(完整版)化学专业英语常用词汇
☆常用： ppm: parts per million
ppb: parts per billion pH: potential of hydrogen
1. 化合物的命名：规则：金属(或某些非金属)元素+阴离子名称
(1)MgCl2 magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj ?m] chloride (2)NaNO2 sodium nitrite [‘naitrait]
(3)KNO3 potassium[p ?’t?si ?m] nitrate [‘naitreit] (4)硝酸 nitric acid
(5)NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate
练习：
? FeBr2 ? (NH4)2SO4 ? NH4H2PO4
?KMnO4
?亚硫酸
?sulfurous acid
?H2S
?NO
2 有机物命名
?Hydrocarbon
?{Aliphatic hydrocarbon; Aromatic Hydrocarbon}
?Aliphatic hydrocarbon (脂肪烃)
?{Alkane (烷); Alkene(烯); Alkyne(炔)}
?Alcohol 醇
?Aldehyde 醛
?Ketone [‘ki:t?un] 酮
?Carboxylic acid 羧酸
?Aromatic hydrocarbon(芳香烃)
?{benzene (苯) hydroxybenzene(酚) quinone(醌)
无机物中关于数字的写法
mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-
一，二，三，四，五，六，七，八，九，十
有机物中关于数字的写法
meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-,
甲乙丙丁戊已
hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, cyclo-, poly-
庚辛壬葵环聚
练习
?甲烷乙炔
?丙酮丁醇
?戊烷己烯
?庚醛辛烷
?2-甲基壬酸 3,5-二乙基癸醇
Lithium [‘liθi?m] n.锂
Beryllium [b?’rilj?m] n.铍(Be)
Sodium [‘s?udi?m] n.钠
Potassium [p?’t?si?m] 钾
Rubidium [ru:’bidi?m] 铷
Caesium [‘si:zi?m] 铯
Nucleus[‘nju:kli s] 原子核，是nuclear的复数
Halogen[‘h?l?d??n] 卤素
general chemistry 普通化学
positive[‘p?z?tiv] ion 阳离子
orbital electron 轨道电子
effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷
atomic radius 原子半径，raddi的复数
ionic radius 离子半径
negative ion 阴离子
electron cloud 电子云
Van der Waals non-bounded radius
单质分子晶体中相邻分子间两个非键合原子核间距离的一半称为范德华半径
metallic [mi’t?lik] character[‘k?rikt?] 金属特性
electropositive [I’lektr?u’p?z?tiv] a.带正电的
Ionization [‘ai?nai’zei??n] energy 电离能
carbon 碳 germanium[d??:’meini?m] 锗
tin [tin] 锡 lead [led] 铅
sodium[‘s?udi?m] 钠 magnesium[m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] 镁silicon [‘silik?n] 硅 chlorine [’kl?:ri:n] 氯nonmetallic [‘n?nmi’t?lik]adj.n.非金属的，非金属
Electronegativity 电负性
Metallic oxide 金属氧化物
Metallic hydroxide [hai’dr?ksaid] 金属氢氧化物
Hydroxyl [hai‘dr?ksil] ions 氢氧根离子
insoluble[in’s?ljubl] 不溶解的
Ionic [ai‘?nik] adj. 离子的
Transition element 过渡元素
Basicity [b?’sisiti] n. 碱性，碱度
Oxyacid [,?ksi’?sid] 含氧酸
Carbonate [‘kɑ:b?neit] 碳酸盐
Nitrate [‘naitreit] 硝酸盐
Sulphate [‘s?lfeit] 硫酸盐 = sulfate
Amphoteric [,?mf?’terik] adj.两性的
Acid [‘?sid] n. adj.
alkali [‘?lk?lai] n.adj.
