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专业英语2第六单元B翻译

专业英语2第六单元B翻译
专业英语2第六单元B翻译

Separation of Powers in the American Public Law

美国公法中的三权分立

It has already been intimated that Montesquieu’s theory(指孟德斯鸠的三权分立理论)of the separation of powers was made the basis of the system of government adopted in the United States at the end of the eighteenth century.A perusal of the writings of those men who influenced most profoundly the political thought of the time will reveal a practically unanimous 1acceptance of the theory.

我们都知道,孟德斯鸠的三权分立学说是美国在18世纪末组建政府体系的理论基础,一些熟读相关政治理论作品且在政治领域有很大影响力的学者认为,时间会证明,总有一天绝大多数的人都会接受这一理论。

The theory was accepted not ,however ,as a scientific theory but as a legal rule. Many of the state constitutions, which either were adopted soon after the American revolution or have been put into force since , contain clauses known as “distributing clauses,” of which that contained in the constitution of Massachusetts(马萨诸塞州)may be taken as a most forcible example. Article 30 of the first constitution of Massachusetts provides that “in the government of this common-wealth the legislative department shall never exercise the executive or judiciary powers or either of them;the executive shall never exercise the legislative or judicial powers or either of them;the judiciary shall never exercise the legislative or executive powers or either of them,to the end that it may be a government of laws and not of men.” Other constitutions, of which the constitution of the United States is one , provide that the legislative power shall be vested in a legislature, that the executive power shall be vested in a President or governor , and that the judicial power shall be vested in certain courts.Such provisions,however ,are held to have practically the same legal effect as the distributing clause in the Massachusetts constitution, on the theory th at “affirmative(肯定的)words are often , in their operation , negative of other objects than those affirmed.”

这个理论并没有被全面接受,更多的时候它只是一个科学的理论而不是法律规章。许多州的宪法,都是在美国革命后被调整或者才被实行的,所包含的条例被称为“分配条例”,而它包含在马萨诸塞州的宪法是最具有说服力的例子。马萨诸塞州的第一部宪法的第三十条指出:‘作为公共机构的政府立法部门不能行使行政权力和司法权力中的任何一个’,行政部

门不能行使立法权力和司法权力,司法部门也不能行驶立法权力和行政权力。到最后,它所针对的是政府法律而不单单是一个人。在其他宪法,比如美国宪法,认为应该给立法部门赋予立法权力,行政权力应该归属总统或者州长,而司法权应该归属特定的法院。因而,这样的规定实际上与马萨诸塞州宪法中的“分权条例”具有同等的法律效力。理论层面上,我们一般只会看到积极的那一方面,但是具体操作起来,所遇到的困难会比预期的多!

As a result of these constitutional provisions, it is said by the United States Supreme Court, Justice Miller giving the opinion :

“that all the powers entrusted to government, whether state or national, are divided into the three grand departments, the executive, the legislative, and the judicial.That the functions appropriate to each of these branches of government shall be vested in a separate(单独的)body of public servants , and that the perfection of the system requires that the lines which separate and divide these departments shall be broadly and clearly defined.It is also essential to the successful working

of this system that the persons intrusted with power in any one of these branches shall not be permitted to encroach upon the powers confided to the others, but that each shall by tile law of its creation be limited to the exercise of the powers appropriate to its own department and no other.”

鉴于这些法律条文的影响,美国最高法院,米勒法官给予的意见:

“国家、政府或者国家的全部权力,分配到其中的三大部门,分别是行政部门、立法部门和司法部门。在一个固定的公务员体系中,公共职能应该适当的分配到政府的每一个分支机构,同时,一个完善的系统需要广泛和明确地界定各部门分离的界线。这个系统的另一个成功之处就是在系统的分支机构中也不允许把权力授予个人而去侵犯其他人的权利。每一个普通法的建立都应该明确限制每个部门的使用权力且不能越权。

It is, however , to be noticed that the provisions of the United States constitution to which reference has been made do not in any way affect the states in this respect, — do not, for example, forbid a state legislature from exercising judicial power.

