新标准大学英语视听说教程1听力原文

Unit 1 Starting out

Outside view

Julie My name's Julie Dearden, and I'm the Director of International Programmes here at Hertford College. Eugene My name's Eugene Berger, I studied here in Oxford for four years er, studying modern languages at Somerville College.

Julie Oh, there are many Oxford traditions. Oxford is a very old university, the oldest English-speaking university in the, in the world. And so there are many traditions which are associated with the colleges, with the times of the year, and with sport, and with eating, for example.

Eugene Each college is very different um, from um, the others, and it has its own character. Some colleges are very conservative, and some are much more liberal and have a tradition of um, kind of liberal politics. But there are also some specific traditions.

Julie Formal Hall is when we all eat together here in college, the professors and the students. Usually it takes places at seven o'clock in the evening, and the professors sit on high table which is the table over here, and the students sit on common table, which are the tables here. But everybody eats together. It's a very beautiful evening because there are, there's a special meal and we eat by candlelight.

Eugene I think er, the traditions that make Oxford so unique are firstly the Oxford Union and er, secondly, May Day. The Oxford Union being a debating society where speakers come from all around the world to address the students and even allow themselves to be questioned by the students, making it a very interesting forum.

Julie My favourite is er, May Day. And May Day is the first day of May, and we have a tradition called May Morning, and on May Morning everybody gets up very early and the students have a celebration.

There is a choir which sings on top of the tower at Magdalen College and all the people of the town and all the students go to listen to the singing. So it's very nice.

Eugene The tradition that er, was most important to me was probably Summer Eights. I was a rower. And Summer Eights is a rowing competition, held in May in the summer term. And in this competition, each college is trying to improve its place which it won the previous year and gradually work its way up the river.

Julie When the students take exams, they must go to a special building and it's called Examination Schools.

And also they must wear a special uniform, so they wear E.gown like mine, a black gown, and they wear a white shirt, arid the men wear a white tie and black trousers. The women wear a white shirt and a black skirt or black trousers. And they must wear this uniform, which has a Latin name - sub fuse — and they must wear this uniform in order to take their examinations.

Eugene I think the Oxford traditions lend character to the place and it's such an old institution, it should have traditions, but they can be very inconvenient. For example, sub fuse. This is the uniform that we are required according to the university rules, to wear.

Julie They also wear flowers in their buttonholes, and those flowers are carnations. And they wear different colours, the students wear different coloured flowers for different examinations. So when you take your first exam you wear a white flower, and when you take your second exam you wear a pink flower, and when you take your final examination you wear a red carnation.

Eugene So we have to dress up in a full black suit, starched collar, white bow tie and carry a mortarboard.

And to write an exam in the summer heat whilst wearing all that which you're not allowed to take off is um, uncomfortable.

Julie I really like the Oxford traditions, I think it's part of our history, and part of um, being a student or a teacher here at Oxford University.

Listening in

Passage 1

Interviewer Can you tell me something about the Ivy League? You're a professor at Harvard, is that right?

Professor That's right, yes.

Interviewer Tell me how many universities are there? How many institutions?

Professor In total there are eight institutions: There's Harvard, Yale, Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Princeton, and the University of Pennsylvania.

Interviewer Ah, OK. And what's the sporting ... I believe there's some link with sports.

Professor There certainly is, yes. Originally the Ivy League referred to the sports teams from the universities which competed against each other, especially in football, basketball and ice hockey. Now sometimes these universities, institutions, chose their students on the basis of their skills at these particular sports. But in the last 50 years, Ivy League schools have accepted a wider range of students because it wasn't possible to be both world-famous for research and also top class in sport. Interviewer And what about their academic importance? I gather they're academically very, very important, they're very well-known.

Professor Absolutely at the top. They're near or at the top of the USA colleges and university rankings. And they're almost always in the top one per cent of the world's academic institutions for financial resources. Interviewer And what does it mean socially to go to an Ivy League university?

Professor Certainly if you've been to one of these institutions, you are presumed or assumed to be at the top end of the scale. The Ivy League institutions have a reputation for social elitism, many of the students are rich, intellectual, white Anglo-Saxon, protestants. Not all of them of course, but quite a lot of them. Interviewer And do you know ... why's it called the Ivy League, what's the origin of the name?

Professor There are a number of stories, derivations, but possibly it's based on four universities, and IV, the letters IV, that's the Roman numeral for four. Another more likely story is that ivy plants, which are symbolic of the age of the universities, you know, would be grown at the walls of these universities, these institutions, they cover the walls of the buildings. The term was created by a sports journalist, I think in the 1930s.

Interviewer Right, OK. And which is the oldest university?

Professor The oldest goes back to the 17th century, that's Harvard which was founded in 1636. And the youngest of the institutions is Cornell which was founded in 1865.

Interviewer And which has the largest number of undergraduates?

Professor Cornell has the largest number, about 13,000, 13,500 undergraduates. The institution with the smallest number is Dartmouth College with a little over 4,000.

Interviewer And what about the acceptance rate? Is it hard to get into?

Professor That ranges from about seven per cent to 20 per cent.

Interviewer And any famous alumni? Famous old boys?

Professor Hundreds! Hundreds of them. But I suppose worldwide, the two that would be definitely known all over the world would certainly be George Bush who went to Yale, and John F Kennedy, President Kennedy, who was at Harvard.

Interviewer Thank you.

Passage2

Andy Did you see the film on television last night?

Jane No, I was out. What was it?

Andy A Beautiful Mind. It's about John Forbes Nash, the mathematician who won the Nobel Prize.

Jane I've heard about that film, yes. He's played by Russell Crowe, isn't he? I like Russell Crowe, he's great. Andy That's the one, yes.

Jane What's it about?

Andy Well, the story begins in the early years of Nash's life at Princeton University as a graduate student. Jane That's one of the Ivy League schools, isn't it?

Andy Yes, it's all set in New England, lovely old buildings, beautiful autumn colours. It's lovely to look at.

Anyway, Nash meets his roommate Charles, a literature student, who soon becomes his best friend.

Nash admits to Charles that he is better with numbers than people, and the main thing he's looking for is

a truly original idea for his thesis paper.

Jane So he's not interested in having fun?

Andy Well, yes, but he's not very good with people or successful with women, that's all. But, you know, it's one of these bad experiences with people which ultimately inspires his brilliant work in mathematics. Jane No good at relationships, so he becomes a genius at maths?

Andy That's about right, yes. So when he finishes his studies at Princeton, he accepts a job at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Five years later, he meets Alicia, a student who he falls in love with and eventually marries.

Jane Ah! At last, the love interest!

Andy Yes, but wait a moment. Nash believes that he's been asked to work by William Parcher for the US Department of Defense on breaking Soviet codes. At one point he's chased by the Russians, and it's after this that he becomes mentally ill.

Jane I think I've seen this in the trailer to the film.