Hydration [hai’drei??n] 水合作用
Hydrolyze [‘haidr?laiz] vi. 水解
Oxysalt [‘?ksis?:lt] 含氧酸盐
Complex 络合物，复合物
句子理解
1) Metals are electropositive and have a tendency to loss electrons, if supplied
with energy: M M+ + e. 金属是电正性的，如果供给能量，有失去电子的趋势。
2) The stronger this tendency, the more electropositive and more metallic an
element is. （元素失电子）趋势越强，其电正性和金属性越强。
3) Thus sodium and magnesium are more metallic than silicon, which in turn, is
more metallic than chlorine. 因此，钠和镁的金属性比硅强，以此类推，硅的金属性比氯强。Which 引导非限定定语从句，修饰Silicon
4) Oxides, which are insoluble in water, are regarded as basic if they react with
acids to form salts. 不溶于水的氧化物，如果和酸能够反应生成盐，则认为是碱性的。
5) Weakly electropositive elements are unaffected by water and are much less
readily attacked by acids. 弱电正性的金属不与水反应，且不易与酸反应
6) Salts of strongly electropositive metals have little tendency to
form oxysalts. 强电正性的金属盐水解形成含氧酸盐的趋势很小。
It is + adj.+ to：It is advantageous to work at lower temperature ?It is possible to do sth.
?It seems advantageous to do sth.
?It appears useful to do sth.
?It proves correct to do sth.
?It becomes obvious to do sth.
?It is important to do sth.
?It is clear to do sth. （明显的）
?It is apparent to do sth.（显而易见的）
?It is necessary (for us) to know how to convert energy from one form into another.
It is + adj. + that
?It is apparent that the difference between elements is in the structure of their atoms.
?It is important that the polymerization proceeds under nitrogen atmosphere
It is + 过去分词+ that
It is + believed + that
（accepted、mentioned、proposed、found、supposed、recommended、known）
e.g. It is found that oxygen plays an important role in the reaction
It is + 名词（动名词）+ that
(1) It is worth noting (mentioning) that ……值得一提的是……
e.g. It is worth noting that the polymer is highly soluble inorganic solvents.
(2) It is no use that
(3) It is a fact that ……事实上
It +不及物动词+ tha
1) It turns out that……（seems、appears）
2) It follows that……由此可见…..
3) It goes without saying that…... 毫无疑问……
e.g. It goes without saying that the material does not have good stability in air.
It +系动词+ that （被动句型，See P29)
?It is considered that ……….
（understood、supposed、suggested 、noticed、preferred ）
?It is generally recognized that ……
?It can be foreseen that ……
?It must be stressed that……
?It has been shown that ……
Vocabulary
‘ɡ?lv?naiz]vt.通电流于；电镀;镀锌于
iron[‘ai?n] 铁 Zinc [zi?k] 锌
rusting [r?sti?] n 生锈
anodic [?’n?dik] adj. 阳极的
Scratch [skr?t?] vt. & vi.擦伤，刮伤
Sacrifice [‘s?krifais] n. vt. & vi.牺牲, 舍身
Magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] n.镁
Pipeline [’paiplain] n.管道, 管线
hull [h?l] n.船体, 船身
Consolidate [k?n’s?lideit] vt. & vi.(使)巩固; (使)加强;合并，统一
hydrogen[‘haidr?d??n] 氢
Copper [‘k?p?] 铜
Disproportionate [‘dispr?’p?:??nit] adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化
需掌握的词汇
Oxidation-reduction reaction 氧化还原反应
iron[‘ai?n] 铁 Zinc [zi?k] 锌
Forward reaction 正向反应
spontaneous [sp?n’teini?s] reaction自发反应
anodic protection 阳极保护
Magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] n.镁
Reduction potential 还原电势
Strong oxidizing、reducing agent 强氧化/还原剂
Standard electrode potential 标准电极电势
hydrogen[‘haidr?d??n] 氢
Thermodynamic functions 热力学函数
Free energy吉布斯自由能
Copper [‘k?p?] 铜
Disproportionate [‘dispr?’p?:??nit] adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化
Self-oxidizing/reducing agent 自氧化（还原）剂
Ferrous 亚铁
Ferric 三价铁
句子理解
1)Oxidation is the removal of electrons from, and reduction is the addition of
electrons to an atom.氧化反应是原子失去电子，而还原反应是原子得到电子。
2)Consider the galvanizing of iron, that is coating from with zinc to prevent
rusting.（关于）铁的电镀，是用锌作镀层来防止铁锈生成。
3)If the galvanized steel （镀锌钢材）is scratched, allowing the air to oxidize
some iron, the Fe2+ produced is immediately reduced to iron by the zinc, and rusting does not occur.如果镀锌钢材被刮伤，部分铁被空气氧化，生成的Fe2+（可以）立即被锌还原成铁，这样避免了锈蚀。
4)This information is consolidated into a single diagram, in which the highest
oxidation state is written at the left, and the lowest state at the right.