然而,值得注意的是,美国宪法明确规定,不能通过任何方式去干扰三权分立这一理论原则,——例如,严禁立法机构行使司法权力。

The Meaning of the Rule in American Law

While it is a rule of American public law that the powers of government which are

distinguished(区别)by the constitution are distributed among the legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the government, hardly any American constitution defines any one of these three powers of government. An examination of the constitution, therefore, does not enlighten us as to the exact meaning of the rule.We must go to the decisions of the courts made in their interpretation of the constitution if we would know whether the exercise of a specific power by any one of the departments of government is permitted under a particular constitution.

虽然,美国政府的权力在美国宪法的规定下被均衡地分布在政府的行政机构、立法机构和司法机构是美国公法其中的一条条例,但几乎没有任何一部宪法对这三种政府权力进行定义。对宪法进行审查,其实,并没有告诉我们规则的真正含义。我们必须要了解法院在自身对宪法的理解下所作出的判决,这样我们才能知道政府的任一个部门依据特殊宪法行使其特定的权力是否是可行的。

When we do so we find that they are often conflicting as to specific powers of government.In order ,therefore,that the student may know what the legal meaning of the principle of the separation of powers is in a given state of the American Union,he must examine the decisions of the courts of that state.This is extremely important ,for the effect of the adoption of a particular view of the separation of powers by the courts of a state is that all attempts of any governmental authority to exercise powers whose exercise is inconsistent with that view, are unconstitutional and void.

但实践上证明,政府的权力往往是相互矛盾的。因此,学生想要理解美国具体一个州的三权分立原则的合法含义,他必须审核该州的法院所作出的判决。从一个特别的视角去看待一个国家的法院的权力分立所带来的影响是非常重要的,它与所有尝试让任何政府部门行使职权的观点不一致,是违宪的,无效的。

But while there is conflict of opinion as to concrete points there are certain general principles which the courts of most of the states are inclined to apply.Thus it may be laid down :First , that the action of any one of the departments of the government must, in order to partake of the nature of the department so as to satisfy the provision of the constitution requiring a separation of powers, be completely independent of the influence and control of any other department.Take,for example,the case of Gordon vs.United States.Here the Congress(国会of the United States passed a law providing for a Court of Claims which should have jurisdiction of certain complaints which individuals might have to make against the national government.The act

provided for an appeal from the judgment of the Court of Claims in certain cases to the Supreme Court of the United States,and added that the judgment should be paid when it had been revised by the Secretary of the Treasury.When the first case came up to the Supreme(最高的)Court on appeal ,that body held that it could not take jurisdiction inasmuch as it was vested by the constitution only with judicial powers, and the decision of an appeal from the determination of the Court of Claims was not an exercise of judicial power since such determination was not conclusive,but might be revised by an executive officer.

尽管在一些具体的观点中有一些还是存在一些的差异,但是在已经确定下来的具体法则中大多数法院都倾向于支持,主要体现在以下观点:

首先,任一政府部门的行为必须符合其部门的本身性质以满足宪法对权力分立条例的规定,这样才能完全地独立于其他部门的影响和控制。例如,以戈登与美国为例,美国的国会通过了一条法律去规定,当公民对联邦政府的一些政策持反对意见而进行控诉的时候,索赔法院应该具有管辖(司法)的权力。这样的措施为公民提供了向美国最高法院就索赔法院的判决提出上诉的机会,同时,当判决最终由财政部长修改后就应该予以执行。当第一个案例上诉到美国最高法院的时候,法律的机构体系认为它不属于司法的管辖范围,因为它仅仅是由司法权力组成的固定的体系。根据法院索赔条约所作出的上诉判决并不是司法权的运用,因为这样的决定不是最终决定的,因为它有可能被执行官修正。

The only exceptions to this general rule that each department is to be independent of the others are to be found in those cases where appeal is made to the courts to apply or construe an act of the legislature or an act of the executive.In these cases, if the courts deem that such acts are not in accordance with the higher law of the land,in the one case the constitution and in the other case the statute law, they do not hesitate to refuse to enforce such acts on the theory that they are legally void and of no effect.In this, their action , the courts do not claim to be exercising a control over other departments of the government , but merely to be exercising their right to judge of what is law, and to apply only what they consider to be law.This rule of law was not, however , adopted so far as concerns the relation of the courts to legislation without a long struggle.

