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语法讲义

语法讲义
语法讲义

英语句子成分与词性

句子构成的成分共分为八种:主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,补语,状语和同位语。

1.主语:是全句述说的对象。一般位于句首,除了there be结构,疑问句和倒

装句中。

Walls have ears.

To see is to believe.

Smoking is not allowed in public places.

Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.

2.谓语:说明主语的情况,永远只能由动词(实义动词或系动词)组成。助动

词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。

Actions speak louder than words.

The chance may never come again.

Tom was very sick at heart.

Mary has been working at the dress store since 1994.

3.表语:系动词之后的成分,表示主语的身份,特征和状态。

常见的系动词有:be, appear, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, sound, smell, stay, taste, turn等。

My father is a professor.

Who’s that? It’s me.

The match became very exciting.

The story of my life may be of help to others.

His plan is to seek work in the city.

My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.

4.宾语:表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者。跟在及物动词或不及物动词+介词

之后。

She covered her face with her hands.

We haven’t seen her for a long time.

Do you mind opening the window?

Give me four please!

He wants to dream a nice dream.

We need to know what others are doing.

5.定语:修饰名词的成分。

They are woman worker.

Tom’s father didn’t write home until yesterday.

Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.

You haven’t kept your promise to write us often.

Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.

6.补语:补充说明宾语或主语的性质和状态。

宾语补足语

They elected me captain of the team.

We found everything there in good order.

I should advise you not to miss the chance.

主语补足语

The price is expected to rise in the near future.

Some goods are left unsold.

She was elected director of public relations.

7.状语:可以修饰动词,形容词,副词或者全句。

表示地点,时间,原因,目的,结果,条件,让步,程度,方式,伴随情况等。These products are selling quickly.

She sat there doing nothing.

We’ll send a car over to fetch you.

8.同位语:用来补充说明另一个名词(短语)或代词的具体内容或情况。

We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow.

People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished guests.

We two like the saying: money talks.

9.插入语:对一句话的附加说明,常用逗号或破折号与其他成分隔开,在语法

上不影响其他成分。

True, it would be too bad.

To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.

Judging by his clothes, he may be an artist.

That, in my opinion, is only one of the minor issue.

关于比较等级

1.原级比较

表示双方程度相等用as+原级+as (和…一样)

He is as busy as before.

We should send you the data as soon as possible.

表示双方程度不相等用not so (as) +原级+as (和…不一样,不如…那样)

It is not so (as) cold today as yesterday.

He didn’t make as much progress as he had expected.

2.比较级

比较级可用much, far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit等词与词组修饰

The new method is much more efficient than the old one.

She ran a little (bit) faster than her younger brother.

关于倍数的表达

Kids are twice as troublesome as pets.

Americans eat more than twice as many vegetable today as they did in 1950.

We have produced three times as much grain as compared with last year. Practice:改错

1.School violence is most serious problem, especial in public school.

-----School violence is the most serious problem, especially in public school s. 2. Students are not enough mature so they are vulnerable to social evils.

基本时态

1.一般现在时

表示现在,目前存在的状态,性质或经常发生的动作。

谓语动词:am, is, are或do,does

常用时间词:always, usually, sometimes, seldom, everyday等。

2.一般过去时

表示过去的动作和状态。

谓语动词:was, were, did

常用时间词:yesterday, two days ago, last week, in 1996, during the night, in ancient times等。

※在it is high (about) time (that) …句型中,表示“该……的时候了”,从句的谓语动词通常用一般过去时。

It is high time that the government and common people joined hand in hand to protect the deteriorating environment.

3.一般将来时

表示将要发生的动作或状态。

谓语动词:will/shall do, be going to do, be about to do,

常用的时间词:tomorrow, tonight, by then, in the near future, next spring等。

4.现在完成时

谓语动词:have/has +过去分词

常用的时间词:already(肯定),yet(否定),recently, till now, so far, ever, never等a.过去发生并已经完成的动作,对现在造成了影响。

Till now I have read many novels.

Long-distance education has basically covered the whole country so far.

b.过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态,也许还有可能持续下去。She has lived in Nanchang since 1980.

The computer has gradually been used in libraries and hospitals.

5.过去完成时

谓语动词:had +过去分词

常和by, before等词组成的短语和从句连用。

People had imagined what the surface of the moon looked like before Neil Armstrong first stepped onto the planet.

Radio had been the most important communication tool before TV was invented.