这一知识（可以）统一为专门的图示，即高氧化态写在左边，低氧化态写在右边。
5)M aterials which are generally accepted as oxidizing agents have E0 values above
+0.8 Volts, those such as Fe3+→Fe2+ of about 0.8volts are stable (equally oxidizing and reducing), and those below 0.8 volts becoming increasingly reducing.通常作为氧化剂的材料其（还原电势）E0大于0.8V，以及那些如Fe3+→Fe2+等于0.8V的材料是稳定的（氧化和还原反应趋势相等），而那些还原电势低于0.8V的材料还原性增加。
6)Since the zinc reaction in the forward reaction produces a larger negative
potential, that is liberates more energy, the spontaneous reaction is……
由于锌的正向反应产生较大的负电势，也即释放较多能量，则自发反应是……
Vocabulary
’tr?uli?m] 石油
Geologic[d?i?’l?d?ik] adj.地质(学)的
Prohibitive[pr?’hibitiv] adj.禁止的，抑制的
Homologous [h?’m?l?ɡ?s]adj.相应的，类似的，同源的
Ingenuity[‘?nd?i’njuiti] n.机灵, 独创性, 精巧, 灵活性
Terminology[‘t?:mi’n?l?d?i] n.术语学
Acquisition [‘?kwi’zi??n]n.获得，获得物
Nomenclature [n?u’me?kl?t??] n.命名法，术语
Systematize[‘sistim?taiz] v. 系统化
Procurement [pr?’kju?ment]n.获得，取得
Lubricant [‘lju:brik?nt]n.润滑剂
Aliphatic [‘?li’f?tik] adj. 脂肪族的
Aromatic [‘?r?u’m?tik] adj. 芳香物族的
benzene[‘benzi:n] n.苯
biological [‘bai?’l?d?ik?l] adj.生物学的
isolation[‘ais?’lei??n] n.隔绝, 孤立, 离析
Elaborate [I’l?b?reit] adj. 精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细 vt.精心制作, 详细阐述v.详细描述
Painstaking [‘peinz’teiki?] n.苦干, 辛苦 adj.辛苦的, 辛勤的, 艰苦的
criteria n.标准
empirical [em’pirik?l] adj.完全根据经验的, 经验主义的, [化]实验式
molecular [m?u’lekjul?] adj.分子的, 由分子组成的
coincide [‘k?uin’said] with vi. 一致, 符合
assignment [?’sainm?nt] n. 分配, 委派, 任务, 作业
unambiguous [,?n?m’biɡju?s] adj.不含糊的, 明确的
Standpoint [‘st?ndp?int] n.立场，观点
需要掌握的词和短语
有机化学
organic compound 有机化合物
homologous series of compounds同系物
aliphatic compounds 脂族化合物
aromatic compounds芳香族化合物
benzene derivative 苯衍生物
empirical formula 实验式，经验式
molecular formula 分子式
structural formula 结构式
molecular weight 分子量
qualitative analysis 定性分析
quantitative analysis定量分析
常用短语
●be formed through
●be derived from
●be described as
●be defined as
●be entitled
●be divided into
●In summary
句子理解
1) Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds.
