2021年高三上学期第一次周考物理试题 含答案

2021年高三上学期第一次周考物理试题含答案

一、选择题(每小题6分，共48分)

1．战斗机进行空中加油时，战斗机飞行员以下列哪个物体为参考系，可以认为加油机是运动的( )

图D1-1

A．战斗机

B．旁边的云彩

C．加油机中的飞行员

D．飞行员自身

2．在变速直线运动中，下面关于速度和加速度关系的说法正确的是( )

A．加速度与速度无必然联系

B．速度减小时，加速度也一定减小

C．速度为零，加速度也一定为零

D．速度增大时，加速度也一定增大

3．蹦床运动要求运动员在一张绷紧的弹性网上蹦起、腾空并做空中运动．为了测量运动员跃起的高度，训练时可在弹性网上安装压力传感器，利用传感器记录弹性网所受的压力，并在计算机上作出压力—时间图像，假如作出的图像如图D1-2所示．设运动员在空中运动时可视为质点，则运动员跃起的最大高度是(g取10 m/s2)( )

图D1-2

A．1.8 m B．3.6 m C．5.0 m D．7.2 m

4．一物体做加速直线运动，依次通过A、B、C三点，AB＝BC.物体在AB段加速度为a1，

在BC段加速度为a2，物体在A、C两点的速度分别为v A、v C，且物体在B点的速度为v B＝v A＋v C

2

，

则( )

A．a1＞a2 B．a1＝a2

C．a1＜a2 D．不能确定

5．xx·福建师大附中模拟一辆公共汽车进站后开始刹车，做匀减速直线运动．开始刹车后的第1 s内和第2 s内位移大小依次为9 m和7 m，则刹车后6 s内的位移是( ) A．20 m B．24 m

C．25 m D．75 m

6．(多选)a、b两车在平直公路上沿同方向行驶，其v-t图像如图D1-3所示，在t＝0时，b车在a车前方距离为x0处，在t1时间内，a车的位移为s，则下列说法中正确的是( )

图D1-3

A．若a、b在t1时刻相遇，则x0＝2 3 x

B．若a、b在t1

2

时刻相遇，则下次相遇时刻为2t1

C．若a、b在t1

2

时刻相遇，则x0＝

x

2

D．若a、b在t1时刻相遇，则下次相遇时刻为2t1

7．xx·衡水调研a、b、c三个物体在同一条直线上运动，三个物体的x-t图像如图D1-4所示，c的图像是一条抛物线，坐标原点是抛物线的顶点，下列说法中正确的是( )

图D1-4

A．a、b两物体都做匀速直线运动，两个物体的速度相同

B．a、b两物体都做匀变速直线运动，两个物体的加速度大小相等，方向相反

C．在0～5 s内，当t＝5 s时，a、b两个物体相距最近

D．物体c一定做变速直线运动

8．一步行者以6.0 m/s的速度跑去追赶被红灯阻停的公交车，在跑到距公交车25 m处时，绿灯亮了，公交车以1.0 m/s2的加速度匀加速启动前进，则( )

A．人能追上公交车，追上车前人跑了36 m

B．人不能追上公交车，人、车最近距离为7 m

C．人能追上公交车，追上车前人跑了43 m

D ．人不能追上公交车，且车开动后，人、车相距越来越远 二、实验题(17分)

9．xx·湖北襄阳模拟物理小组的同学用如图D1-5甲所示的实验器材测定重力加速度，实验器材有：底座、带有标尺的竖直杆、光电门1和2组成的光电计时器(其中光电门1更靠近小球释放点)，小球释放器(可使小球由静止释放)、网兜．实验时可用光电计时器测量小球从光电门1运动至光电门2的时间t ，并从竖直杆上读出两光电门间的距离h .

图D1-5

(1)使用游标卡尺测量小球的直径如图乙所示，则小球直径为________cm.

(2)改变光电门1的位置，保持光电门2的位置不变，小球经过光电门2的速度为v ，不考虑空气阻力，小球的加速度为重力加速度g ，则h 、t 、g 、v 四个物理量之间的关系为h ＝________．

(3)根据实验数据作出h t

-t 图线，若图线斜率的绝对值为k ，根据图线可求出重力加速度大小为________．

三、计算题(45分)

10．(22分)如图D1-6所示，小球甲从倾角θ＝30°的光滑斜面上高h ＝5 cm 的A 点由静止释放，同时小球乙从C 点以速度v 0沿光滑水平面向左匀速运动，C 点与斜面底端B 处的距离L ＝0.4 m ．若甲滑下后能通过斜面底部的光滑小圆弧平稳地朝乙追去，且甲释放后经过

t ＝1 s 刚好追上乙，求乙的速度v 0的大小．(g 取10 m/s 2)

图D1-6

11．(23分)xx·黄冈期末某人在相距10 m的A、B两点间练习折返跑，他在A点由静止出发跑向B点，到达B点后立即返回A点．设加速过程和减速过程都是匀变速运动，加速过程和减速过程的加速度大小分别是4 m/s2和8 m/s2，运动过程中的最大速度为4 m/s，从B 点返回的过程中达到最大速度后即保持该速度匀速运动到A点，求：

(1)从B点返回A点的过程中以最大速度运动的时间；

(2)从A点运动到B点与从B点运动到A点的平均速度的大小之比．

参考答案

1．B 空中加油时加油机与战斗机保持相对静止，以战斗机、加油机中的飞行员、战斗机里的飞行员为参考系，加油机都是静止的；以旁边的云彩为参考系，加油机是运动的，故B 正确.

