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各大学《基础工程》期末考试试题1(答案)

一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）

1 以下哪种基础形式不属浅基础（B）

A地下条形基础，B沉井基础，C扩展基础，D箱形基础

2 下列钢筋混凝土基础中，抗弯刚度最大的基础形式是（C）

A柱下条形基础，B十字交叉基础，C箱形基础，D筏板基础

3 对高层建筑物，其地基变形验算应以哪种变形特征做控制（D）

A 沉降量，

B 局部倾斜，

C 沉降差，

D 倾斜

4 地基土载荷板试验可以得到的土参数是（A ）

A承载力特征值，B地基沉降量，C压缩模量，E弹性模量5 用分层总和法计算地基变形时，土的变形指标是采用（B）

A弹性模量，B压缩模量， C变形模量， D旁压模量

6 在地基持力层承载力验算中，基础底面深处的荷载取下列哪个值进行计算（A）

A：基底压力p，B：基底深度处的土自重应力σc，C：A+B ，D：A-B 7 按规范方法计算的建筑物沉降是（D）

A．基础的平均沉降， B．刚性基础的平均沉降，

C．实际基础的中点沉降， D．不考虑基础刚度的中点沉降

8 甲，乙两基础，底面积，基底压力和压缩层内土质都相同，甲基础埋置深度大于乙基础，则两者的沉降是（B）

A甲基础沉降大，B乙基础沉降大， C两者沉降相等， D无法确定

9 地下水位下降时，建筑物的沉降可能会（A ）

A增大，B减小，C一定不变，D有时增大有时减小

解：地下水位下降时，土的自重应力会增加，从而使建筑物产生附加沉降。

10 桩产生负摩阻力时，下列说法中正确的时（D）

A桩距越大，下拉荷载可能越小，

B桩身轴力、桩身沉降沿深度逐步衰减，

C单桩极限承载力由桩周土总侧阻力和桩端阻力所组成，

D采用涂层法措施后，可使桩身负摩阻力、沉降减小，但中性点深度变大

二、名词解释（每小题4分，共20分）

1刚性基础：是指用抗压性能较好，而抗拉、抗剪性能较差的材料建造的基础，常用的材料有砖、毛石、素混凝土、灰土等。因此设计时必须保证基础内的拉应力和剪应力不超过基础材料强度的设计值。这类基础的相对高度都比较大，几乎不可能发生挠曲变形。

2倾斜和局部倾斜：倾斜是指单独基础在倾斜方向上两端点下沉之差与此两点水平距离之比；局部倾斜是指砌体承重结构沿纵向6~10m内基础两点的下沉值之差与此两点水平距离之比。

3摩擦型桩：是指在竖向极限荷载作用下，桩顶荷载全部或主要由桩侧阻力承受，而桩端阻力可以忽略不计的桩。

4群桩效应：由于群桩中的单桩相距较近，引起单桩之间的作用区域互相重叠，造成群桩中的单桩承载力之和与群桩的承载力不相等，且沉降也不一致。

三、简答题（每小题5分，共25分）

2影响基础埋深的主要因素。

（1）建筑物的用途、结构形式和荷载的性质与大小；

（2）工程地质条件和水文地质条件；

（3）相邻建筑物的基础埋深；

（4）地基冻融条件；

3减轻房屋不均匀沉降，建筑上可采取哪些措施？（建筑措施）

（1）建筑物体型力求简单；

（2）控制建筑物长高比及合理布置纵横墙；

（3）设置沉降缝；

（4）控制相邻建筑物基础的间距；

（5）调整建筑物的局部标高；

4桩的分类方法有哪几类？每类是如何划分的？

按照桩的荷载传递方式：端承桩和磨擦桩

按施工方法：预制桩和现场灌注桩

按制桩材料：木桩、混凝土桩、钢筋混凝土桩、钢桩等

按桩径大小：小桩（小于250mm）、普通桩（250~800mm）、大直径桩（大于800mm）。

5试简述常用的基坑开挖中支护结构。

（1）水泥护坡；

（2）板桩；

（3）钢筋混凝土护坡桩；

（4）地下连续墙。

四、计算题（共35分）

1、某厂房柱子正方形断面500mm×500mm。受荷载标准组合为：竖直荷载为F＝900kN，力矩为150kN·m，水平荷载为H＝40kN。地基土层剖面如图1所示。基础埋置深度2.0m。试设计柱下刚性基础（采用素混凝土）。（本题18分）

=1.0；（2）基础做台阶形时，总高度在注：（1）本题深度修正系数η

350mm以内作一层台阶；总高度介于350mm和900mm时，作成二层台阶；总高度大于900mm时，作成三层台阶，每个台阶的高度不宜大于500mm。刚性角须满足1∶1 。

（1）地基承载力特征值修正（预计基础宽度小于3.0m,故只作深度修正）： kPa d f f m d ak a 252)5.00.2(180.1225)5.0(=-??+=-+=γη（3分）（2）按照中心荷载初步确定基础底面积：

2025.42

20252900m d f F A a =?-=-≥γ 采用276.54.24.2m =?的基础。（3分）

（3）验算基底压力（共6分）

基础及回填土重量kN Ad G 4.230276.520=??==γ

基础的总垂直荷载kN G F 4.11304.230900=+=+

基底总力矩m kN M ?=?+=230240150 总荷载的偏心m b G F M e 4.06/2.04

.1130230=<==+= 基底边缘最大应力

kPa W M A G F p 08.29683.9925.1964

.2230676.54.11303max =+=?+=++= 故：最大边缘压力kPa f kPa p a 4.3022.108.296max =<=（3分）

基底平均压力kPa f kPa p a 25225.196=<=（3分）

所以，满足地基承载力要求。

（4）确定基础构造尺寸（共6分）

基础材料采用素混凝土，刚性角须满足1∶1，即允许刚性角为45°，基础高度m h 95.02

5.04.2=-=，所以作成三层台阶（3分）。按正方形边长及刚性角要求确定基础尺寸如下图（单位mm ）：

350 300 300 350 300 300 500

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