一旦了解了某一特定类或族中典型化合物的结构关系，则可以推断这一族中任一化合物的结构特点，（包括）那些（即使）未知化合物的结构特点。
2) Another important phase of the study of organic chemistry is communication, or exchange of information, among organic chemists.
Study 此处为研究Phase 方面
3) This science of nomenclature [n?u’me?kl?t??] has received considerable attention during the development of organic chemistry, and it will constitute a second important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds to be studied.
这种命名法在有机化学的发展过程中受到相当重视，它将构成研究每一同系物时要考虑的第二个重要主题
4) A third important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds is procurement [pr?’kju?ment] .
与各种同系物相关的第三个主题是（如何）制取（该类物质）。
5) Many organic compounds, as pointed out earlier, are naturally occurring. It is
more often used, however, to mean the chemical process of changing or converting an available compound into the desired compound, either in the laboratory or on a larger scale, as in a manufacturing plant.
合成一词是指由较小的单元构筑某种分子。然而更常用的是指在实验室或生产规模的，由已知物质转化成所要求的某种物质的化学过程。
6) In order that the above conversion of one compound to another may be accomplished, the chemical properties of each compound must be understood.
为使上述转化（由一种物质转化成另一种物质）能够实现，必须了解每一种物质的化学性质。
7) Again, the solution of this problem would be impossible were it not for the fact that the chemical properties of a family of compounds are documented, thus making it possible to predict the chemical properties of any member of the family, even though a particular member may not be a known compound.
再者，如果不是（因为）已经明确同系物的化学性质，使得预测同系物中任一物质、甚至未知物的化学性质成为可能（这一事实），则不可能有解决该问题的方法。
8) Isolation procedures are usually followed by the application of certain criteria of purity to the compound isolated.
分离过程中通常将特定的纯度标准应用于分离出的化合物。
9) The chemist must establish that the isolation procedure has resulted in the elimination of essentially all of the “foreign”molecules from the compound, and that he is dealing with a single molecular species. 化学家必须确定分离过程使大部分异质分子从该化合物中去除，而研究的只是单一分子组成的物质。
10) Extensive chemical and physical methods for establishing the order in which atoms are linked together have been worked out.
已采取大量的物理、化学方法来确定（分子中）原子之间的连接方式。
Vocabulary
‘haibridaiz] v. (使)杂交,杂化
Alkanes [’?lkein] n. 链烷,烷烃
Flora [‘fl?:r?] n.(某地区或某时期的)植物群
Fauna [‘f?:n?] n. 动物群,动物区系,动物志
Phyla [‘fail?] n. (生物分类学上的)门,语群(比语系关系松散的一种语言)(phylum 的复数)
Assimilation [?,simi’lei??n]n.(被)吸收或同化的过程
Segment [‘seɡm?nt] n. 部分, 片段
paraffin[‘p?r?fin]n.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃
divergent [dai’v?:d??nt] adj. 有分歧的; 叉开的
novice[‘n?vis] n. 新手, 初学者
Exasperate[iɡ’zɑ:sp?reit] vt. 激怒, 触怒
charm[t?ɑ:m] n. 魅力, 吸引力魔力, 咒语 vt. 使高兴, 使着迷; 吸引
entrench[in’trent?]vt.牢固地确立…
Suffix [‘s?fiks] n. 后缀, 词尾 vt. 加后缀
Derivative [di’riv?tiv] n. 派生物, 引出物
adj. 模仿他人的; 衍生的; 派生的
Prefix [‘pri:fiks] n. 前缀 vt. 在…前加上
Alkyl [‘?lkil] n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的
Secondary-butyl 仲丁基
tertiary (tert-)[‘t?:??ri] adj. 第三的, 第三级的
Pentyl [‘pentil] n. 戊(烷)基
Isopentyl [,ais?’pentil] n.异戊基
Neopentyl [,ni:?u’pentil] n. 新戊(烷)基
应掌握的词汇和术语
链烷,烷烃
alkene[‘?lki:n] n. 烯烃,链烯
Alkyne[‘?lkain] n.炔
Hybridize [‘haibridaiz] v. (使)杂交,杂化
Derivative [di’riv?tiv] n. 派生物, 引出物
Alkyl [‘?lkil] n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的
Secondary-butyl 仲丁基
tertiary (tert-)[‘t?:??ri] adj. 第三的, 第三级的
Pentyl [‘pentil] n. 戊(烷)基
Isopentyl [,ais?’pentil] n.异戊基
Neopentyl [,ni:?u’pentil] n. 新戊(烷)基
Saturated hydrocarbons 饱和烃
Homologous series同系物
Side chains 侧链，支链
句子理解
1)The classification of compounds into families, in which the members possess
similar structures and similar chemical properties, provides one of the important generalizing principles of organic chemistry.
