外文翻译---汽车悬架系统概述

附录Ⅰ：外文资料

Automotive Suspension System Overview The impact of the Vehicle in many aspects, Suspension plays a very important role .

The components of the suspension system perform six basic functions:

1.Maintain correct vehicle ride height.

2.Reduce the effect of shock forces.

3.Maintain correct wheel alignment.

4.Support vehicle weight.

5.Keep the tires in contact with the road.

6.Control the vehicle’s direction of travel.

Most suspension systems have the same basic parts and operate basically in the same way. They differ, however, in the way the parts are arranged. The vehicle wheel is attached to a steering knuckle. The steering knuckle is attached to the vehicle frame by two control arms, which are mounted so they can pivot up and down. A coil spring is mounted between the lower control arm and the frame.

When the wheel rolls over a bump, the control arms move up and compress the spring. When the wheel rolls into a dip, the control arms move down and the springs expand. The spring force brings the control arms and the wheel back into the normal position as soon as the wheel is on flat pavement. The idea is to allow the wheel to move up and down while the frame, body, and passengers stay smooth and level. The unequal length control arm or short, long arm (SLA) suspension system has been common on American vehicles for many years. Because each wheel is independently connected to the frame by a steering knuckle, ball joint assemblies, and upper and lower control arms, the system is often described as an independent suspension. The short, long arm suspension system gets its name from the use of two control arms from the frame to the steering knuckle and wheel assembly. The two control arms are of unequal length with a long control arm on the bottom and a short control arm on the top. The control arms are sometimes called A arms because in the top view they are shaped like the letter A.

In the short, long arm suspension system, the upper control arm is attached to a cross shaft through two combination rubber and metal bushings. The cross shaft, in turn, is bolted to the frame. A ball joint, called the upper ball joint, is attached to the outer end of the upper arm and connects to the steering knuckle through a tapered stud held in position with a nut. The inner ends of the lower control arm have pressed-in

bushings. Bolts, passing through the bushings, attach the arm to the frame. The lower ball joint is usually pressed into the control arm and connects to the steering knuckle through a tapered stud that is held in position with a nut. A ball joint is used on the control arms because it allows movement in more than one direction. It allows the up-and-down motion required as the wheels pass over dips and bumps. This type of joint also allows side-to-side motion as the wheels are turned back and forth for turns.

For the upper and lower ball joint, the ball stud in the ball joint is a tapered stud at one end with a ball-shaped end. The ball end is supported in a similarly shaped housing called a socket. The shape of the housing allows the ball stud to turn around or move side to side. A plastic or sintered iron bearing is positioned between the ball and socket .The bearing allows the ball stud to turn in relation to the housing for steering. The tapered stud and nut hold the ball joint in position in the steering knuckle.

There are four basic types of springs used in suspensions: coil, torsion bar, leaf spring, and air spring. The coil spring is the most popular type of spring in both front and rear suspension systems. It is simply a round bar of spring steel that is wound into the shape of a coil. Usually, the top and bottom coils are closer together than the middle coils.

A coil spring is commonly used on the short, long arm suspension system. Some cars have the spring mounted from the frame to the upper control arm. In either case, the shock absorber is mounted through the center of the spring. Most short, long arm systems use a stabilizer bar between the two sides of the suspension. The sway bar connects both lower control arms to the frame crossmember. Movements affecting one wheel are partially transmitted to the opposite wheel through the frame to stabilize body roll. The sway bar is attached to the frame crossmember and lower control arms through rubber insulator bushings to reduce noise and vibrations. Sway bar end bushings and crossmember bushings are permanently installed on the sway bar.

The advantages of the coil spring are its compactness, lack of moving parts, and excellent weight supporting characteristics.

The disadvantage of a coil spring is its weakness in supporting side-to-side or lateral movement. When coil springs are used at the drive wheels, heavy traction bars or torque tubes are often required to maintain axle housing alignment.