Andy So when he's put in a psychiatric hospital, he thinks the Soviets have captured him. He's given this painful treatment which affects his relationship with his wife. And his intellectual skills. So he stops taking the medicine.

Jane It sounds quite hard to watch.

Andy Well, it is, but it's well acted and directed, and so, you know, there's a-bit of distance between the audience and what's happening on film.

Jane So what happens next?

Andy Well, then his illness returns, so he and his wife decide to try and live with it. It all gets a bit complicated, because we're no longer sure if Charles, you know, his old friend, or even Parcher were real, or if they were just people that existed only in Nash's mind.

Jane That sounds awful. He must have been so ill,

Andy Actually, I'm kind of giving away the twist in the story. Anyway, later in his life, while he's using the library at Princeton again, he asks his rival Martin Hansen if he can start teaching again. And so the story ends when he goes on to win the Nobel Prize in Economics.

Jane Well, it sounds like a great film.

Andy Yes, you should see it sometime.

Unit 2 Food, glorious food!

Outside view

Voice-over We were lucky to be invited into the kitchen at the Dooky Chase's Restaurant. Leah has been wo rking in the restaurant for over 50 years. She told us about her life and she explained how to make a sim ple dish called "shrimp Clemenceau".

Leah This is a very simple dish. First you get some shrimp. You can do this dish with chicken or shrimp, but

I like it with the shrimp better. So you just brown a little thing...

Interviewer And, and what's, what's the actual, what's the cooking in? Leah Butter. Interviewer OK.

Leah It just cook, so here you get a little cholesterol, but hey, that's it, a little cholesterol. Then you wanna g et the garlic. So you see it works two forces. You get the cholesterol, and then you get a little garlic, cut out on the cholesterol, you see.

Interviewer OK. And where did you, where did you learn all the cooking?

Leah Well, my mother, you know. I'm the top of the line of 11 children, so you get to learn how to cook wh ether you like it or not. You get to cook that way. Then here you want to add a little mushroom in here, t his is just sliced button mushroom. If you like other mushroom, you can do that, we just saute that in the re. You know, at home, when you, you have to cook, everybody had that turn in the kitchen. So this is a

dish that is used in several restaurants, but this is my own version. Some people do it different than this, but I like it this way, because I like the ... Can you smell the garlic in there?

Interviewer Oh, yeah.

Leah Alright?

Interviewer That smell is very strong.

Leah Uha, and then you want to add your peas. It's very, very simple. Interviewer And did you, did your mu m run the restaurant as well?

Leah No, no, my mother-in-law. My mother-in-law had this restaurant before I came in. And she started it i n 41. I came in in 46. So, and I added many things. You have to understand in 41. Now here we can add our potatoes. You see our shrimp is all cooked there.-Just add the potato. You can pre-cook your potatoe s. You can boil them, or in this case, we, we blanch them a little bit. In that and just toss together, and yo u get one, you get just one casserole like here. And you can put a little pepper on it. Give it a good dash of pepper. A little salt. It's very simple, but it's a good dish. And as I said, you can do it with chicken bre ast or shrimp. You see? Toss it and get it there.

Interviewer And what do you, what do you call the dish?

Leah A shrimp Clemenceau. And I, I really don't know how it got that name, but it's popular in this area. Bu t as I said, some people do it a little different. You can take wine at this point. You can hit a little wine in there if you like it, but I, I just don't like to kill the taste of the butter and the garlic. I like that a lot. And you can take the parsley, always parsley. Interviewer That's parsley, isn't it?

Leah Parsley. Uhm. And I'm gonna show you something that all Creoles keep in their kitchen. You see you get kind of a like a dull look here. But every Creole has this paprika in their kitchen. And give it all a das

h of paprika. And you get a little color there, you see? A little red color there. And it's very, very simple,

great dish to eat. Not hard to make. You see? And you have a good dish.

Listening in

Passage 1

Ben If it's a formal meal, maybe Thanksgiving or Christmas, or if you're with your boss or someone like that , you are being careful about your table manners. So you'd wait until everyone is served before you eat.

But most of the time,, if you know each other well you would just go ahead and start. It's more usual to e ntertain them at home because it shows your hospitality. We have a lot of barbecues outside, maybe in th

e garden or maybe at a campsite. But sometimes i

f you don't want to cook, you can go to a restaurant.

Oh, well, after dessert you'll have a little talk, then talk some more, have some coffee. Then you'll say, "O

h well, it's time for us, we should get going." And if you don't then you're probably going to be rude and

stay too late.

Michelle Well, it would be between 8 and 8.30. It is unusual that if somebody is invited for 8 they would be there at 7.30 or 7.45. Probably 8, or 8.30 would be when all the guests would arrive. It's OK to refuse so mething if you don't like it, but it might be embarrassing.For example, if I'm cooking dinner and I discov er one of my

guests is a vegetarian, I'll feel a bit frustrated that I didn't know before. But usually everyone tries everyt hing.

Tom Well, usually the host serves the guests, so you should make sure you tell him or her not to give you to o much, because yes, it's quite important to eat everything on your plate. It doesn't matter if you leave so mething, but if you leave a lot, it will look as if you don't like their cooking.

My mother always told me to put my hands on my lap, under the table when I wasn't eating, and I would be in big trouble if I ever put my elbows on the table. But actually I know that in some countries that's co nsidered rude. So I might rest my hands or my arms on the table, and I suppose it's a bit more relaxed tod ay than it used to be when I was young.

No, it's the worst thing you can do if you're eating. Any strange noises are absolutely forbidden. I mean y

ou can say "mmm, this is good", but nothing more than that. And even when you drink soup or eat noodl es, you have to do it in silence, otherwise it's considered very bad manners.

Passage 2

News-reader The government announced today that they are going to ban advertisements for junk food duri ng TV programmes for children under the age of 16. The rules will include any foods that are high in fat, salt and sugar. There will be a total ban on ads during children's programmes and on children's channels , as well as adult programmes watched by a large number of children. But there will not be a total ban on all ads for junk food which are shown on television before 9 pm. This was thought to be "over the top"

by representatives of the food industry. The new rules will come into effect before the end of December this year, and mean that television channels will lose about ￡39 million in revenue for advertising.

So why has the government introduced this ban? We asked leading food and nutrition expert,

Neil Bennett. Neil Well, we all know that over the last 30 years, what we call junk food, bad food with too much fat and salt, has become easily available and eating habits have changed.

However, in recent years many of us have become aware of the importance of keeping fit and eating healthil y, and this means people are not going to fast food restaurants so often. So, the result is that the fast food business has increased the number of ads in order to recover some of the business it's lost. News-reader And how do the fast food restaurants do this?

Neil The biggest problem is that they aim their ads at young people. One well-known fast food restaurant ch ain sells hamburgers which come with a free gift, usually a toy which is linked to a new children's film.