(有机)化合物分成族的分类方法为有机化学提供了一个重要的普遍法则，(每一族)的所有成员具有相似的结构和化学性质。
2)The first of these families (classes) to be discussed is called the alkanes or
paraffin hydrocarbons, the term paraffin having been chosen because of the general chemical inertness of these compounds (Latin, parum affinis, “slight affinity”).
praffin [‘p?r?fin]n.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃 inertness 惰性
affinis [?‘finis]近缘的 affinity [?’finiti] 密切关系, 亲合力
3)Similarly, the members of any particular class of organic compounds do not show
identical physical or chemical behavior, although, in general, the similarities are striking.
类似地，尽管任何一族有机化合物的成员其物理化学性质不完全一致，但通常它们的相似性是惊人的。
4)By means of : 用，以，依靠
To weld (焊接) metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current. 利用电流产生的热可以焊接金属。
5)by all means的意思是“一定”、“无论如何”、“用一切手段”。
例：You must bring him here by all means．
This project must be realized by all means．
by all means亦可用于回答，表示有礼貌的同意，作“好的”、“当然可以”。
May I have one？—Yes，by all means．我可以拿一个吗？——当然可以。
6)By no means的意思是“决不”，相当于not at all.
She is by no means bright．她一点儿也不聪明。
I will by no means consent．我决不同意。
请注意下列三点：
●by all means和by no means的 means永远用
复数形式。
●by all means与by all manner of means通用；
by no means 可与 by no manner of means换
用，但后者只作特别强调，不如前者普遍。
●by any means的意思是“总之”；
by some means （or other）的意思是“用某
种方式（或方法）”。
7)Locate the longest continuous chain of atoms in the formula for the compound. 找出化合物分子式中最长链的原子
8)Name the compound as a derivative of the hydrocarbon, which corresponds to this
longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.
derivative [di’riv?tiv] adj.引出的 n.派生物, 派生词
命名该化合物为与最长链碳原子数相符的烃衍生物。
9)Locate all side chains by number so that the sum of number has the lowest possible
value.用数字确定所有支链位置，使（支链位置的）数字尽可能有最小值。
10)Name all side chains as prefixes by dropping “ane” from the name of the
hydrocarbon having the same number of carbon atoms as the side chain, and adding “yl”. 把所有支链作为前缀，通过将具有相同碳原子数烃的名字中的-ane去掉后加上-yl来命名该支链。Example: 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylhexane
生词和词组
meθein] n. [化]甲烷, 沼气
Bond angles 键角
parent 父母，根源
fades into 减弱
brethren[‘breer?n] n 弟兄们, 同胞.