英语句子种类:简单句,并列句,复合句

1.简单句(simple sentence)

五种基本句型:SV, SVO, SVOC, SVOiOd, SVP

Subject=主语

Verbal phrase=谓语部分

Object=宾语(Oi=间接宾语,Od=直接宾语)

Complement=补语

Predicative=表语

一.主+动(S+V)

1. Crime does not pay.

2. Without gun, the suicide rate will go down.

二.主+动+宾(S+V+O)

1.Media violence affect children’s mental health.

2.Frequent physical punishment contributes to a child’s later crimes.

三.主+动+宾+补(S+V+O+C)

1.Gambling may turn an ordinary man crazy.(形容词作补语)

2. A lot of women consider luxury goods a life necessity.(名词作补语)

3.The internet enables users to access violence easily.(不定式作补语)

四.主+动+间宾/人+直宾/物(S+V+Oi+Od)

1.Gambling could bring us a substantial increase in crime.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/295792899.html,munity service offers wrongdoers an opportunity to correct their misconduct.

3.Violent scenes on mass media present children a bad example.

五.主+动(系动词)+表(S+V+P)

常见的系动词有:appear, be, become, feel, grow, go, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, turn.

1.Death penalty is a deterrent to violent crime.(名词作表语)

2.The penalties for criminals should be severe.

3.The suggestion of community service sounds convincing and considerate.

2.并列句(compound sentence)

意义延伸并列连词:

1. Child abuse is a crime and law enforcement have a legal duty to stop it.

2. Students should not only learn academic knowledge but also do volunteer work in communities.

3. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.

选择并列连词:

1.Heavy penalties should be imposed on traffic violators or they may not abide by

traffic laws.

2.I must work much harder, otherwise I can not catch up with the other classmates.

转折并列连词:

1.Some offenders are good in nature but they go astray under some negative

influence.

2.Some kill people only to defend themselves while others are trigger-happy.

3.Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.

因果并列连词:

1.Owning a gun is illegal in most countries for it is considered dangerous.

另外, 副词连接的并列句:

1.Internet access is very useful for looking up information; however, a student is highly likely to find indecent materials on the internet.

2.In many countries, minors can have access to sexual materials; therefore, providing the children with moral guidance is the best solution.

3.Murderers are not humans; hence, they cannot be treated as humans.

3.复合句(complex sentence)

比较:a. We cannot apply knowledge in the books to practice,

and then we cannot handle real problems in society.

b. Because we cannot apply knowledge in the books to practice,

we cannot handle real problems in society.

C. Our teacher had left, the heated discussion then ended.

D. When Our teacher had left, the heated discussion then ended.

复合句包括:名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句。

名词性从句包括:主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句。(在复合句中起名词作用,充当主语,宾语,表语,同位语等的各种从句)

连接词:that, if, whether

连接代词:who, whom, whose, what, which

连接副词:when, where, why, how

a.主语从句:

一.Whether 引导

如:Whether traditions deserve preserving has sparked a heated discussion in our community of late.

Whether young people should be encouraged to wear traditional costumes has been an issue of controversy.

Practice:

政府是否应该自助传统艺术家和音乐家成了公众关注的话题。

--whether the government should subsidize traditional artists and musicians has become a public focus.

二.Wh-/how 引导

包括连接代词:

和连接副词:

如:What can be done to conserve traditional culture will be presented in the essay.

How we can carry forward our traditional arts has become a hot issue. Practice:

为什么有如此多广告扰乱正常的电视节目的原因非常清楚。

---Why there are so many ads and commercials to disturb normal TV programs remains clear.

三. that 引导

名词过去分词

It is a fact that…it is reported that…

It is an honor thar…it has been proved that…

It is a pity that…it is estimated that…

形容词不及物动词

It is natural that…it seems that….

It is strange that…it appears to sb. that…

It is obvious that…it occurs to sb. that…

It is likely that…

It is urgent that…

Practice:

对于一个国家而言,保护文化遗产和支持新主张是至关重要的。

----it is vital that a nation should preserve its cultural heritage and supports new ideas.

b. 宾语从句(在主句谓语及物动词或介词之后)

一.由that 引导

常用表达:

Some experts firmly believe that…

A recent report notes that…

A recent study reveals that…

Statistics complied by researchers show that…

如:Some researchers insist that despite the fact that museums and galleries may not create commercial benefits, they do enrich our spiritual lives and civilize our society.

Practice:

专家预测世界上一半语言100年后会消亡。

---experts predict that half of the world’s languages will be extinct in 100 years.

二.由what, whether (if) 引导

如:People do not know what will happen to minority languages under the pressure of English globalization.

Many experts doubt whether English should be used as the only global official language.