A number of vehicles use a torsion bar spring. It is a long, solid steel shaft that is anchored at one end to the suspensions control arm and at the other end to the vehicle's frame. Torsion is the twisting action that occurs in the bar when one end is twisted and the other end remains fixed. When a vertical impact on a wheel is transmitted through the control arm to the torsion bar, the bar twists to absorb the

impact. The bar's natural resistance to twisting quickly restores it to its original position, returning the wheel to the road.

A torsion bar can store a significantly higher maximum amount of energy than either an equally stressed leaf or coil spring. The torsion offers important weight savings and it is adjustable. In addition, it requires significantly less space than a coil spring.

The leaf spring is made of several layers of spring steel stacked one upon the other, Usually, there is one main leaf that uses spring eyes for locating and fastening the spring toe frame or underbody. Several other progressively shorter leaves are placed on the main leaf, and the assembly or leaf pack is held together in the middle by a center bolt and on the ends by rebound clips. Some spring packs use fiber. or plastic pads between leaves to reduce the internal leaf friction. Some vehicles use a single leaf instead of a buildup of multiple leaves. One manufacturer is using a leaf spring manufactured from a nonmetal composite. Leaf springs are usually arched so that the ends are higher than the center when viewed from the side.

The leaf spring is usually mounted in three places. A bushing is installed in each of the spring eyes. A bolt through the bushing in the rear spring eye attaches the rear of the spring directly to the vehicle frame. A shackle assembly is attached to the front spring eye and bushing and is then mounted through a shackle bushing to the frame. The shackle assembly allows the leaf spring to pivot up and down. A pair of U-bolts and a tie plate are used to clamp the front or rear axle assembly to the leaf spring.

The main advantage of leaf springs is their ability to control vehicle sway and lateral movement. For these reasons, leaf springs are often used on the rear suspension of rear drive vehicles.

Many late-model luxury cars use air springs. The spring is essentially a rubber bag or bladder full of air. A piston is attached to the lower control arm. Movement of the lower control arm causes the piston to move into the air bladder and compress the air in the bladder. Air pressure is used to regulate how easy or hard the bladder can be compressed. The air bladder is usually connected to an air compressor, which regulates the action of the air spring based on road conditions.

All suspension systems use a shock absorber at each wheel. When the coil, torsion bar, leaf spring, or air spring is deflected, it can oscillate (bounce up and down) uncontrollably, possibly causing the tires to lose contact with the road. This could cause the car to bounce up and down without any control. To prevent this from happening, shock absorbers are used, not to absorb shocks, but to control spring rate and dampen spring oscillations.The shock absorber is a hydraulic device. One end of the shock absorber is attached to a wheel assembly and the other end is attached to the vehicle frame. Shock absorber movement is limited by forcing fluid inside the shock

absorber through

附录Ⅱ：中文翻译

汽车悬架系统概述

在影响汽车性能的众多方面中，悬架起着十分重要的作用。

悬架系统的六项基本职能:

1.保持车辆有良好的行驶平顺性

2.衰减振动冲击

3.保持正确的车轮定位

4.支持车身重量

5.保持轮胎与地面有良好的接触

6.保持良好的操作稳定性

大多数悬架系统都有相同的基本部件和基本的工作原理。但是，各个部件的安装顺序和位置上却有不一样。车轮安装在转向节上。转向节是由两个控制臂安装在车架上, 这样有助于悬架绕支点上下运动。车架和最低控制臂之间安装一个螺旋弹簧。

当车轮通过凸起的路面时，控制臂向上运动压缩弹簧。当车轮驶过凹路面时，控制臂向下运动，弹簧升长。当车轮在平坦的路面上行驶时，弹簧力使得控制臂和车轮回归原来的位置。这种设计方法，可以保证在车轮上下运动的情况下，确保车架、车身和乘客具有良好的平顺性和通过行。不等长控制臂悬架系统在美国的汽车中已经应用很多年了。因为每个车轮都是通过一个转向节、球窝接头、和能伸缩的控制臂与车架独立的连接在一起，这种系统称为独立悬架。这种长短臂悬架系统名字的由来是因为两个控制臂的用处，他们关系着车身到转向节和车轮的装配。这两个控制臂是不等长的，长的在下面短的在上面。这控制臂有时叫做A型控制臂因为从上面看起来其形状像字母A。