Primeval [prai’mi:v?l] adj. 原始的
broth [br?(:) θ] n. 肉汤
M orphine [m?:fi:n] n. 吗啡
peptide [‘peptaid] n. 缩氨酸
symmetrical [si’metrik?l] adj. 对称的, 均匀的
tetrahedral [‘tetr?’hedr?l] adv. 有四面的, 四面体的
depict [di’pikt] vt.描述, 描写
Symmetry [‘simitri] n. 对称, 匀称
Representation [‘reprizen’tei??n] n. 表示法, 表现, 陈述, 请求, 扮演, 画像, 继承, 代表
Fashion [‘f???n] n. 样子, 方式, 流行,vt. 形成, 造, 作, 把...塑造成, 使适应, 使适合, 改变
ideality [‘aidi’?liti] n. 理想
ethane [‘eθein] n. [化]乙烷
Conformational Isomerism 构象异构化
[‘k?nf?:`mei??n?l] adj. [化]构象的
Isomerism [ai’s?m?rizm] n. 异性
three-quarters view 侧视
head-on view 正视
eclipse [I’klips] n. 食, 日蚀, 月蚀, 蒙蔽, 衰落
vt. 引起日蚀, 引起月蚀, 超越, 使黯然失色
stagger [‘st?g?] v. 摇晃, 交错, 摇摆 adj. 交错的
Isomer [‘ais?um?] n. 异构体
subtle [‘sΛtl] adj. 狡猾的, 敏感的, 微妙的, 精细的, 稀薄的
twisting [‘twistiη] 扭曲
Conformers 顺式异构体
Rotamers 旋转异构体
eclipsed conformation 重叠构象
staggered conformation 交叉构象
intuitively 直觉得
interference [’int?‘fi?r?ns] n. 冲突, 干涉
Intramolecular [’intr?m?‘lekjul?] 作用[存在、发生]于分子内的
nonbonded interference 非成键干扰
nonbonded strain 非成键张力
ordinary room temperature 普通室温
interconversion互换现象
conformations构型
interconversion of the conformations 构型互换
需要掌握的词和词组
Methane 甲烷
bond angles键角
molecular formula 分子式
sp3-hybridized carbon atom
symmetrical molecule 对称的分子
tetrahedral symmetry 四面体对称
Ethane乙烷
three-dimensional molecule三维分子
molecular weight 分子量
Isomers 异构体
absolute zero 绝度零度
ordinary room temperatue 普通室温
thermal energy 热能
句子理解
1)It is the smallest stable organic molecule, and its size fades into
insignificance when compared with some of its larger brethren.
它是最小的稳定的有机分子，与其他较大的同系物比较，它的大小显得重要。
fade into 变暗淡，渐渐退去
2)On the basis of abundant experimental evidence, methane is now recognized to
be a symmetrical [si’metrik?l] molecule in which the four hydrogens are attached to the central carbon by tetrahedrally [‘tetr?’hedr?li] directed bonds of equal length.以大量的实验证据为基础，现在认为甲烷是对称分子，其中四个氢原子以相等的长度按照四面体定向连接在中心碳原子上。
3)The hydrogens are said to be equivalent, for each one is related to the remainder
of the molecule in precisely the same fashion.这些氢原子是等价的，因为分子中的每一个氢原子都精确地按照同样的方式与其余原子相联系。
be said to be 被说成是 have to be said 不得不说
4)Two of the bonds in the molecule have slightly more p character than a sp3 hybrid
orbital provides, and two of the bonds have slightly less.分子中的两个键比sp3杂化轨道提供的键具有稍强的P轨道特性，而另外两个键则有稍弱的P轨道特性。
5)Fortunately, the departure from strict tetrahedral geometry is usually no more
than a few degrees in most compounds containing sp3-type-hybridized carbon atoms.幸运地是，在大多数包含sp3杂化碳原子的化合物中，偏离严格意义的四面体几何结构通常不过几度。
not less……than＝不如……不（指不如 less 后形容词的反面）
no less……than＝和……一样（肯定两者）
例：You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细。
You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。
You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。
You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细（你比他粗心）。
You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细（你不如他粗心）。
You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细。
6)Consequently, the general statements containing the structure and chemistry of these compounds need not be significantly modified by these small departures from ideality.