唯一的例外情况是,各部门之间相互独立是为了使法院去审批或者解释立法部门和行政部门的行为。在这些情况中,如果法院认为这些行为并不符合本土的高级法或者宪法的某一规定亦或者成文法的其他规定,他们会毫不犹豫地拒绝执行这些在法律上是无效和没有影响力的理论上的行为,在这些方面,法院对于自己的行为,并没有宣传他们是运用权力去控

制政府的其他部门,仅仅是运用他们正当的权力去理解什么是法律以及判断什么是符合法律的。这条法律规则并不能说明,在调整法院与立法部门之间的关系的时候没有经历长期摸索的阶段。

Second, the principle of the separation of powers does not apply to the local governments.Perhaps as good a case as can be found on this point is the case of the People vs.Provines.The facts of the case were as follows:The constitution of California provided in article iii.that no one exercising judicial powers might exercise executive powers.A police judge of the city of San Francisco was elected police commissioner by the people of San Francisco and entered upon the performance of the duties of his https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2918426.html,rmation in the nature of a quo warranto was brought against him by the attorney-general to oust him from the office of police commissioner(警察局长), into which , it was claimed, he had entered contrary to the provisions of the constitution. When the matter came before tile court , which reviewed all the other cases decided upon this point in California and actually overruled several of such cases, it was held that the distributing clause of the California constitution applied only to the state government, and did not provide for any separation of powers in the local governments.

第二,权力分立的原则并不适用于地方政府。可以从一个公民和他所在的省份之间故事发现的也许这未尝不是一件好事。具体情况是这样的:

加利福利亚州宪法第三条规定,没有人可以在行使司法权力的同时行使行政权力。一个三藩市的警察法官由三藩市当地人民选举为警察局长同时进入他的办公室工作。然而一张委任状提拔他为首席检察官以至于他离开他的警察局办公室。其中,有人就宣称,他已经违反了宪法的规定。其实在他的案例上交到普通法院之前,加利福利亚就已经有好几个也是围绕同样问题的案例在等待审查,而且事实上有几个案例曾经就被否决过了,这表明加利福尼亚宪法的分配条款只适用于州政府,而且并没有给当地政府赋予独立的权力。

The confinement(限制,约束)of the application of the principle of the separation of powers to the central government has for its result :

1.That the legislature may constitutionally confer powers in their application whatever may be the theoretical nature of such powers upon (a)organs of the central government or (b)upon any local authority , and that in case it does so such powers do not partake of the nature of the body upon which they may be conferred.

对中央政府权力分离原则的运用进行限制会产生以下的影响:

1.无论这些权力的理论性质是否凌驾于在地方政府或者中央政府之上,立法机构都要依照法定程序去赋予权力的,这样可以防止他们所赋予的权力不符合这个权力体系的本质或者在这个体系之上。

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第二单元Unit 2 方法和技巧(1)Methods and Skills (1) 口译的方法和技巧因其内容、要求、对象、场合的不同而不同。为了准确、完满地传达说话人的原意,译员要根据具体情况,选择适当的方法,灵活运用各种不同的技巧,提高口译的表达效果。口译的方法和技巧可概括为以下几种: 一、直译 汉英两种语言属于不同的语系,在语言结构、表达方式、修辞手段和思维方式等方面都有各自的不同特点。但是,两种语言在词汇、句子结构、语序和文化内涵等方面又有一定的对等性。直译就是利用这种对等关系,口译时,在保证准确传递说话人原意的前提下尽量使原语在词语、句子结构和语序上与译入语保持一致。对等直译法是口译中最基本、最常用的方法,同时也是最有效、最实用、最简便的方法。 以下英语的汉译就是利用这种对等关系直译的。 (1) Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors. 今天,科技使我们所有国家实际上成为邻邦。 (2) As you build a new China, America wants to build a new relationship with you;We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world. 当你们建设一个新中国的时候,美国希望同你们建立一种新型关系,我们希望中国成功、安全、开放、同我们一起为一个更加和平、繁荣的世界而工作。 (3) In the 21st century----your century----China and the United States will face the challenge of security in Asia. 在二十一世纪——你们的世纪——中美两国要面对亚洲安全问题的挑战。 (4) One of our founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, once said: ―Our critics are our friends, for they show us our faults.‖ 美国的奠基者之一, 本杰明﹒弗兰克林曾经说过:―批评我们的人就是我们的朋友,因为他们指出了我们的错误。‖ 以下汉语的英译也是利用英汉对等关系直译的。 (1) 首先,请允许我代表在座的,向我们的贵宾表示热烈的欢迎和真诚的问候。 First of all, please allow me, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guests. (2) 虽然我们来自不同的背景,说不同的语言,但是,我相信我们将通过对体育的共同热爱找到共同的语言和共同的友谊。 Although we come from many different backgrounds and speak many different languages, I am sure we shall find a common language and mutual friendship through our joint interest in sports. (3) 我相信中国的改革开放和稳定会给亚欧国家的商界带来可观的投资和贸易良机。 I am convinced that China's reform, open up and stability will provide the business community of Asian and European countries with tremendous investment and trade opportunities. (4) 我们将坚持―和平统一‖和―一国两制‖的基本原则。 We shall adhere to the basic principles of ―peaceful reunification‖ and ―one country, two systems‖. (5) 我们的干部要能上能下 Our cadres should be ready to go up and equally ready to go down.