在长短臂悬架系统中，上控制臂是通过两组橡胶衬套和金属轴套与十字轴连接的。这个十字轴依次与车架脱离。一个球窝接头就是在上面的球窝接头附着在上控制臂外面并且通过一个锥形的螺栓和螺母与转向节连接起来。下控制臂的内端被压入衬套。螺栓通过衬套将其与车架连接。下控制臂窝球接头通常被压入控制臂内以便通过处在正确位置的锥形螺栓和螺母与转向节连接。球窝接头被用在控制臂上是因为它允许在多个方向上运动，它允许上下运动以便满足车轮通过凹陷或凸起路面的要求。这种类型的连接，当车轮来回转动时还可以左右运动。

对于高低球窝头转向节，在球窝接头中，球头螺栓的形状是一端为球形另一

端为锥形。球窝接头的末端是通过一个形状类似房子的叫插座的东西支持着。这种形状类似房子的空间允许球头螺栓向不同的方向进行旋转运动。一个塑料的或者铁轴承放置在球窝头和插座之间。这个轴承使球头螺栓的运动与用作转向的插座联系起来，球窝接头通过锥形双头螺柱和螺母连接在转向节上。

目前，悬架系统主要使用四种类型的弹簧：螺旋弹簧，扭杆弹簧，钢板弹簧，空气弹簧。在前悬架和后悬架中，使用最广泛的类型就是螺旋弹簧。因为它纯粹是由一根圆形弹簧钢变成螺旋线圈形状的。通常情况下，顶部和底部螺旋线要比中间部分紧密一些。

螺旋弹簧普遍应用在长短臂悬架系统中。有些汽车当中将弹簧安装在车架与上控制臂之间。无论哪种方式，减振器都安装在弹簧的中心线上。大多数长短臂悬架系统的两面都有稳定杆。摇臂杆活动的连接着低控制臂和车架横构件。防止随车身转动的车架影响到另一个车轮的运动。摇臂杆与车架横构件之间采用橡胶衬套以便降低噪声和衰减振动。摇臂连接杆末端的轴套和横构件的轴套是永久的安装在摇臂连接杆的。

螺旋弹簧的优点是：紧密度好，没有可移动部件，重量分配合理等。

螺旋弹簧的缺点是承受侧向或横向运动差。如果将螺旋弹簧安装在驱动轮上，往往需要用载重牵引拉杆或转矩拉杆来维持其轴套位置。

一些车辆采用了扭杆弹簧。它是一根细长的、实心钢轴，一端连接悬架控制臂，另一端连接车架。当扭杆弹簧一端扭转、另一端仍固定不动的时候，便产生扭矩。当一个垂直力作用于车轮时，这个力通过控制臂传递到扭杆弹簧，扭杆通过扭转变形将作用力吸收。弹簧本身的阻力矩使其很快恢复到它原来的位置，恢复车轮与路面的良好接触。

在同等压力条件下，与钢板弹簧和螺旋弹簧相比，扭杆弹簧能够储存更多的能量。扭杆可以提供重要重量储蓄，并且还是可调节的。另外，与螺旋弹簧相比，扭杆弹簧占用的空间很小。

钢板弹簧是由几层弹簧钢一个一个安装的。通常，钢板弹簧中有一个主片，上面打孔，以便将钢板弹簧紧固定在车架上或车身下面。其他逐渐较短的钢片安装在主钢片上，在中间用一个中心螺栓固定，两端用骑马螺栓固定。一些钢板弹簧在各钢片间使用纤维、塑料板，以减小钢板间的内摩擦力。有的车辆使用少片钢板弹簧来替代多个钢片。一些制造商使用一种非金属复合材料制造钢板弹簧。钢板弹簧通常是拱形的，从侧面看两端高、中间低。