因此，在一般的论述这些化合物的结构和化学（性质）时无需特意修正这种小偏差。
7)The two-carbon called ethane has the molecular formula C2H6 and contains two sp3-hybridized carbons.
含有两个C（的烷烃）称为乙烷，它的分子式为C2H6，含有两个sp3杂化碳原子。
8)Let us, for the moment, concentrate our attention on just one of the
possibilities, specifically the one shown in Fig. 1, in which the hydrogen of CH3 groups as close to each other as possible. 现在，让我们注意其中一种可能的情况，特别是图1中的那种，甲基中的氢原子都是尽可能地互相靠近。
9)This structure can be represented [?repri?zentid] by a “three-quarters view”
or by a “head-on view”, in which the viewer looks directly down the axis of the carbon-carbon bond (often referred to Newman projection).这种结构可以由3/4视图或正视图来表示，正视图是指观察者直接沿着碳-碳键轴观察（通常指纽曼投影图）
10)Quite clearly, the hydrogens on the “front” CH3 group are directly in front
of the hygrogens on the “back” CH3 group, eclipsing them.
很清楚，前面甲基中的碳原子直接位于后面甲基中碳原子的前面，遮住了它们。
11)A more subtle kind of isomerism is illustrated by the eclipsed and staggered forms of ethane.一种更微妙的异构现象是乙烷（表现出）的重叠构象和交叉构象。
12)They are said to be conformational isomers (also called conformers or rotamers);
any particular twist form is called conformation. 它们被称为构象异构体（也叫顺式异构或旋转异构）；任何特定的扭曲形式都称为构象。
13)The idea that the staggered conformation is at a lower energy level than the eclipsed conformation is intuitively appealing, for the greater distance between the hydrogens in the staggered conformation produces less interference between the hydrogens than in the eclipsed conformation. 交叉构象比重叠构象能量低这一观点是直观的，因为交叉构象中原子之间的较大距离产生的干扰比重叠构象的干扰小。
主语idea，系词is 表语 appealing令人感兴趣的
that 从句做后置定语修饰idea
For引导原因状语从句
原因状语从句中the great distance 做主语
Produces做谓语
14)Intramolecular encounter of this sort is often called “nonbonded” interference,
indicating that the interacting groups (e.g., the hydrogens in the case of ethane) are not directly bonded: the strain arising from this encounter is called “nonbonded strain”.这种分子内的相互作用通常被称为非成键干扰，表明相互作用的基团不是直接成键的：由这种（分子内的）相互作用引起的应力称为非键合应力。
15)The staggered conformation, lower in energy, will always be more heavily populated than the eclipsed conformation, but the lifetime of any particular molecule in any particular conformation will be short (<10-6 sec). 交叉构象，（由于）能量较低，将总是比重叠构象更占优势，但是任何构象的寿命都很短（小于10-6秒）。
生词：
macromolecule [,m?kr?u’m?likju:l] 高分子
polymer [‘p?lim?] 聚合物(体)
molecular [m?u’lekjul?] adj.分子的
dimer [‘daim?] n.二聚物
trimer [‘traim?] 三聚体，三聚物
tetramer [‘tetr?m?] n.四聚物
synthetic [sin’θetik] adj. 合成的, 人造的
ellulose [‘seljul?us] n.纤维素
Protein [‘pr?uti:n] n. 蛋白质
hypothesis [hai’p?θisis]n.假说, 假设, 前提
Laureate [‘l?:riit] n.资金[荣誉]获得者