测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)

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专业英语翻译

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 141 (2011) 133–138 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /v e t i m m Short communication Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreases in?ammatory responses induced by F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in porcine intestinal epithelial cells Galliano Zanello a ,b ,1,Franc ?ois Meurens a ,1,Mustapha Berri a ,Claire Chevaleyre a ,Sandrine Melo a ,Eric Auclair b ,Henri Salmon a ,? a Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA),UR1282,Infectiologie Animale et SantéPublique,F-37380Nouzilly (Tours),Indre et Loire,France b SociétéIndustrielle Lesaffre,Lesaffre Feed Additives,Marcq-en-Baroeul,France a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 19October 2010Received in revised form 13December 2010 Accepted 31January 2011Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Pig Intestinal epithelial cells Cytokines Chemokines a b s t r a c t Probiotic yeasts may provide protection against intestinal in?ammation induced by enteric pathogens.In piglets,infection with F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)leads to in?ammation,diarrhea and intestinal damage.In this study,we investigated whether the yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc ,strain CNCM I-3856)and S.cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb ,strain CNCM I-3799)decreased the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines and chemokines in intestinal epithelial IPI-2I cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Results showed that viable Sc inhibited the ETEC-induced TNF-?gene expression whereas Sb did not.In contrast,killed Sc failed to inhibit the expression of pro-in?ammatory genes.This inhibition was dependent on secreted soluble factors.Sc culture supernatant decreased the TNF-?,IL-1?,IL-6,IL-8,CXCL2and CCL20ETEC-induced mRNA.Furthermore,Sc culture supernatant ?ltrated fraction <10kDa displayed the same effects excepted for TNF-?.Thus,our results extended to Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)the inhibitory effects of some probiotic yeast strains onto in?ammation. ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1.Introduction Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)are pathogenic gram negative bacteria which infect humans and sev-eral species of farm animals such as calves and pigs.ETEC interacts with intestinal epithelial cells,colonizes the small intestine and secretes enterotoxins such as the heat-labile enterotoxins (LT),the heat-stable enterotox-ins (STa and/or STb),and the enteroaggregative E .coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1(EAST1)(Nagy and Fekete,2005).In pigs,ETEC infection and enterotoxin secretions can induce intestinal in?ammation and diarrhea resulting in reduced growth rate,increased mortality and economic ?Corresponding author.Tel.:+33247427331;fax:+33247427779.E-mail addresses:salmon@tours.inra.fr ,henri.salmon@tours.inra.fr (H.Salmon).1 These authors contributed equally to this work.loss (Fairbrother et al.,2005).Moreover,F4+ETEC strain induce pro-in?ammatory response in intestinal epithe-lial cells (Devriendt et al.,2010).Administration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb )has been shown to protect pigs in reducing ETEC transloca-tion (Lessard et al.,2009).In vitro studies showed that Sb secretes soluble factors that decrease the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines induced by enteric pathogens (Zanello et al.,2009).However,to our knowledge,there is no in vitro data regarding the anti-in?ammatory effects of S.cerevisiae (Sc )secreted soluble factors.Sc and Sb are members of the same species but they differ geneti-cally,metabolically and physiologically (Edwards-Ingram et al.,2007;Hennequin et al.,2001).Thus,in this study,we assessed if the non-commensal and non-pathogenic yeasts Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)and Sb (strain CNCM I-3799)secreted factors allowing the down-regulation of pro-in?ammatory gene expression in intestinal epithe-lial cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Sc (strain CNCM I-3856) 0165-2427/$–see front matter ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.018