钢板弹簧通常安装在三个地方。每个孔中都安有轴衬，螺栓经轴衬将弹簧后端直接固定在车架上。同样的方式将钢板弹簧的前端以铰链的形式固定在车身上。

这种装配方式允许钢板弹簧绕支点作上下运动。用一对U型螺栓和垫板配合使用将钢板弹簧固定在前、后车桥上。

钢板弹簧最主要的优点，是它能够控制车辆左右摆动及侧向运动。基于这些原因，钢板弹簧主要应用于后轮驱动车辆的后悬架上。

许多新型豪华轿车都使用空气弹簧。空气弹簧基本上就是一个充满空气的橡胶袋或气囊。在最低控制臂上安装一个活塞。控制臂的运动推动活塞进入橡胶袋，并在气囊中压缩空气。空气压力用来调节橡胶袋压缩的程度。空气橡胶袋通常是与空气压缩机相连接，以便根据道路条件调节空气弹簧运动。

所有悬架系统在每个车轮上都使用了减振器。当螺旋弹簧、扭力弹簧、钢板弹簧或空气弹簧发生偏离，它会产生无法控制的摆动(上下弹跳)，可能造成轮胎与路面脱离。这有可能导致汽车在没有任何约束的条件下发生摆振。为了防止这种情况的发生，采用了减震器，它的主要作用不是吸收震动，而是用于控制弹簧振动频率和缓解弹簧的摆振。减振器是一个液压装置。减振器的一端安装在车轮总成上，另一端安装在车架上。减振器的运动是通过促进其缸内的液体流动来实现的。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译403驱动桥和差速器

附录A 英文文献 Drive axle/differential All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road. Powerflow The drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels. This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels. Fig 1 Drive axle

汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28

摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参

外文文献翻译：汽车的发展

The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities

中英文文献翻译-汽车制动系统

附录 附录A Braking system function is to make the car driving in accordance with the requirements of the pilot required even slow down park; They offend car has in various road conditions (including in the slope stability) in car; Make the downhill cars speed to be stable. For car up the role of brake is only in the car and role with the direction of the car driving direction opposite forces, and the size of these forces are random, do not control, so cars must be installed on a series of special equipment to achieve the function. Automobile brake system is to point to to ensure that the car in technology, improve the safe driving car average speed, etc., and the admiration installed in the car brake special brake institutions. In general automobile brake system including crane brake system and parking brake two sets of independent device. One crane brake device is a driver with feet to manipulate, and it said the foot brake. Parking brake device is a pilot with the hand, so it says of the manipulation of the hand brake. The function of the crane brake system is to make the car slow down or running in the shortest distance parking within. And parking brake function is to make had stopped the car on the road all keep still. But, sometimes, in an emergency, two braking device can be used at the same time and increase the effect of auto brake. Some special purpose of cars and often in the mountains cars, long and frequently brake will lead to crane brake system overheating, so in these cars often add all sorts of different types of auxiliary braking equipment, so as to speed up the hill stability. According to the braking energy situation, brake system can also be divided into human brake system, power brake system, and servo brake system, three. Human brake system to the driver's physical strength as braking energy; Power brake system engine power to the transformation of the air pressure or hydraulic braking energy as; And servo brake system is the most human and engine power as a brake energy. In addition, according to the braking energy transfer mode, brake system and can be divided into mechanical and hydraulic, pneumatic type and assolenoid style wait until a few kinds.