Practice:

我不知道这种做法能否说的通。

---I wonder whether the practice can hold wather.

c.表语从句

一般结构:“主语+系动词+表语从句”

引导词:be, look, remain, seem等系动词

Eg:The question is whether we can save endangered languages in such a short time.

This is why TV commercials are regarded as rubbish.

d.同位语从句

构成特点:抽象名词+that 从句

引导词:that(但不充当任何成分)

常用的抽象名词:news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等。

Eg: The view that language extinction will give rise to cultural disaster is an exaggeration.

The idea that traditional clothes look out-of-date has occurred to a great number of people.

Practice:

有证据显示,英语已经成为网络的主要语言。

------there is evidence that English has been the dominant language online.

Fill in the gaps:

1. it is essential a society should reject its traditions if it wants to make progress.

2. is easy to some people seems difficult to others.

3. the whole society should preserve and popularize traditional culture has been

a hot issue.

4. there is increasing recognition learning can take place outside the classroom and is a lifelong experience.

5. But the fact remains language extinction is a natural evolutionary process.

定语从句

定语从句:在句中作定语,修饰名词或代词。

The students will not pass the exam.

The lazy students will not pass the exam.

-----The students (who don’t study hard) will not pass the exam.

被修饰的名词或代词被称为先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后。由关系词(关系代词和关系副词)引出。关系代词:who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等。关系副词:when, where, why等(that可以替代关系副词)。

关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成分。The man (who told us a funny story) is in the next room.

I lost the book (whic h you gave me).

Note:

一.关系代词代替的先行词是人或物,在句中充当主语,宾语,定语。

Eg: Pet raising can turn children into citizens who have a caring mind.(主语)

A patient to whom doctors tell lies may enjoy a longer life.(宾语)

A doctor whose patient gets cancer will be in a dilemma.(定语)

Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.

二.关系副词代替的先行词是时间,地点或理由,在从句中作状语。

Eg: There are occasions when one must lie.

That is the reason why many Americans oppose capital punishment.

三.限制性和非限制性定语从句

两者的区别:1.限制性从句是先行词不可缺少的部分。非限制性从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉也不影响意思。

2.非限制性从句与主句之间常用逗号分开。而限制性从句与主

句不分开。

Eg: (限制性)A man who maltreats animals is merciless.

(非限制性)Man, who is the guardian of animals, cannot abuse them or make them suffer.

Practice 1:

1.The elderly usually feel lonely. They live in nursing homes.

2. A doctor will be in a dilemma. His patient gets cancer.

3.The young man was happy to get back the gold ring, He had last it on the

train.

4. This is the reason. Rich countries refuse to aid their poor counterparts.

5. There are occasions. Someone must lie.

6. This is the school. They studied three years ago.

7. This is the school. They built three years ago.

Practice 2:

1.说谎的人都忽略了诚信的重要性。

Anyone who tells a lie ignores the significance of good faith and honesty.

2.这就是为什么许多美国人反对死刑的原因。

That’s the reason why many Americans oppose capital punishment.

3.追求更高薪水或更好工作环境的员工很有可能跳巢。

Employees who pursue higher salary or better working environment are highly likely to shift their jobs.

4.被宠坏的孩子们不知道社会上竞争的残酷。

Children who are indulged by their parents do not know the cruelty of competition in society.

5.老人花了一生时间带大孩子,反过来孩子们应该好好照看老人了。

The elderly, who have spent their whole life bringing up children, should be taken good care of by the children in turn.

Practice 3:

1. Experience is a school from you will never graduate.

2. Education, plays a decisive role in people’s life, should be financially aided by the authorities.

3. Pride and Prejudice is the novel I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

4. The people and things the student experiences abroad lay a profound

influence on him.

5. The second factor on this issue is the failure of school education.

6. The greatest challenge is facing oversea students might be get used to the customs.

状语从句(九类)

一.时间状语从句

常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since, till, until

特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, immediately, directly, no sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely…when

Eg;1. When the audience enjoy horse racing or bull fight, the animals are suffering.

2. We should take steps to conserve endangered animals before it is too late.

Practice:

1.面对人类扩张,自然环境在缩小,野生动物无家可归。

---as the natural environment shrinks in the face of human expansion, wild animals are left homeless.

2.当大家都意识到毁林得危害性,我肯定野生动植物的栖息地将得到更好的保护。

----when everyone realizes the risks of deforestation, I am sure that the natural habitants of wildlife will be better conserved.

3.随着人口数目不断增长,污染对野生动植物的影响日益严重。

------as human population continues to grow, the effects of pollution on wildlife worsen.