力学专业英语部分翻译 孟庆元

1、应力和应变 应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明。一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面。在这个实例中,假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F,并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧。 通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm,我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体【如图1(b)】。在左端施加有拉力P,在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力。这些力是连续分布在横截面的,类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布。 力的集度,也就是单位面积上的力,叫做应力,通常是用希腊字母,来表示。假设应力在横截面上是均匀分布的【如图1(b)】,我们可以很容易的看出它的合力等于集度,乘以杆的横截面积A。而且,从图1所示的物体的平衡,我们可以看出它的合力与力P必须的大小相等,方向相反。因此,我们可以得出 等式(1)可以作为棱柱形杆上均匀应力的方程。这个等式表明应力的单位是,力除以面积。当杆被力P拉伸时,如图所示,产生的应力是拉应力,如果力在方向是相反,使杆被压缩,它们就叫做压应力。 使等式(1)成立的一个必要条件是,应力,必须是均匀分布在杆的横截面上。如果轴向力P作用在横截面的形心处,那么这个条件就实现了。当力P没有通过形心时,杆会发生弯曲,这就需要更复杂的分析。目前,我们假设所有的轴向力都是作用在横截面的形心处,除非有相反情况特别说明。同样,除非另有说明,一般也假设物体的质量是忽略的,如我们讨论图1的杆

一样。 轴向力使杆产生的全部伸长量,用希腊字母δ表示【如图1(a)】,单位长度的伸长量,或者应变,可以用等式来决定。 L是杆的总长。注意应变ε是一个无量纲的量。只要应变是在杆的长度方向均匀的,应变就可以从等式(2)中准确获得。如果杆处于拉伸状态,应变就是拉应变,代表材料的伸长或者延长如果杆处于受压状态,那么应变就是压应变,这也就意味着杆上临近的横截面是互相靠近的。 当材料的应力和应变显示的是线性关系时,也就是线弹性。这对多数固体材料来说是极其重要的性质,包括多数金属,塑料,木材,混凝土和陶瓷。处于拉伸状态下,杆的应力和应变间的线性关系可以用简单的等式来表示。E是比例常数,叫做材料的弹性模量。 注意E和应力有同样的单位。在英国科学家托马斯·杨(1773 ~ 1829)研究杆的弹性行为之后,弹性模量有时也叫做杨氏模量。对大多数材料来说,压缩状态下的弹性模量与处于拉伸时的弹性模量的一样的。 2、拉伸应力应变行为 一个特殊材料中应力和应变的关系是通过拉伸测试来决定的。材料的试样通常是圆棒的形式,被安置在测试机上,承受拉力。当载荷增加时,测量棒上的力和棒的伸长量。力除以横截面积可以得出棒的应力,伸长量除以伸长发生方向的长度可以得出应变。通过这种方式,材料的完整应力应变图就可以得到。 图1所示的是结构钢的应力应变图的典型形状,轴向应变显示在水平轴,对应的应力以纵坐标表示为曲线OABCDE。从O点到A点,应力和应变之间是