毕业论文外文翻译-浅谈差速器

浅谈差速器 普通行星齿轮差速器由行星架（差速器壳），半轴齿轮等零件组成。它将发动机的动力，直接驱动差速器壳体内的轴，再由行星齿轮驱动左、右两半轴，并分别驱动左、右车轮。差速器的设计应满足：左半轴转速与右半轴转速之和等于两倍的行星架转速。当两侧车轮以纯滚动的形式做等距行驶时，会减少轮胎和路面的摩擦.差速器的这种调整是自动的，这里涉及到“最小能耗原理”，即地球上所有物体都倾向于耗能最小的状态。例如把一粒豆子放入一个碗内，豆子会自动停留在碗底，而不会留在碗壁，因为碗底是能量消耗最低的位置（位能），它会自动选择静止（动能最小）而不会不断地运动。同样的道理，汽车转弯时所有的驱动轮，左、右车轮与行星架的速度是相等的，而在汽车转弯时的三个平衡状态被破坏，导致内侧轮转速减小，横向轮RPM增加。 汽车差速器是驱动桥的主要部件。其功能是传递两侧半轴的动力，同时允许两半轴以不同的速度旋转，同时能够满足按照国家标准的自动的最低能量消耗的趋势，在转弯时自动接受转向半径来调整右轮转速，由于横向摩擦轮拖动现象，内侧车轮有滑动现象，现在两个驱动轮可以产生两个相反方向的附加力，因此符合最小的能源消耗原理, 这不可避免地导致了两侧车轮的速度差，从而摧毁了三个平衡关系，并通过半轴齿轮体现出来。迫使行星齿轮产生自转，使外侧半轴转速更快，内侧半轴减速，从而实现两侧车轮转速的差异。 如果任意一侧驱动轴上的驱动轮都使用一个整体的刚性连接，那么这两个轮子只能以相同的角度旋转。所以，当车辆的转向轮驱动时，由于外侧车轮比内侧车轮横过的距离大，将使外侧车轮在滚动的同时产生延迟，内侧车轮在滚动的同时产生滑动。即使车轮在凹凸不平的道路上跑直线，因为虽然道路是直，但轮胎滚动半径范围（轮胎制造误差，磨损不同，通过不均或气压不等所造成的车轮滑动）轮毂时，不仅会加剧轮胎的磨损滑动，增加动力性和燃油消耗，还能使车辆的转向困难，制动性能变得差.为了使车轮尽可能不会发生滑动的结构，必须保证车轮可以以不同的角度旋转。 轴间差速器：通常驾驶的轿车轮毂轴承支撑在主轴上，能够以任何角度旋转，驱动车轮分别与两根半轴刚性连接，在两根半轴之间有一个差速器，这种差速器称为轴间差速器。 如果使后轮轴成为一个整体，他将无法使两侧的车轮转速有差异，即不能做自动调整。为了解决这个问题，早在一百年前，法国雷诺汽车公司创始人路易斯·雷诺设计了一个差速器。 现代汽车上的差速器通常是根据其工作特性分为齿轮式差速器和限滑差速器两大类。 1.开模差速器 诺基开模差速器的结构是典型的行星齿轮组的结构，只有太阳轮和小齿轮环外

汽车悬架原理外文文献翻译

汽车悬架原理外文文献及翻译 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) The rinciple Of Car Suspensions By William Harris University of Michigan When people think of automobile performance, they normally think of horsepower, torque and zero-to-60 acceleration. But all of the power generated by a piston engine is useless if the driver can't control the car. That's why automobile engineers turned their attention to the suspension system almost as soon as they had mastered the four-stroke internal combustion engine. The job of a car suspension is to maximize the friction between the tires and the road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to ensure the comfort of the passengers. In this article, we'll explore how car suspensions work, how they've evolved over the years and where the design of suspensions is headed in the future.

汽车制动系统-毕业设计外文资料翻译

Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic c omponents: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).

驱动桥外文翻译

驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求： 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性 好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。

汽车外文翻译

As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and

汽车检测与维修专业汽车制动系统毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：汽车制动系统 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：汽车检测与维修 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14

Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cy linders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the