Other fast food restaurants aim their ads at teenage and college-age men, trying to make their food trend y and, you know, kind of masculine food.

News-reader So a ban on junk food ads will stop the sales of junk food?

Neil Almost certainly not, but it might reduce the growth of the fast food industry.

News-reade r So you're in favour of the ban?

Neil As a nutritionist, I am. As a father of two young children, I'm not sure.

News-reader Why not?

Neil Because less money from advertising will mean less money for children's TV programmes. So we're lik ely to see more cheap and violent cartoons, and fewer programmes produced specially for children. News-reader So the choice is between junk food and junk television? Neil Yes, that just about sums it up. N ews-reader Neil Bennett, thank you

Unit 3 Learning to think

Outside view

Part 1

Teacher Good morning, class.

Students Good morning.

Teacher What we're going to do today is start off looking at mind maps or mind mapping. Now have any of you heard about mind maps before?

Students Yes ... No ...

Teacher Yes. Some of you have, some of you haven't. OK. Have any of you actually used mind maps in the past?

Students No ...

Teacher No? OK. Who can tell me what a mind map is?

Student 1 It's a way of thinking.

Teacher It is a way of thinking. Mind maps are diagrams which help us to generate ideas, and also to organize or structure our ideas related to a topic. What I'd like to do next is look at some of the uses or the reasons for using mind maps. What are some of the reasons for using mind maps?

Student 2 To make a list?

Teacher To make a list? Yes. We could say to brainstorm ideas. Everyone contributes then-ideas as many ideas as quickly as possible, from everyone in a shorter time, er, as, as we can manage. OK, brainstorming is one of the most important um, um, uses of mind maps. What might be another use or another reason for using mind maps?

Student 3 It can help me take notes in the class.

Teacher OK, for the note-taking, a very good reason. Mind maps help us to get an overview or a, a quick understanding about a subject. By using mind maps to collect the main ideas from what the teacher says, you can keep a, a very general understanding of a topic and understand connections quite easily and um, quickly. What are some other uses of mind maps?

Student 4 Preparing for exams?

Teacher OK. Preparing for exams. That's a, a very good reason. We might call this, er, revision. Before an exam, after having studied for many, many days or even weeks, you might want to capture the, the, the very general understanding about the subject. Are there any other uses that you can think of for mind mapping?

Student 5 We can also use it for finding answers.

Teacher For finding answers. That's, that's a very good, good answer. We could call this problem-solving.

We can use mind maps to, to see other possible alternatives, or options to, to, to solve a problem. OK.

Next, I'd like us to talk about some of the advantages or the benefits of using mind maps instead of just writing everything on a piece of paper. One of the most obvious advantages, as you can see, is that mind maps are very visual. They give us um, almost a picture, a, a different perspective in terms of a picture, or a diagram of understanding information or understanding connected ideas, which is very helpful for people who like to learn from a different way. Are there any other advantages that you can think of for mind mapping?

Student 4 It lists the main points.

Teacher They do. They do list the main points. We could call this um, a quick summary. As you can see, we have main ideas throughout our mind map, not long texts. And in this way, it helps us to grasp the, the key ideas and the key connections for mind maps or for our given subject. Are there any other advantages you can think of?

Student 1 To think creatively.

Teacher To think creatively. That's, that's a very good point. We could call this creative thinking. And what we mean here is basically thinking outside of the box or thinking laterally. Mind maps are illogical and by being illogical they encourage us to think creatively, you might say.

Part2

Teacher Next, I'd like us to think about aspects of design or constructing mind maps. So far we have completed three quarters of our mind map about mind maps. And then I'd just like you to have a look at this mind map and tell me what some of the most noticeable or striking features are that we can talk about.

Student 2 There is a centre.

Teacher There is a centre. There is what we call a central word, a central word or a phrase. It might also be

a sentence or a question. You might have that in the centre of the board and your related thoughts

spiraling or radiating out. What else do you notice about the design of this mind map?

Student 1 There are only words, not sentences.

Teacher Exactly. There are many what we call key words as they capture the main thought of, of an issue rather than a long sentence or, or a passage. This helps us to concentrate on the main issues and find connections between these issues as well. What other aspects of design do you notice here?

Student 5 It looks like a tree.

Teacher It does look like a tree because it has branches. By having branches, it shows how, um, thinking is

radiating out or spiraling out from key ideas or central ideas to key words to sub-words and, and so forth.

Are there any other aspects of design which you notice in this particular map?

Student 2 You used a lot of colours.

Teacher I did. I perhaps use too many colours. I have used different colour to show the different key words or different aspects of mind mapping. You might like to use different colours to highlight different sections of a mind map or key information. Or you may, you may choose to have it all in one colour. It's very much a personal choice, depending on how you like to, to think and, and plan your thinking. You might also like to use images or pictures related to some of the key words. Or you might even use symbols. We'll put a question mark because this again is a personal choice and how you like to design your mind maps. For example, I might choose to use a thought bubble as a symbol, highlighting or identifying my central phrase, mind maps. This could be a, a feature of my own mind maps. Whenever I design a mind map, I highlight my central thought using a speech bubble symbol.

Listening in

Passage 1

Interviewer With us today is Martin Downes, a carpenter, who's 51. A year ago, Martin had a stroke. But he's been lucky enough to make a full recovery from it. Can you tell us how it all began, Martin?

Martin I'm very happy to - not that I remember much at all. I was at a customer's house, building a cupboard, and the next thing I knew, I woke up in hospital with people in white coats bending over me. Interviewer It must have been very frightening.

Martin It was. But what was really frightening was that I couldn't speak. I couldn't say a word. And I couldn't understand much that people said to me.

Interviewer How awful!

Martin Yeah! I don't know what would have happened to me if I hadn't had my family. But they were there for me, they really were. I had something called aphasia, where the part of your brain gets damaged that affects your speech and language. But they started treatment for the condition almost immediately. This speech and language therapist came to see me every day for 12 weeks. They made me do all these exercises.

Interviewer What kind of exercises?

Martin I had to match words and pictures and say their names. You see, I'd also forgotten the names of a lot of things. She had this thing called a word board and I could point to words and phrases on it that I wanted to say. I had to repeat words up to 20 times - boy, it was hard, so hard.

Interviewer Could you say anything to begin with?

Martin I could say three words. "Hi", "Yes" and "No". That was all. And there were a lot of words I couldn't understand -1 had to learn their meanings all over again.

Interviewer It must have been very frustrating.

Martin It was, but I was determined to get better. I was in hospital for three and a half months. When I got home I got a special computer programme that I worked with every day. And slowly my language came back to me. It was a struggle, a big struggle. I had to learn to read and write again too.

Interviewer Why do you think that you were able to recover completely? It's not that common, is it?

Martin I was lucky. I was given the right drug at the right time. And I had 12 weeks of therapy, five days a week. That's very important, apparently.