4.当我们拯救濒危物种的时候,我们在干涉进化过程。

------While we save endangered species, we are interfering with the evolutionary process.

Notes:

1.当从句的动作发生在主句动作之前,只能用when

2.从句表示“随时间推移”时,只能用as

3.while只能表示时间的一段,后面用进行时或表示状态的结构。

Until 的两种句型

句型一:not until…在句首,主句用倒装

Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what damages he had caused to Nature.

句型二:It is not until…that…(强调句型)

It is not until raising a pet that people realize that it is a costly and time-consuming.

常用引导词:where

特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Eg: 1.Man needs animals companions anywhere he lives.

2.The human race should protect endangered animal species where the species can

be taken good care of.

Practice:

有人类的地方,野生动物都被迫离开。

-----wild animals are forced to leave wherever there is humanity.

三.原因状语从句

常用引导词:because, since, as

Eg;1.Those who are weaker are to be exploited we can do so.

2.The animals kept in zoos can undoubtedly receive better care and treatment

since there are many well-trained professionals like vets and scientists.

特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, Eg: 1.Seeing that(既然)there’s no place for wildlife in the 21st century, to prevent these wild animals from dying out is a waste of resources.

2. All other creatures and plants that are part of our ecosystems must be not

only preserved but also regenerated now that we have the means like DNA

cloning to do so.

Practice:

人类从动物逐渐进化而来,所以动物和人之间没有明显区别。

-----As humans evolved gradually from animals, there is no clear difference between animals and humans.

四.结果状语从句

常用引导词:so… that…, such…that…

特殊引导词:to the degree that…, to the extent that…., to such a degree that…

Eg: Animal activists are such extremists that they don’t even care about human welfare.

Some people wallow in(沉迷于)pets to the extent that they neglect the emotional needs of their family members.

比较:

a.There is so rapid an increase in population that a food shortage is caused.

b.There is such an rapid increase in population that a food shortage is caused.

常用引导词:so that…, in order that…

特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that(以免), in the hope that(以便)

Eg: 1. He worked hard f or fear tha t he might be fired by the boss.

2.Ecosystems including forest, jungles and animals should be conserved lest

humankind itself might die out.

Practice:

应该仔细监督所有动物实验,以便减少动物所受的痛苦。

------All animal experiments should be closely monitored in the hope that animal suffering might be reduced.

六:条件状语从句

常用引导词:if, unless

特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that

Eg: 1. The ecological balance will be broken unless the wildlife is protected.

2. Provided that the animals do not suffer, there seems little reason why zoos

should be condemned.

Practice:

想一想,如过人类是这世界上唯一的生物,这世界会变的多么可怕。

----Just imagine how horrible the world would be if humans are the only creature in the world.

七.让步状语从句

常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词:as(从句倒装),no matter…, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, however, whichever.

Eg: Though man is the dominant species on the planet, all species enjoy the same right to survive.

Whatever the benefits are, animals testing is totally unacceptable.

= No matter what the benefits are, animals testing is totally unacceptable.

Practice;

虽然动物实验听起来残忍野蛮,但是它有助于医学界无数的突破。

------Though animal testing sounds cruel and barbaric, it has yet contributed to

numerous medical breakthroughs.

八.比较状语从句

常用引导词:as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较)

特殊引导词:the more…, the more…; as…as, not so…as,

Eg: 1.The more we know about the wildlife, the better we will live in the future.

2.People do not love animals as much as they claim because most of them still eat

meat.

Practice: 雅思考试不像你想象的那么困难。

九.方式状语从句

常用引导词:as, as if, as though, how

特殊引导词:the way

Eg: 1. When in Rome, do as the Rome do.入乡随俗

2.Dog lovers treat their dogs the way they may treat their children.

Practice: 正如我们关心家庭成员的感情需求一样,我们需要关心宠物的喜怒哀乐。

------As we take care of our family members’ emotional needs, so we are concerned with our pets’ joys and sorrows.