2．A

3．C 从题目中的F -t 图可以看出，运动员脱离弹性网后腾空的时间为t 1＝2.0 s ，则运动员上升到最大高度所用的时间为t 2＝1.0 s ，所以上升的最大高度h ＝12gt 2

2＝5.0 m ，选项

C 正确．

4．C 依题意作出物体运动的v -t 图像，如图所示．图线与t 轴所围成的面积表示物体的位移，由几何知识可知图线②、③不满足AB ＝BC ，只能是图线①这种情况，因为斜率表示加速度，所以a 1＜a 2，选项C 正确.

5．C 由Δx ＝aT 2得a ＝－2 m/s 2

，由v 0t ＋12at 2＝x 1得v 0＝10 m/s ，汽车刹车时间t m ＝

0－v 0a ＝5 s ＜6 s ，故刹车后6 s 内的位移为x ＝0－v 2

2a

＝25 m ，选项C 正确．

6．AC 由图可知a 车的初速度等于2v 0，在t 1时间内发生的位移为x ，则b 车的位移为

x

3.若a 、b 在t 1时刻相遇，则x 0＝x －x 3＝2

3x 之后v b >v a ，两车不可能再次相遇，选项D 错误，选项A 正确；若a 、b 在t 12时刻相遇，则图中阴影部分的面积即为x 0，即x 0＝34×23x ＝x

2，由图

像的对称关系可知下次相遇时刻为t 1＋t 12＝3

2

t 1，选项C 正确，选项B 错误．

7．D 由位移—时间图像知，a 、b 两物体的运动方向相反，都做匀速直线运动，速度大小相同，选项A 、B 错误；a 、b 两物体从同一点出发，向相反方向运动，t ＝5 s 时，两物体

相距最远，选项C 错误；c 的图像是一条过原点的抛物线，故其函数关系为x ＝kt 2

，由运动学公式可知，该物体做匀加速直线运动，选项D 正确．

8．B 当公交车加速到6.0 m/s 时，人、车两者相距最近，加速时间t ＝v a ＝6.0

1.0

s ＝6 s ，

人运动的距离x 1＝vt ＝6×6 m ＝36 m ，公交车运动的距离x 2＝12

at 2

＝18 m ，两者的最近距离Δ

x ＝x 2＋x 0－x 1＝7 m ，人不能追上公交车，且车开动后，人、车之间的距离先变小后变大，选

项B 正确．

9．(1)1.170 (2)－12

gt 2

＋vt (3)2k

(1)根据20分度游标卡尺的读数原则可得，小球的直径为d ＝(11＋0.05×11) mm ＝1.155 cm ；

(2)依据自由落体运动规律和匀变速直线运动的平均速度公式列式求解，设小球从释放点到光电门1所经历的时间为t 0，在光电门1处时小球的速度为v 0，则有h ＝v 0＋v

2

t ，v ＝g (t 0

＋t )，v 0＝gt ，联立解得h ＝vt －12

gt 2

；

(3)由k ＝1

2g 得g ＝2k .

10．0.4 m/s

设小球甲在光滑斜面上运动的加速度为a ，运动的时间为t 1，运动到B 处时的速度为v 1，从B 处到追上小球乙所用的时间为t 2，则a ＝g sin 30°＝5 m/s 2

由

h

sin 30°＝12

at 2

1得t 1＝0.2 s ，

则t 2＝t －t 1＝0.8 s ，v 1＝at 1＝1 m/s 甲刚好追上乙时，有v 0t ＋L ＝v 1t 2， 解得v 0＝0.4 m/s. 11．(1)2 s (2)12

13

(1)设此人从静止到加速至最大速度时所用的时间为t 1，加速运动的位移大小为x 1，从B 点返回A 点的过程中做匀速运动的时间为t 2，由运动学公式可得

v m ＝a 1t 1 x 1＝v m

2

t 1

L －x 1＝ v m t 2

联立解得t 2＝2 s.

(2)设此人从A 点运动到B 点的过程中做匀速运动的时间为t 3，减速运动的位移大小为x 2，减速运动的时间为t 4，由运动学方程可得

v m ＝a 2t 4 x 2＝v m

2

t 4

L －x 1－x 2＝ v m t 3 v AB v BA ＝t 1＋t 2

t 1＋t 3＋t 4

联立解得

v AB v BA ＝12

13

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