Interviewer And now that you're better how do you feel about your life?

Martin What can I say? I'm just grateful to have my life back.

Passage 2

Interviewer In 1907 an Italian educator called Maria Montessori opened a school in Rome that taught young children using methods that were very different from traditional teaching. Today, the Montessori

method, as it's known, is used in nursery schools in countries such as America, Canada, Britain and Germany. Recent research shows that children educated at a Montessori nursery do better later on at school than other children in all subjects. We asked two Montessori teachers, Claudia Rosella and Sarah Harrington, to explain what makes their nursery school different. Sarah...

Sarah I think the first thing to say is that a Montessori classroom is very quiet, very clean. Everything stays in the same place. So the children are calm and quiet as a result.

Interviewer So they're not encouraged to be noisy.

Sarah No, definitely not...

Interviewer Claudia?

Claudia Yes, the classroom's very important. Another important principle is that children direct their own learning. They choose what they want to do.

Interviewer So the teacher doesn't tell the child what to do?

Sarah Not at all. While a child is doing an activity we observe them. Then we work with the child for a short time and then leave them to work on their own.

Interviewer That sounds excellent. And what about your equipment? It's often made of wood, isn't it?

Sarah Yes, and a piece of equipment is often designed for one activity only.

Claudia Right. It's so that the child can see if they're getting something right or wrong.

Interviewer So they don't need the teacher so much"?

Sarah That's right. Another Montessori principle is the importance of physical activity. Children learn by doing, so when they're learning to read, for example, the letters are made of sandpaper so that children can feel the shape of the letter.

Interviewer Do you think there are disadvantages with Montessori methods?

Claudia Yes, there are. Maria Montessori didn't understand how important it is for children to use their imagination. If she was alive today, she would recognize that. But still, the fact is, her methods are very successful.

Unit 4 Person to person

Outside view

Voice-over It's the most popular means of communication in the 21st century. Nobody writes letters any more, especially young people. They all use text messaging instead. Officially called SMS - short message service - text messaging is slow to enter, and you can only key in 160 characters. So why is it such a success? The first text message was sent in 1992, but texting only became commercially available in 1995. It has grown incredibly quickly since then. Just look at the graph. In 1999, the number of texts sent reached one billion. Over the next three years, it grew to 20 billion! So people have now sent billions of texts, and the number continues to rise. It isn't difficult to see why it quickly became part of youth culture.

Emily I use it every day. I don't call a lot of people on it. I just use it for text messages because it's easy and quick to send things and arrange things by text.

Heidi Mainly to friends. Sometimes it's useful to get information for work as well. You know, if people want to give you contact numbers or things like that, it's easier than phoning.

Andy I've had my mobile phone for about three years. I mostly use it for just texting my mates and arranging sort of social meetings with them.

Alice I like texting. I don't really talk much on it except just to make arrangements but texting's the biggest thing I do.

Male I probably text message about ten, 15 times a day.

Alice Usually, I don't know, about ten. Ten to 15. Fifteen maybe to 20.

Voice-over It isn't just young people who use texting. Companies use it too - for advertising and promotion.

For example, the Orange telephone network has run a text message promotional campaign since April 2004. People text a special number on a Wednesday and receive a discount voucher by text. They show this message to any one of 450 cinemas in Britain and get two tickets for the price of one. Why Wednesday? Wednesday has always been the worst day of the week for cinemas. Since the campaign started, cinema attendance has risen on Wednesdays by nearly ten per cent. And, of course, TV uses text message voting to decide lots of things. Texting has been one of the most successful inventions for years.

Listening in

Passage 1

John Are you packed?

Mike Yup. Everything's there.

John Sure you've packed your mobile?

Mike I'll look again, John ... yes.

John Well, we've got another ten minutes before we need to leave, so we might as well relax. You know someone told me an amazing story yesterday about these Australians who got completely lost in some national park.

Mike And don't tell me, they used their mobile to get help?

John That's right!

Mike So what happened?

John Well, it was this guy with his son and niece -I think she was about 14 - and they were hiking in this really rugged country and they got completely lost - no idea where they were at all.

Mike That's not going to happen to us.

John No, it isn't. Anyway, the guy had his mobile and he phoned the emergency services — it wasn't dark yet - and they sent out a search party, but they couldn't find them. And then -this is the interesting bit - the guy sent photos of the place where they were.

Mike I'd have thought of that.

John Yes, well it's pretty obvious, really. And in the photos there were mountains in the background, and the staff at the emergency service centre were able to identify exactly which mountains they were. And they used the photos to pinpoint their location, you know, to get the exact location.

Mike How did they do that?

John They used mapping software.

Mike Right.

John Anyway, by then it had got dark and really freezing. So they slept behind this ridge and covered themselves with leaves. And you know what the young girl said afterwards? She said, "It was quite fun." Mike Really, wasn't she frightened?

John I don't think so.

Mike So - is there a happy ending?

John Yes, well they sent out helicopters as soon as it was daylight and the helicopter hovered over the area, and the man kept talking to them till they were able to pinpoint his location. And when they finally found them they were only 400 metres away from where they'd expected them to be.

Mike Amazing!

John And that's because they'd moved 400 metres away from where they'd taken their photos because the ground was too rough to sleep on.

Mike Incredible!

John And the moral of the story is-

Mike Always take your mobile phone with you when you go hiking.

John And take one that has a camera.

Mike Hey, I think we should go, John.

John Yes, OK. You think we're going to get lost?

Mike No chance, mate!

Passage2

Social networking - it's the 21st century way of having fun - online. And if you're under 40, you probably use a social networking site - maybe when you should be working. It's well-known that -. office workers spend up to two hours a day on a site, exchanging messages and photos. And do students ever do anything else? Different social networking sites are used by different age groups.

For people in their 20s, the most popular site is Facebook, the online phenomenon started by an American student in 2004. It's taken only four years to make Facebook a huge success - and the website's made its founder, Mark Zuckerberg, a very rich man indeed.

What's extraordinary about Zuckerburg is that he started Facebook when he was only 18. He was a student at Harvard, one of America's top universities, when he launched the Facebook website, working from his college room. In only two weeks, more than two-thirds of his college had signed up and in a year, thousands of colleges were using it. Today, Facebook has millions of users. More than half of them visit the site at least once a day.

So what makes Facebook so special? Like other networking sites, you create a profile with photos, you list your interests, you exchange messages and join groups of friends. But where Facebook is different is that it gives you a privacy that you just don't get on other sites. Unlike other sites, you have a lot of control over what users can see about you. As a result, one-third of Facebook users give out their mobile numbers - they know it's safe to do so.

But you still need to be careful about what you think is safe to show people. One reason is that more and more employers are using Facebook to check out potential employees. Is the person you've just interviewed as good as he seems? Facebook can provide the answer. If a 26-year-old man says on Facebook that he's been travelling round the world for the last three years, and in his interview he said he'd been working in an office - well, he probably won't get the job.

