matter single and multi-role, the plug-hole of radial-piston hydraulic motor is equated by circle, arrayed radial. The plunger displaced by the impulse of pressure oil, then the volume of the cylinder changed, the summon power formed the rotation of the motor, all of these above are the mechanism of action of the motors. The rotor of the single role hydraulic motor has a circle of rotation, each plunger worker once reciprocation. The principal axis is eccentric axis in all the radial-piston hydraulic motors. The multi-role hydraulic motor had a guide rail curve, whose numbers are the action times. The rotor had a circle of rotation, the plunger worker many times reciprocal at the same time. The radial motors can be divided into several categories of plunger, ball blocker, blade. The structure of the single-role motors is simpler, the machine element number of it is less, the technology is better, and the cost is less. But the structure dimension of the single-role motor is longer than the multi-role motor in the same displacement each turn (or output torsional moment), and the single-role motor also have fluctuation of the output torsional moment and rotary speed.The homonymy high-pressure column tune of the single-role motor had major radial unbalance force that causes the brachytely stabilization of the motor became worse. Only increasing the capacity of the bearing, it can meet the requirements of the operating life of the bearing at the same time.

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

液压系统外文资料翻译

外文资料译文 液压系统 绪论 液压站又称液压泵站，是独立的液压装置。 它按逐级要求供油。并控制液压油流的方向、压力和流量，适用于主机与液压装置可分离的各种液压机械上。 用户购后只要将液压站与主机上的执行机构（油缸或油马达）用油管相连，液压机械即可实现各种规定的动作和工作循环。 液压站是由泵装置、集成块或阀组合、油箱、电气盒组合而成。各部件功能为： 泵装置－－上装有电机和油泵，是液压站的动力源，将机械能转化为液压油的压力能。 集成块－－由液压阀及通道体组装而成。对液压油实行方向、压力和流量调节。 阀组合－－板式阀装在立板上，板后管连接，与集成块功能相同。 油箱－－板焊的半封闭容器，上还装有滤油网、空气滤清器等，用来储油、油的冷却及过滤。 电气盒－－分两种型式。一种设置外接引线的端子板；一种配置了全套控制电器。 液压站的工作原理：电机带动油泵转动，泵从油箱中吸油供油，将机械能转化为液压站的压力能，液压油通过集成块（或阀组合）实现了方向、压力、流量调节后经外接管路并至液压机械的油缸或油马达中，从而控制液动机方向的变换、力量的大小及速度的快慢，推动各种液压机械做功。 1.1发展历程 我国液压（含液力，下同）、气动和密封件工业发展历程，大致可分为三个阶

段，即：20世纪50年代初到60年代初为起步阶段；60~70年代为专业化生产体系成长阶段；80~90年代为快速发展阶段。其中，液压工业于50年代初从机床行业生产仿苏的磨床、拉床、仿形车床等液压传动起步，液压元件由机床厂的液压车间生产，自产自用。进入60年代后，液压技术的应用从机床逐渐推广到农业机械和工程机械等领域，原来附属于主机厂的液压车间有的独立出来，成为液压件专业生产厂。到了60年代末、70年代初，随着生产机械化的发展，特别是在为第二汽车制造厂等提供高效、自动化设备的带动下，液压元件制造业出现了迅速发展的局面，一批中小企业也成为液压件专业制造厂。1968年中国液压元件年产量已接近20万件；1973年在机床、农机、工程机械等行业，生产液压件的专业厂已发展到100余家，年产量超过100万件，一个独立的液压件制造业已初步形成。这时，液压件产品已从仿苏产品发展为引进技术与自行设计相结合的产品，压力向中、高压发展，并开发了电液伺服阀及系统，液压应用领域进一步扩大。气动工业的起步比液压稍晚几年，到1967年开始建立气动元件专业厂，气动元件才作为商品生产和销售。含橡塑密封、机械密封和柔性石墨密封的密封件工业，50年代初从生产普通O型圈、油封等挤压橡塑密封和石棉密封制品起步，到60年代初，开始研制生产机械密封和柔性石墨密封等制品。70年代，在原燃化部、一机部、农机部所属系统内，一批专业生产厂相继成立，并正式形成行业，为密封件工业的发展成长奠定了基础。 进入80年代，在国家改革开放的方针指引下，随着机械工业的发展，基础件滞后于主机的矛盾日益突出，并引起各有关部门的重视。为此，原一机部于1982年组建了通用基础件工业局，将原有分散在机床、农业机械、工程机械等行业归口的液压、气动和密封件专业厂，统一划归通用基础件局管理，从而使该行业在规划、投资、引进技术和科研开发等方面得到基础件局的指导和支持。从此进入了快速发展期，先后引进了60余项国外先进技术，其中液压40余项、气动7项，经消化吸收和技术改造，现均已批量生产，并成为行业的主导产品。近年来，行业加大了技术改造力度，1991~1998年国家、地方和企业自筹资金总投入共约20多亿元，其中液压16亿多元。经过技术改造和技术攻关，一批主要企业技术水平进一步提高，工艺装备得到很大改善，为形成高起点、专业化、批量生产打下了良好基础。近几年，在国家多种所有制共同发展的方针指引下，不同所有制的中小企业迅猛崛起，呈现出