Fiber [‘faib?] 纤维
Fabric [‘f?brik] 织物, 布
Vulcanization [v?lk?nai’zei??n] n(橡胶)硫化
Merit [‘merit]n.长处, 优点
Polysaccharide [p?li’s?k?raid]n.多醣,聚糖, solubility [,s?lju’biliti] 可溶解性;
Fusibility 可熔性
Graphite [‘ɡr?fait] n. 石墨
Configuration [k?n,fiɡju’rei??n] n.形状, 外貌
Asymmetric [?si’metrik]adj.不均匀,不对称的
Enantiomer [I’n?nti?um?]n.对映(结构)体
Isotactic [,ais?u’t?ktik]adj.全规的,全同立构的
Syndiotactic [,sindi?u’t?ktik]adj.间规(立构)的
Atactic [?’t?ktik]adj.不规则的,不合语法的
Steric [,sti?rik,,sterik] n.(原子)空间(排列)的
Amorphous [?’m?:f?s] adj.无固定形状的,非结晶的
应掌握的词汇和术语
?kr?u’m?likju:l] n.高分子
natural polymers 天然聚合物
Plastic [‘plɑ:stik] 塑料; Rubber [‘r?b?] n.(合成)橡胶
synthetic fiber人造纤维 Cellulose [‘seljul?us]纤维素
protein [‘pr?uti:n] n. 蛋白质 Fiber [‘faib?] 纤维
Molecular weight 分子量 Addition polymer 加聚物
Condensation polymer 缩聚物
Chain reaction 连锁反应
需掌握的词汇
?u’l?riti] n. 摩尔浓度
Normality [n?:’m?liti] n. 当量浓度
Equivalent weight n.当量
Mole 摩尔
Molar concentration 摩尔浓度
Millimole 毫摩尔
Milliliter 毫升
Sodium chloride 氯化钠
Standard solution 标准溶液
Primary standard 基准物
Sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠
Sodium carbonate 碳酸钠
Hydrochloric acid 盐酸
生词
?k’ses?bl] adj. 容易取得的, 容易达到的
Spectrum [‘spektr?m] n. 光谱, 来自拉丁语原意：外貌，像，牛顿1671年专用来指光谱。
Spectra是spectrum的复数
类似：
Datum 数据，资料；data 是datum的复数
Erratum 印刷或书写的错误，勘误表，errata (Pl.) memorandum 备忘录 memoranda (Pl.)
Miscellaneous method [‘misi’leinj?s] 其它方法Polarimetry [‘p?ul?’rimitri] n.偏振法,旋光测定
需掌握的词汇：
化学动力学
Thermodynamic [,θ?:m?udai’n?mik] equillibrium
热力学平衡
Pressure 压力
As a function of 作为…的函数
nitrogen(V) oxides五氧化二磷
Gas phase 气相
Spectroscopy [spek’tr?sk?pi] n. 光谱学,波谱学
Bromine [‘br?umi:n] n. 溴
HBr = hydrogen bromide
Electrochemical method 电化学方法
Conductivity 电导率
Electrode 电极
Titration [tai’trei??n] 滴定
M ass spectrometry [spek‘tr?mitri] 质谱
Gas chromatography [‘kr?um?’t?ɡr?fi] 气相色谱分析
M agnetic resonance [‘rez?n?ns] 磁共振
N M R = nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振
Analytical techniques 分析技术
Real time analysis 实时分析
Quenching method 骤（停）熄法
Flow method 流动法
The rates of chemical reactions 化学反应速率
Catalyst 催化剂
Mechanisms of reactions 反应机理
elementary reaction 基元反应，单元反应
Reactive collision活性碰撞
Reactive encounter 活性碰撞
Stoichiometry [,st?iki’?mitri] n. 化学计算(法);化学计量学Overall reaction 总包反应
Rate law 速率定律
Rate constant / rate coefficient 速率常数
The rate law of the reaction 反应速率定律
The order of a reaction 反应级数
The overall order of a reaction反应总级数
Nitrogen (II) oxide NO2
Logarithm [‘l?ɡ?riθm] n. 对数
数学表达式
5乘3等于15。 Five times three is fifteen./ 5 multiplied by 3 is 15.
2的6次方是64. The six power of two is 64./ 64 is two to the power of six.