Unit 5 All you need is love

Outside view

Part 1

Voice-over Finding someone to love isn't easy. For years, single people have looked for prospective mates in a few tried-and-true ways. They met in school or at work, through friends or relatives. Or they met by chance in bars, at weddings, or at parties. Today there's a new way to find that special someone. Many people have met boyfriends, girlfriends, fiancés, husbands, and wives in a way that didn't exist up to about ten years ago. The Internet has completely changed the world of dating. Anyone can look for a match online at one of hundreds of different websites like these.

Consultant There are approximately 150 million singles in North America, and what's interesting is that a lot of them are trying online dating.

Speaker 1 I've never tried Internet dating.

Speaker 2 I have friends who have tried Internet dating, and one of them is getting married to the person he dated.

Speaker 3 I have not tried Internet dating, but I have a friend who has.

Speaker 4 I have not tried Internet dating.

Speaker 5 I have tried Internet dating. I had one good experience and one bad experience

Speaker 6 I've tried Internet dating. It worked out very well.

Carol Hi!

Daughter Hi!

Carol Oh, it's good to see you! You look great!

Daughter Thank you.

Carol Hey, I love the color.

Daughter Thank you. Come in, come in.

Voice-over How does Internet dating work? Carol is about to find out. She's having dinner with her daughter, who has just registered on an Internet dating site.

Carol So how's work?

Daughter Work is really good. It's busy, so I've been making money.

Carol Good. Have you met anyone yet?

Daughter No, not yet. But I just signed up. Mum? Mum, come on. I'll show you.

Consultant To get started with Internet dating, there are four steps. The first one is to find the service that works for you. Second step is to create your profile. Find a great picture of yourself that shows you doing something that you enjoy. Write about who you are and who you're looking for. Third step is to start searching for that special someone. Use the search function on the site to identify people in your area that you may want to hook up with. Fourth step is to reach out to those people. You write them a nice short letter. Show that you're interested in them and off it goes. After that, sit back, cross your fingers, and hope for the best.

Part 2

Daughter OK. We open the browser, we go to the website.

Carol OK.

Daughter Mum, sit down.

Carol OK.

Daughter And it's basically a search engine – a search engine for a boyfriend. So I enter my criteria. I am a woman, looking for a man between the ages of 24 and 32.

Carol OK. Interesting.

Daughter And then I click "search".

Carol OK.

Daughter And then a screen with all the candidates who meet my criteria comes up. Oh, look. "I've just come back from a safari and I'm looking for a little more adventure."

Carol He's not interested in a relationship.

Daughter "I'm 30 years old, but I still haven't found my dream lover." He's looking for someone who doesn't exist.

Carol You, you've always stayed away from unrealistic guys. Don't start now.

Daughter "I've recently broken up after 12 years of love. I'm looking for another woman just like Linda." Carol He hasn't gotten Over Linda yet.

Daughter I've never wanted to date a guy who's still in love with someone else. "I'm desperate?"

Carol No way!

Daughter No way! No way!

Consultant Internet dating is not just for desperate people. It's become very mainstream, and the stigma has gone away. It helps because we're very busy in our professional lives now, and it gives us an easy way to meet people that we normally wouldn't come across in our day-to-day lives.

Carol Ooh!

Daughter Ooh!Doctor!

Carol Doctor!

Daughter Ski. Hello! Looking for someone who's funny and spontaneous.

Carol That's you.

Daughter He likes jazz and cycling and skiing. I like to ski.

Carol There you go.

Daughter "My perfect date is dinner at a really nice restaurant, followed by dancing."

Carol Aww ... Come on, that's great!

Daughter What's this guy?

Carol He's cute.

Daughter He's 26. He's a marketing assistant. He's looking for a woman who's confident in herself and her surroundings.

Carol That's you.

Daughter Someone who knows how to laugh.

Carol That's you.

Daughter "My perfect date is going to a small club and hearing the latest new music." That's a good answer.

OK. Outdoor guy Twenty-four. Grad student.

Carol So he's smart.

Daughter "I'm looking for a really fun woman who loves the outdoors, hiking, skiing滑雪. A good sense of humor is a must."

Carol Again, funny, good sense of humor.

Daughter His perfect date is a canoe trip down a river that leads to the ocean. Swimming and a picnic on the beach.

Carol Well, you could bring the picnic part, anyway.

Consultant A great profile侧面paints a broad picture of who you are and what you like to do with your life but does not bore the person.

It's not a book; it's a brief essay. You have to reel them in in the first five or ten seconds. Otherwise, they're going to move on to the next person.

Voice-over Carol looks for someone too.

Carol What about me?

Daughter OK. Um, looking for a man between the ages of ...

Carol Forty-five.

Daughter To...

Carol Fifty-five.

Daughter Search.

Carol Mmm! What do you think about this guy?

Daughter He's cute. Um, he's 52.

Carol He's looking for an attractive woman who is kind.

Daughter He likes to go sailing!

Carol I love that! Exotic异国places? Come on!

Daughter What if Dad knew you were doing this right now?

Carol Oh, shush!

Listening in

Passage 1

Interviewer So - tell us about how you first met.

Amy How we first met... Oh, it wasn't very romantic.

David I thought it was very romantic.

Interviewer Why don't you begin at the beginning?

Amy Good idea. Well, I was 22 and I'd just left uni and I went on holiday to the French Alps with a girlfriend. And someone invited us to go climbing. But my friend got ill so I went without her. There was this group of about eight guys and two girls.

David There were four girls.

Amy Alright! Well, anyway, no one had told me that the mountain we were going to climb was - vertical - and that we were climbing with ropes! I was terrified, absolutely terrified, I just really hadn't expected it. David She was terrified! I noticed her immediately. She looked so scared -she was wearing this great hat —but she was white as a sheet.

Amy Oh, I don't know about that, but I remember I was shaking all over. David came over and started talking to me and telling me how safe it was with the ropes. And he was so sweet, you know I think I fell in love with him right then.

David Yeah, it was the same with me ... We roped up and I made sure I stayed next to her ... I kept talking to her and encouraging her.

Amy It really helped. I think I would have fallen off the mountain if you hadn't done that.

David Rubbish! You were perfectly safe. Anyway, we got to the summit — it was a kind of flat area - and Amy just collapsed - she couldn't stand up!

Amy It's true, I couldn't. I felt -1 was just - everyone ignored me except David - everyone.

David Quite a few people came to talk to you.

Amy They didn't!

David They did!

Amy Well, you talked to me, and that's all that mattered.

David Thank you!

Amy So -

David So we climbed back down the mountain.

Amy which was just as bad -

David and we headed for the nearest village and we both had huge pizzas.

Amy I didn't eat a thing! I was still feeling too sick.

David You did, you know.