构词法

构词法主要有三种:派生法、合成法和转换法。

一.派生法(derivation)

在一个词的词根(root)的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词,这种构词法称为派生法。加在前面的词叫前缀(prefix),加在后面的词叫后缀(suffix)。

1.构成名词常有的后缀有:

(1)-er, -or, -ist, -ee, -ian, -ese,-ant等用于构成表示人或物的名称。

例如:thinker(思想家),translator(翻译家), dentist(牙科医生),employee(雇员),Italian(意大利人),Japanese(日本人),assistant(助手)等。

(2)-ance, -ence, -(a)tion, -sion, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment, -ness, -th, -ty, -ure, -ship等用于构成表示行为、性质、状态等的抽象名词。

例如:acceptance(接受),confidence(信心),preparation(准备),discussion(讨论),physics(物理学),building(建筑物),wedding(婚礼),reality(现实),ability(能力),development(发展), argument(争论),greatness(伟大),hardness(硬度),warmth(温暖),length(长度),safety(安全),failure(失败),pressure(压力),friendship(友谊),leadership(领导)等。

2.构成形容词的常用后缀有:-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -an, -ic, -ly, -y,

-ant, -ent, -ary, -en等。

例如:available(可获得的),suitable(适合的),responsible(负责的),natural(天然的), national(国家的),powerful(强大的),faithful(忠诚的),useless(无用的),selfish(自私的),childish(幼稚的),collective(集体的),famous(著名的),American(美国的),historic(有历史意义的),scientific(科学的),friendly(友好的), lively(活泼的),thirsty(口渴的),noisy(喧闹的),pleasant(令人愉快的),dependent(依赖的), secondary(次要的),golden(金色的),wooden(木制的)等。

3.构成副词的常用后缀有:-ly, -ward, -wise等。

例如:terribly(可怕的),regularly(定期的),homeward(向家),eastward(向东方),otherwise(否则),likewise(同样的)等。

4.构成动词的常用后缀有:-ise(美国用-ize), -en, -ify等。

例如:realise(实现),modernize(现代化),widen(加宽),strengthen(加强), verify(证实),modify(修饰)等。

(二)前缀:词根加前缀多数不改变词性,只引起词义的变化。

1. 表示相反意义的前缀有: un-, dis-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, de-等。

例如:unhappy, uncomfortable, uncover, dislike, disagree, informal, irregular, irresponsible, illegal, illogical, decode(解码),devalue(降低价值)等。

2.表示其他意思的前缀有:re-(重新), mis-(错误地), anti-(反、防), ex-(前), pre-

(预先), post-(后的), fore-(先的), self-(自我的,自动的), super-(超级、上层), sub-(下面的), inter-(之间的、相互), trans-(跨越、移), ultra-(外、极), semi-(半), vice-(副), uni-(单), bi-(双), multi-(多), auto-(自)。

例如:reform(改革),misunderstand(误解),mistrust(不信任),anti-social(危害社会的),ex-president(前任总裁),preheat(预热),prepare(预备),post-war(战后的),postgraduate(研究生),forecast(预报),self-control(自我克制的),supermarket(超级市场),subdivide(再分),subway(地下铁道),interact(相互作用),transport(运输),translate(翻译),ultraviolet(紫外线), semi-final(半决赛),vice-premier(副总理),vice-chairman(副主席),uniform(制服),unilateral(单方面的),bicycle(自行车),bimonthly(双月的),multinational(多国的),automobile(汽车)等。

二.合成法(compounding)

由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词。合成词之间有的要用连字符连接,有的直接连在一起。

(一)合成名词,例如:hardware(硬件),network(网络),output(产量),typewriter(打字机),weekend(周末),by-product(副产品),well-being(福利,健康)。

(二)合成形容词,例如:duty-free(免税的),far-reaching(深远的),air-tight(密封的),large-scale(大规模的),first-rate(第一流的),all-round(全面的),

state-owned(国有的)等。

(三)合成动词,例如:overthrow(推翻),undergo(经历),uphold(支持)等。

三.转换法(conversion)

在词形不变的情况下,一个单词由一种词性转换为另一词性。转换后的词义与转换前得词义通常有密切联系,但有时差异很大。例如:

Dream v. 做梦----------- n. 梦

Look v. 看----------- n. 相貌

Back n. 后背---------- v. 支持

Air n. 空气--------- v. 通风

Better a. 较好----------- v. 改善

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这副眼镜我戴很好。 ★That's a bit expensive. That's a bit expensive.价钱有点贵。 A bit 表示“一点儿”,“有些”,在句中作定语或者状语,相当形容词或者副词。与a little 是同义词。例如: It's a bit cold today;you'd better put on more clothes. 今天有点冷,你最好多些穿衣服。 If you study a bit hard,you can pass the exam. 如果你多一点努力学习,你就能考试及格。 Please give me a little water. 请给我一点儿水。 ★The shop was quite new,for it had opened only the week before. The shop was quite new,for it had opened only the week before.因上周才开的,所以商店很新。 For 表示“因为”,相当于because 和as.表明原因,三个词中,because语气最强,for 语气最弱。For 表明的原因要写在后面。例如: I want to go to bed,for I feel tired. 我想去睡觉,因为我感到累了。 . . . .

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