专业英语翻译(路桥方向,第三版)2

Lesson9线形设计 竖直曲线和水平曲线的布置组成了高速公路的线形,竖曲线包括直的纵坡线和连接纵坡线的抛物线.平曲线包括直线段和连接它们并改变方向的圆曲线段.线形的设计主要依赖于高速公路设计速度的选择,与自然地形相符合的线形造价最小。通常这种情况是不可能的,然而,因为设计师必须遵循一定的设计标准,而这些标准也许并不能适应地形○1,重要的是既定部分的线形必须遵循一致的标准来避免高速路在竖直和水平定线时产生突变,同样,竖曲线和平曲线在设计是要相互补充协调,,这样才能设计出一条安全的和更有吸引力的高速公路。为了达到这一点,一个应该考虑的因素是适当地保持直线坡度和平曲线曲率的平衡,处理好平曲线和竖曲线间的相互位置。例如,在较大半径的陡坡上设置平曲线是一种较差的设计,同理,如果在一个明显的凸形竖曲线的顶部或附近设置小半径平曲线,或在明显的凹形竖曲线底部或附近设置小半径平曲线,,这将导致这里是一个危险部分。因而在初步设计阶段把竖曲线和平曲线的协调综合考虑是很重要的。 高速公路的竖向线形是有被称之为纵坡或切线的直线部分和与之相连的竖曲线组成,因而竖向线形的设计包括直线部分合适坡度的选择和竖曲线的设计。路线所穿越区域的地形对书香线形设计有极其重要的影响。 坡度对重交通路线的影响必须被考虑,,如果是陡坡或长坡会使重交通车辆的车速降低很快,注意到陡坡不仅影响重车的性能还影响轿车的性能,为了限制坡度对车辆的影响,任何高速路的最大坡度都应明智选择。高速公路的最大坡度取决于设计速度和设计车辆,普遍认为4%--5%的坡度对小客车的影响不大或没有影响,除非是重量与功率比比较高的车,例如那些小型车和微型车。○2当坡度大于5%时,客车在上坡时速度进一步降低在下坡时进一步增加,坡度对卡车的影响大于对客车的影响,广泛的研究结果表明,卡车在下坡时速度增加5%,而在上坡时减小接近7%,这取决于坡度比例和坡长。最大坡度的确立依据是高速公路上的设计车辆的操作性能,最大坡度的变化范围从设计时速70英里时的5%到设计时速为30英里时的7%-12%,这取决于高速公路的类型。另一方面,当坡长不足500英尺时,且下坡方向为单向路线时,最大纵坡或许可以提高1%-2%,特别是在交通量较低的乡村道路。 最小纵坡取决于排水条件,零坡度的道路被用在有足够横坡足以排尽路表水的路段,当路面有限定时,纵坡应能排尽纵向流动的路表水,在这种情况下习惯上选用最小0.5%的坡度,有时,在有合适路拱和硬地的高等级路面建设中,这个坡度可能会被减小到0.3%。 竖曲线通常用于直线纵坡间的逐渐过渡以利于车辆平顺的通过高速路,这些竖曲线通常是抛物线形的,竖曲线的最小长度的选定取决于所选抛物线的特性,竖曲线分凸形和凹形竖曲线。 竖曲线的设计应满足的主要标准有:能提供最小的停车视距,要有充足的排水,行车舒适,外观良好。凸形竖曲线仅需满足第一条标准,而凹形竖曲线四条标准都要满足。 水平线形有直线和平曲线组成,平曲线通常是被分割的圆曲线,他有一定的半径可使车辆平顺的通过。 因此,水平线性的设计必须确定最小半径,曲线长度,以及计算从切线到曲线的平面支距,以有助于曲线的定线,○4在有些情况下,为了避免直线段的曲率半径无限大到圆曲线段曲率半径为一定值之间的突变,通常需要在他们之间插入一段曲率半径逐渐变化的曲线,这种曲线称之为回旋线或缓和曲线。 有四种类型的水平曲线:简单曲线,复曲线,反向曲线,回旋线。 简单曲线是圆弧的一段,然而复曲线由两条或两条以上的转向相同的连续曲线组成,任何两条曲线都有一个相同的切点,,这些曲线可用来获取较理想的水平线形,特别是在立体交叉处,交叉匝道,特殊地形区情况下的高速公路,为了避免线形的突变,任何两条依次相连的简单曲线组成的复曲线半径不宜相差过大,。美国公路学会建议,在交叉路口复曲线半径的最大半径和最小半径之比不能超过2:1,在这里司机可以适应曲率和速度的突变,让人满意的立体交叉道的最大比率为1.75:1.虽然2:1也被使用。 为使大曲率曲线与急弯曲线间平缓过度,并使曲线半径的减小有一个合理的渐变率,每条曲线的长度不能太短。 反向曲线通常是由两条半径相等且具有同一切点转向相反的简单曲线组成,他们经常用于高速路的线形改变。 反向曲线很少被推荐使用是因为突变的线形是司机感到很难在同一车到驾驶,如果有必要设计反向线形,合理的设计是由简单曲线组成,中间插入一段有足够长度的直线以达到全超高。○5作为一种选择,简单曲线或许被等效长度的回旋线隔开。 缓和曲线设置在直线段与圆曲线段之间或两个不同半径的圆曲线之间,缓和曲线的作用是在车辆进入或离开圆曲线时为车辆提供一个逐渐增加或降低的向心力,设置直线段与圆曲线之间的缓和曲线的曲率由直线段末端的

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