Amy You know, you have a terrible memory sometimes.

David So do you! ... To cut a long story short, we got married six months later and went on a three-week honeymoon to Barbados.

Amy Two weeks!

David And we've lived happily ever after.

Passage2

Presenter And now let's move on to online dating, a way of meeting a potential partner that's becoming more and more popular. James O'Hanlan and Claire Goodall are two online dating experts who are going to give all you listeners advice about how to use online dating safely and successfully. James ... James OK. The first thing to say is, don't be nervous. A lot of people are and it's very understandable. But there's no need to be, provided you follow the rules, which we're going to tell you right now. Isn't that right, Claire?

Claire Absolutely.

James So, let's begin at the beginning. When you join an online dating site, the first thing you do is give some basic information about yourself. Now, don't be tempted to lie - about your age, for example. If you want a good relationship, you need to be honest. If you're not, you'll get found out and that could be painful.

Claire Another thing - it's a good idea to use a photo, you'll get many more replies than if you don't. James But use a recent photo, not one that was taken ten years ago!

Claire Let's move on to the next stage. You've had some responses响应and chosen one or two people you'd like to chat with. Now, the most important advice here is, don't give out any personal information until you're 100 per cent sure you're that happy to do so. That includes your real name, your phone numbers, your workplace address and your email address. Use the email facility设备at the website and

only give out your email address when you feel completely safe.

James And email for as long as you want, it's a great way of getting to know a person. Then, the next stage is to talk on the phone. Now that's very revealing, because you'll hear the person's voice, and also because people have to be spontaneous on the phone - they can't think about what they're going to say for half a day, unlike emails.

Claire Then, if you're feeling really comfortable, agree to meet. But always choose a public place. Don't go to someone's home.

James A cafe or bar is the best choice.

Claire And don't forget to tell a friend where you're going and what time you expect to be back. That's important.

James Another good idea is to ask the same friend to call you during the meeting so that if you want to leave quickly you can say that something urgent's come up and you have to go.

Claire That's everything! If you follow this advice you should be perfectly safe. And you may find the man - James ... or woman —

Claire ... of your dreams!

James & Claire Happy hunting!

Unit 6 Shop fill you drop!

Outside view

Part 1

Voice-over Do you have something you don't want anymore? Maybe you'll just throw it away. Or you could sell it. How? Well, you might want to sell it in the newspaper classified ads. Or you could sell it on a bulletin board. You could put a sign on it. Or find a buyer. If you have lots of things you don't want anymore, you could have a yard sale or a garage sale. And today there is a new way to sell your things.

You can sell them online. If you have something you want to sell online, Jessica Sherman can help you. Jessica I'm an eBay seller. I can sell anything, from cars to pianos, to bikes, furniture, anything. Anything in an online auction. Here's how an online auction works. Let's say you want to buy something. You can type in what you're looking for here, or you can search these categories. See, you can buy all kinds of things. You can buy antiques, computers, musical instruments, you can even buy a house! Well, let's look at cameras. In an auction, people who want to buy this camera make an offer, say, $50. An offer is called a bid. And people who make bids are called bidders. There are 16 bids for this camera right now, and the top bid is $300 and the auction for this camera will end in nine hours. I help lots of people sell different things online. My customers might come to me, or I might go to them and we look at what they have to sell.

Part 2

Jessica Lisa?

Lisa Hey!

Jessica Hi. It's Jessica. Nice to meet you.

Lisa You too.

Jessica How did you find me?

Lisa Well, I saw your flyer down at the coffee shop.

Jessica Oh, great! What do you have here?

Lisa Well, I've got these five designer dresses, and they all have original tags.

Jessica They look great, and the tags will definitely help get a better price. How much do you want to get for each dress?

Lisa Well, I'd like to get $50.

Jessica Probably get 50, but you might make a little less.

Lisa That's fine.

Jessica Great. Well, let's do it! This is great. This is cute!

Lisa Hm mmh.

Jessica Oh, I love this one. Let's post this one. You know, Lisa, this is a perfect summer dress. I think we should take the picture outside.

Lisa Good idea!

Jessica This is how it works. Lisa pays a fee between two and ten dollars to put her dress online.

Jessica I've got my camera right here.

Jessica I get 15% commission and the buyer pays for the dress and the shipping costs. First I take pictures.

Then we'll decide how many days we'll put her dress up for auction. Three, five, seven or ten days. Jessica Now, you have a choice of a three-, five- or seven-day auction. What would you like to do?

Lisa Well, um, how about seven days?

Jessica That's exactly what I would recommend.

Jessica After I take the picture, I list the item. To do that, I enter the information about it.

Jessica Well, the description is really important. The details will help sell the dress. Oh, there are so many dresses online that we need to show how this one is unique. You know, we could put a reserve price on this.

Lisa Reserve price? What's that?

Jessica Well, a reserve price is when we set a minimum price for the dress and if the bids don't reach that price, the dress won't sell.

Lisa What do you think?

Jessica In my experience, if we don't use a reserve price we'll get more bids, and it'll be much more exciting, and you might make more money.

Lisa Yeah, let's do it!

Jessica All right!

Jessica Now we agree to pay the listing fee. It's the last thing that we do, and the dress is up for auction. Person 1 Yes, I shop online.

Person 2 Yes, I shop online.

Person 3 Yes, I shop online.

Person 4 I do not shop online.

Person 5 Yes, I shop online.

Person 4 I don't have a computer.

Person 6 I shop online all the time.

Person 5 I shop online once a month.

Person 3 I shop online probably every couple of months.

Person 1 I shop online three or four times a year.

Person 4 I shop in stores.

Person 2 When I shop online I buy CDs.

Person 7 I buy some of my supplies online.

Person 3 I usually buy books or music when I, when I, uh, shop online.

Jessica Now I check on the items I've listed. I wonder how Lisa's dresses are doing! Are there any bids?

We've got some interested buyers here! These dresses will definitely sell. At the last minute, you often see prices going up.

Lisa Hello?

Jessica Lisa?

Lisa Oh, hey Jessica! How did the auctions go?

Jessica I have some good news!

Lisa Yes?

Jessica We did really well. We sold all five dresses for $210.

Lisa Oh, that's wonderful! Thank you so much!

Jessica Isn't that great? Well, I will be sending you a check in the mail.

Lisa Oh, thank you. Have a good day.

Jessica Great. Thank you so much, Lisa. Bye-bye.

Jessica These dresses sold very well. Now it's my job to make sure that we get paid and to ship the dress to the buyer. I think online selling is fun. And you probably will be successful if you've got great items, good descriptions说明, and great photos. And you might make a lot of money.

Listening in

Passage 1

Speaker 1］

Interviewer So, how are you enjoying yourself in St Petersburg? What's it like?

Speaker 1 Oh, I think it is a very beautiful place.

Interviewer What sort of... Is it good for shopping? What do you buy in St Petersburg?