液压机外文翻译文献

液压机外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： The Analysis of Cavitation Problems in the Axial Piston Pump shu Wang Eaton Corporation, 14615 Lone Oak Road, Eden Prairie, MN 55344 This paper discusses and analyzes the control volume of a piston bore constrained by the valve plate in axial piston pumps. The vacuum within the piston bore caused by the rise volume needs to be compensated by the flow; otherwise, the low pressure may cause the cavitations and aerations. In the research, the valve plate geometry can be optimized by some analytical limitations to prevent the piston pressure below the vapor pressure. The limitations provide the design guide of the timings and

overlap areas between valve plate ports and barrel kidneys to consider the cavitations and aerations. _DOI: 10.1115/1.4002058_ Keywords: cavitation , optimization, valve plate, pressure undershoots 1 Introduction In hydrostatic machines, cavitations mean that cavities or bubbles form in the hydraulic liquid at the low pressure and collapse at the high pressure region, which causes noise, vibration, and less efficiency. Cavitations are undesirable in the pump since the shock waves formed by collapsed may be strong enough to damage components. The hydraulic fluid will vaporize when its pressure becomes too low or when the temperature is too high. In practice, a number of approaches are mostly used to deal with the problems: (1) raise the liquid level in the tank, (2) pressurize the tank, (3) booster the inlet pressure of the pump, (4) lower the pumping fluid temperature, and (5) design deliberately the pump itself. Many research efforts have been made on cavitation phenomena in hydraulic machine designs. The cavitation is classified into two types in piston pumps: trapping phenomenon related one (which can be prevented by the proper design of the valve plate)and the one observed on the layers after the contraction or enlargement of flow passages (caused by rotating group designs) in Ref. (1). The relationship between the cavitation and the measured cylinder pressure is addressed in this study. Edge and Darling (2) reported an experimental study of the cylinder pressure within an axial piston pump. The inclusion of fluid momentum effects and cavitations within the cylinder bore are predicted at both high speed and high load conditions. Another study in Ref. (3) provides an overview of hydraulic fluid impacting on the inlet condition and cavitation potential. It indicates that

建筑-外文翻译

外文文献： Risk Analysis of the International Construction Project By: Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Cost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009 ABSTRACT This analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong. KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof

市场类中英文对照翻译

原文来源：李海宏《Marketing Customer Satisfaction》[A].2012中国旅游分销高峰论坛.[C].上海 Marketing Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 Since the 20th century, since the late eighties, the customer satisfaction strategy is increasingly becoming business has more customers share the overall business competitive advantage means. 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 First, customer satisfaction strategy is to get a modern enterprise customers, "money votes" magic weapon 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 With the changing times, the great abundance of material wealth of society, customers in the main --- consumer demand across the material has a lack of time, the number of times the pursuit, the pursuit of quality time to the eighties of the 20th century entered the era of the end consumer sentiment. In China, with rapid economic development, we have rapidly beyond the physical absence of the times, the pursuit of the number of times and even the pursuit of quality and age of emotions today gradually into the consumer era. Spending time in the emotion, the company's similar products have already reached the same time, homogeneous, with the energy, the same price, consumers are no longer pursue the quality, functionality and price, but the comfort, convenience, safety, comfort, speed, jump action, environmental protection, clean, happy,

液压系统液压传动和气压传动毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 液压系统 液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年英国约瑟夫?布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在伦敦用水作为工作介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油，又进一步得到改善。 第一次世界大战(1914-1918)后液压传动广泛应用，特别是1920年以后，发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在 19 世纪末 20 世纪初的20年间，才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925 年维克斯(F.Vikers)发明了压力平衡式叶片泵,为近代液压元件工业或液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础。20 世纪初康斯坦丁?尼斯克(G?Constantimsco)对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究;1910年对液力传动(液力联轴节、液力变矩器等)方面的贡献，使这两方面领域得到了发展。 第二次世界大战(1941-1945)期间,在美国机床中有30%应用了液压传动。应该指出,日本液压传动的发展较欧美等国家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速发展液压传动,1956 年成立了“液压工业会”。近20～30 年间，日本液压传动发展之快，居世界领先地位。 液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用非常广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。 一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元

论文外文翻译正文

Technique summary on the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel Abstract.This paper discusses in length the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel lies on the left side of the dam. Its main task is to diverse the water so that the construction on the dam can be fulfilled successfully. On one hand, it tells us how to build the plane (two-dimensional) control network and how to conduct the horizontal displacement; on the other hand, it tells us how to set up the vertical control network and how to carry out the vertical displacement. Keywords:diversion tunnel, high side-slope, deformation monitoring, Horizontal displacement, vertical displacement 1 Introduction to the diversion tunnel The diversion tunnel and its related projects lies on the opposite side of the underground workplace, namely, the left bank of the Shuibuya Valley. Its natural slope is 255 meters high, consisting of soft rocks and hard rocks. The geological structure is so complicated. Specifically speaking, the slope contains two parts, with the above part hard and the below part soft; meanwhile, it also contains lots of fissures. To protect the worker’s safety during the construction period, it is quite necessary to carry out the rigorous monitoring towards the high side-slope. 2 Coordinate system (1)Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System, 1954; (2)Wusong Altitude system, 1956; (3)Gauss projection 3° Zone; (4)Central Meridian 111°. 3 Introdution to deformation of Structures When the structure is being constructed and in use, so many factors will cause five phenomena, such as: structure subsidence, structure displacement, structure oblique and structure fissure etc. These factors mainly include: the uneven geological component of the foundation, the difference of the physical attribute of the soil, the rigid deformation of the soil, the change in the underground water, the change of the atmospheric temperature, the self