Speaker 1 Yes, there are things you should buy. Of course, vodka is very good here and the other thing very expensive is the caviar. It is beautiful. Then there are the dolls. What have do they say? Matrioshka dolls.

Interviewer Matrioshka dolls. Those wooden dolls that go inside each other?

Speaker 1 Yes, you take one out and open the top and there is another one. You take off the top and there is another. They get very very small inside. Very small.

Interviewer OK.

Speaker 1 And of course, the chess. Because they are very famous here in this part of the world to play the chess.

Interviewer Yes. And what sort of shops are there? Where's it best to shop?

Speaker 1 Oh, here there are very good department stores, where you can buy everything that you like, clothes and everything. And also, lots of small kiosks that are very unique独一无二的, owned by different shopkeepers, you know. And they are all over St Petersburg. Little kiosks and also markets that are very good. And there is a very good museum shop at the museum - at the Hermitage Museum. Interviewer And what are the opening hours?

Speaker 1 At the museum?

Interviewer Well, all shops, generally. What are the opening hours ... for shopping?

Speaker 1 Yes. Usually, they open at around 10 o'clock in the morning and I think they are open to 7 o'clock at night; sometimes even longer, to 8 o'clock.

Interviewer And how do you, how do you actually buy things? How do you pay for things? I think, there is

a slightly different way of doing this in Russia.

Speaker 1 Yes, you point to the thing that you want to buy, which is usually behind the counter or something like that; and then you go to a cash desk to pay. And then you have to go back to the counter and then you take the thing you have bought.

Interviewer It sounds as though it's quite a long process.

Speaker 1 It is very interesting.

Speaker 2

Interviewer So, how are you enjoying it in Cairo? What's, what's the shopping like?

Speaker 2 Oh, it's fantastic. And the shopping is absolutely great. Um, you can get everything from fantastic little wooden boxes. You can get backgammon boards. You can get all kinds of leather stuff-sandals and so on. Oh, and the thing that they're really famous for here of course, is the water pipes that they call it a sheesha.

Interviewer A sheesha. OK. That's the water pipe.

Speaker 2 That's right, yes. Yes, they like the smoking here.

Interviewer And where are the best places to shop?

Speaker 2 Well, I think the best place actually here is to go, if you go to the mediaeval market. It's a commercial centre in the middle of Cairo and - er - they sell lots of fantastic souvenirs there. You can get spices, er, you can get gold and silver, and copper stuff, and - er - they also sell your fruit and veg. Interviewer Uh-huh. When does it open? When are the shops open?

Speaker 2 Well, the hours are very good. They open very early in the morning. They stay open till about 10 o'clock at night. You do have to remember, of course, that they take a very long lunch break. So, they are closed for this long time in the afternoon but they, you know, re-open and stay open until late. Oh, and the other thing you have to remember is that they - everything is closed on a Friday.

Interviewer Right, and how do you pay for things? Do you have to bargain for, for goods?

Speaker 2 Well, bargaining is absolutely a sport here. Uh, they, they do prefer cash always. I think some of the tourist shops will take credit cards but only in the tourist shops. When you start the, the bargaining, you've got to be, well, first of all, you've got to be definite and serious about what you're buying. But don't offer anything like the price that they're asking, the original price. You know, go in at about half the price of what they're asking you.

Interviewer That's fascinating迷人的. Thanks very much. Thank you.

Speaker 2 That's a great place.

Speaker 3

Interviewer So, how's your visit to Venice? Is it good?

Speaker 3 Oh, amazing. What a place. It's so unique!

Interviewer Have you done any shopping? Is it a good place to shopping?

Speaker 3 Yes, definitely. They're - you must go and see the glass factories on Murano. They're just something else. Quite expensive but you can get little bits of glass, really nice. Sheets of paper are really nice.

Interviewer Yeah.

Speaker 3 Also, lace is just... exquisite lace.

Interviewer Yes.

Speaker 3 Carnival masks, also. All hand-painted.

Interviewer Yes, Carnival, yes. I've seen this.

Speaker 3 Then, the shops are amazing.

Interviewer And where's the best place to shop in Venice?

Speaker 3 OK, well, the main shopping street is a street from St Mark's Square to the Academmia Bridge.

That's the main bit But if you like food, you have to go to the market at the Rialto Bridge. That's just great food. There's not that many department stores.

Interviewer No.

Speaker 3 There's just not room for them on the island.

Interviewer No. And what time do these shops open and close? What are the opening hours9

Speaker 3 Oh, they open in the morning at about 9 or 9.30. And then they close for lunch 12.30 or 1. They'll reopen again - in the winter, 3.30 to 7.30 and in the summer just a bit later - 4 to 8, say.

Interviewer Right. And how do you pay? Can you use credit cards or do you have to use cash?

Speaker 3 Well, you know, just use cash for the smaller items and they accept credit cards most places for the larger ones, but just make sure you get a receipt.

Interviewer Yeah. And are the shops open all week or is there one day when they ...?

Speaker 3 Yeah, oh, actually, Monday, they are traditionally closed.

Interviewer Yeah, they are closed. Right. Thanks. Well. Sounds very interesting.

Passage 2

Speaker 1 Have you ever gone down to the local supermarket for some milk or bread and come out with far more than you intended打算to buy? Then you've fallen for the top ten tricks to separate you from your money. Here are the top ten tricks to make you shop.

Speaker 2 Number ten. Trolley or basket? Make up your mind.

Speaker 1 If you choose a basket, there'll be some heavy goods by the entrance to make you choose a trolley. If you choose a trolley, there's a chance you'll want to fill it up. Make up your mind what you want to buy before you go into the store.

Speaker 2 Number nine. Watch out, there are vegetables about.

Speaker 1 Supermarkets often put vegetables and fruit near the entrance, so that you fill your trolley with natural, healthy produce and feel good. The problem is, then you don't feel so bad about filling your trolley with unhealthy and expensive items.

Speaker 2 Number eight. If you can't find it, just ask!

Speaker 1 You'll notice that essential items like bread or milk are placed all over the store, so you'll spend more time looking for them. So if you can't find something, ask for help.

Speaker 2 Number seven. Take a shopping list and stick to it!

Speaker 1 Supermarkets often change shelves around, so that you're tempted to buy new products while you're looking for the things on your list. It's easier to resist temptation if you only put in your trolley what you planned to buy.

Speaker 2 Number six. Beware of the checkout!

Speaker 1Supermarkets often place sweets and magazines at the checkout, because customers who are bored with waiting often add them to their basket or trolley.

Speaker 2 Number five. Smells good? Don't believe it!

Speaker 1 Many supermarkets pump the smell of freshly baked bread into the store through the air conditioning to make you feel hungry. If you eat before you go, you'll be less tempted to add cakes and snacks to your trolley.

Speaker 2 Number four. How free is FREE?

Speaker 1 "Buy one get one free" is a common way to make people think they're getting a bargain. But this kind of offer may not be as good as it sounds. Sometimes it's a way of getting rid of old stock. Speaker 2 Number three. Look up, look down.

Speaker 1 Eye level is buy level, so don't choose the first product you see, because it's usually the most expensive. Look for similar products higher up or lower down the shelves.

Speaker 2 Number two. Beware of loss leaders.

Speaker 1 Large supermarkets often reduce the price of key items, such as a popular brand of cereals or the latest films on DVD. They're designed to bring people into the shop, because they believe everything will be cheaper.

Speaker 2 And our number one top tip for supermarket shoppers. Stay at home and shop online.

Speaker 1 Many large supermarkets allow you to shop from the comfort of your own home, and will even deliver it to your door. If you shop online, you'll avoid all those expensive supermarket tricks. And even if there's a delivery charge, it will cost less than going to the supermarket and doing your shopping yourself.

Unit 7 Family affairs

Outside view

Voice-over Welcome to Changing Lifestyles. Today we'll take a look at the changing role of fathers. In the 1950s and the 1960s, most fathers went to work every day and most mothers stayed at home to take care

of the children. However, since the late 60s and the early 70s, family life has been changing dramatically.

Instead of accepting the rigid roles imposed by society, many couples have been deciding to change their work-life balance. More mothers have been pursuing careers, while at the same time fathers have been devoting more time to caring for children and doing household chores. This is David Noll. David is 33 years old, husband and father of two girls. David is a modern father. He and his wife both pursue careers and share in raising the children and doing housework.

Diane OK, well then are you going to go to the playground?

Children 1 Right. Right, Mama.

Diane Right. I love you.

Children 2 Bububa.

Diane Bye-bye.

Children 1 Bye.

Diane Bye-bye.

Voice-over David's father Bob Noll was also a loving father, but David's role as a father was different.

During the early part of his career, Bob went to work every day while his wife Shirley stayed home. Bob worked for 38 years at Westinghouse as an electrical engineer. Bob worked on some of the first computers ever produced. Bob had always been an involved father. But in 1970 Shirley decided to go back to work. That was when Bob's role as a father changed.

Bob When Shirley went back to work, I had to change my, uh, role and start to do more cooking, um, driving the children here and there. When our children were growing up I took a lot of interest in them, what they were doing.

David I think in many ways I, I was probably better prepared for the changing roles that I've had to take on by, by my father.

Bob We did many things together and I tried to get them involved in other areas that they seemed to show interest in, such as theatre and magic.

David He did a great deal more than I think many fathers, I mean I, I can think of childhood friends whose fathers, you know, were running businesses who, who participated almost at, not, not at all in their, in their, in their development. Um, and I think I had, I think I had a role model.

Bob I remember David was interested in, he got very interested in magic and, and juggling, and he was an avid reader.

Voice-over As a young man, David loved magic. But he pursued a career as a biochemist. Before having children, David spent 40 hours per week studying cellular DNA in a research lab. And his wife Diane spent 40 hours a week working as a lawyer in Washington DC. After the girls were born, David and Diane both cut back on their hours in order to take care of their daughters. As a research scientist, David's schedule was more flexible. So he took on more responsibility for the children's day-to-day care. David Well, I have been able, uh, to adjust my schedule so that I can be home at 5 o'clock, um, for the kids and if the children are sick, being able to come home, um, take them to the doctors. We go for a walk, we take the dogs up the street, go to the park, hang out at the park. And then we head back, uh, to the house and, and begin preparing dinner.

Voice-over Since Bob retired ten years ago, he has been enjoying his role as a grandfather. He's been travelling with his wife, Shirley, and he's been playing tennis. Meanwhile, David is just beginning his journey as a father in a new era.

David It can be difficult, especially when, you know, you're, you're taking on new roles for the first time.

And it can be, it can be disconcerting and it can be more comfortable to take on those traditional roles.

Um, I have, I think I have many more responsibilities than, than even most fathers do today, um, and certainly more, I, I think than when my father was, was raising his children. Um, but the, the difference is not the sort of classic role reversal. I'm, I'm not a stay-at-home Dad. We have an excellent babysitter who, that, who has allowed us, um, allowed both my wife and I the opportunities to continue pursuing

our career.

Voice-over While there are many differences in how David and Bob have raised their children, there are many important similarities相似点.

Listening in

Passage 1

Host There's a question that's been argued about for a long time. Which is more important, your family environment or your genes? Well, a story has come up in the news about identical twins, separated at birth. They've just been reunited - and guess what - there are some amazing coincidences in their life stories.

Here's the story - two American girls called Tamara and Adriana were separated at birth and adopted by two different sets of parents. And this is where the coincidences begin. Both families ended up living 25 miles apart. Both girls decided to study psychology at universities that are only a mile apart from each other. Isn't that strange?

And this girl, who's a friend of both of them, insists they meet. Just before they meet, Adriana's mother tells her that she has a twin sister. Can you imagine how that must feel when you're 20 years old to learn you have a twin? And when the girls meet, it's like looking in a mirror - they're identical! Now get this!

Both Tamara and Adriana's adoptive fathers died when the girls were children. Both girls fell through glass doors at the age of five - that's hard to believe, isn't it? Their boyfriends look alike and have similar names - Alex and Adam. And this is the best part - both of them have the same recurring dream. Isn't that incredible - they have the same dream!

I think it's an amazing story. So, for all those of you out there who have comments, and I'm sure you do,

the lines are open. OK, we've got Josh on the line. Hi Josh!

Josh Hi.

Host So, what do you make of this story?

Josh It's a great story but it doesn't surprise me at all. I'm an identical twin.

Host You are?

Josh Yeah, my brother's called Toby, and we're 22, and we're going out with two sisters ... and we're having

a double wedding next June.

Host Congratulations! So-what do you think-is it our genes that decide who we are? These kind of stories seem to suggest it.

Josh Well, I'm not a scientist, but I think so.

Host Research tells us that it's about fifty-fifty.

Josh I, I disagree.

Host Thanks Josh. OK, our next caller is ...

Passage 2

Part 1

Voice-over Kidney transplants are of two kinds -transplants from dead people and living transplants, transplants from people who are alive. Mostly the donor, the person who gives the kidney, is a relative -

a parent, brother or sister. We all recognize that it's one of the most selfless things a person can do, to

give a kidney to someone, but as the operation becomes safer and safer, more and more people are doing it. We talked to two sisters who have had the experience -Henrietta Longmore, a journalist aged 40, married with one son, and her sister, Teresa Parker, aged 38, married with two children. They come from a family with four children. Here's their story.

Teresa Henrietta and I were close as children. She was the big sister and she was -just like a mother to us younger kids. Our parents were both doctors and our mum was very busy.

We were close right through our teenage years. And then we shared a flat and had a lot of the same

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