G7_how-to_v6[final]

Calibrating, Printing and Proofing by the G7? Method

Version 6

August 2006

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C O N T E N T S

1Introduction (5)

1.1About this document (5)

1.2Changes to this version (5)

1.3What is GRACoL 7? (5)

1.4What is G7? (6)

1.5GRACoL 7 and ISO print standards (6)

1.6Solving the TVI problem (6)

1.7In search of international unity (7)

2New Variables and Definitions (8)

2.1Neutral Print Density Curve (NPDC) (8)

2.2Highlight Range (HR) (8)

2.3Shadow Contrast (SC) (9)

2.4Highlight Contrast (HC) (10)

2.5HR, SC and HC aim values vs. dynamic range (11)

2.6Gray balance (11)

2.7Benefits and limitations of the new method (12)

2.8When to Use TVI (12)

2.9G7 TVI curves and calculations (13)

3G7 Calibration / Profiling Summary (14)

3.1Prepare the equipment and materials (14)

3.2Print a Calibration target (14)

3.3Compare ‘found NPDC’ to reference NPDC (14)

3.4Compare ‘natural gray balance’ to reference gray balance (14)

3.5Calibrate the RIP or device driver (14)

3.6Verify the calibration (14)

3.7Print a Characterization target (optional) (14)

3.8Verify the Characterization (optional) (14)

4Time, Materials, and Tools (15)

4.1Time (15)

4.2Paper (15)

4.3Inks (15)

4.4Test targets and images (15)

4.5Tools for graph paper method (16)

4.6Tools for software method (16)

4.7Dot Meter (recommended) (16)

4.8Hand-held spectro-densitometer (16)

4.9D-50 viewing conditions (16)

5Preparation (17)

5.1Secure all materials (17)

5.2Assemble the press form (17)

5.3Press control bars (18)

5.4Set up the RIP (19)

5.5Check plate-making system (19)

5.6Exotic screening or continuous-tone systems (20)

5.7Pre-adjust the plate-making system at 50% (optional) (20)

5.8Make plates for the calibration run (20)

5.9Record an un-calibrated plate curve (20)

5.10Check press setup (20)

5.11Check measurement tools and viewing conditions (20)

6Calibration Test (21)

6.1Ink sequence, drying, and coating (21)

6.2Print to nominal solid ink values (21)

6.3Check CMYK TVI (21)

6.4Adjust device-level gray balance (optional) (22)

6.5Adjust cross-sheet evenness (22)

6.6Run stabilizing speed-cycle (22)

6.7Automated press control systems (23)

6.8Record wet and dry ink values (23)

7Adjusting NPDC Curves (24)

7.1Allow sample sheets to dry (24)

7.2Measure the P2P target (24)

7.3Plot the curves (24)

7.4Find nearest target graph with same D-max (25)

7.5Choose the optimum curve points (25)

7.6Calculate the RIP curve correction values (25)

7.7Correcting gray balance in RIP curves (26)

7.8Apply new aim values to RIP or CtP device (26)

8Achieving Gray Balance in RIP Curves (27)

8.1Find the 'most neutral' patch in the C = 50% block (27)

8.2Repeat for other cyan percentages (27)

8.3Draw new curves for Magenta and Yellow (28)

8.4Find new aim values for Cyan, Magenta and Yellow (28)

8.5Correcting Gray Balance in IDEAlink Curve (29)

8.6Apply new aim values to RIP or CtP device (29)

8.7When NOT to apply gray balance in RIP curves (29)

9Verification/Characterization Test (30)

9.1Make new characterization plates to G7 spec (30)

9.2Print the characterization target (30)

9.3Characterization tolerances (30)

9.4Confirm goal curves (30)

9.5Verify gray balance and other parameters (31)

9.6Select samples (31)

9.7Measure characterization data (31)

9.8Realistic expectations (31)

10Proofer Calibration and Profiling (32)

10.1What proofers are compatible with G7? (32)

10.2Workflow summary (32)

10.3Qualify the proofing system (32)

10.4Optimize the proofing system (32)

10.5Print the proofing form target (33)

10.6Measure the Press2Proof (P2P) target (33)

10.7Plot the curves (33)

10.8Align end-points at 100% (33)

10.9Choose the optimum curve points (33)

10.10Calculate the RIP curve correction values (33)

10.11Evaluate and adjust gray balance (33)

10.12Apply new aim values to RIP (33)

10.13Evaluate accuracy in neutral gray areas (34)

10.14Evaluate match in colored areas (34)

10.15Solve remaining color errors via ICC profiles (if needed) (34)

10.16Testing ICC profiles before installing in a RIP (34)

11Custom-Calibrated and Non ICC-Compatible Proofers (35)

12Soft Proofing (Video Proofing) (36)

12.1Basic requirements (36)

12.2Soft proofing in Adobe Photoshop (36)

12.3Remote soft proofing (37)

Appendix A:Production Press Control (38)

A.1Run press up to nominal ink levels (38)

A.2Adjust gray balance, HR_cmy and SC_cmy (38)

A.3Adjust HR_k and SC_k (38)

A.4Nominal HR, SC and HC aim values (38)

A.5HR, SC and HC aim values for other dynamic ranges (39)

A.6Maintaining gray balance by CIELab (39)

A.7Maintaining gray balance by CMY density (39)

Appendix B:G7 FanGraph Paper (40)

B.1Changes since the last edition (40)

B.2NPDC FanGraphs (CMY and K) (40)

B.3Possible future changes (40)

B.4Matching the black NPDC to the CMY NPDC (40)

Appendix C:Example Graph (43)

Appendix D:Fractional Percentage Calculations (44)

D.1The problem with integer percentages (44)

D.2Converting integer percentage to integer 8-bit (Excel) (44)

D.3Converting integer 8-bit to fractional percentage (Excel) (44)

D.4Converting integer percentage to fractional percentage (44)

D.5GRACoL fractional percentage conversion chart (45)

Appendix E:Gray Balance and NPDC (46)

E.1G7 specified gray balance (46)

E.2Nominal target a* and b* values for standard papers (47)

E.3Printing on non-standard paper color (48)

E.4Determining 'natural' CtP curves (49)

E.5Relationship of NPDC to TVI (49)

Appendix F: Introduction to CIELab (50)

Appendix G:Tolerance Notes (51)

G.1Introduction (51)

G.2When tight pressroom tolerances are NOT appropriate (51)

G.3When tight pressroom tolerances ARE appropriate (51)

G.4GRACoL 7 tolerances vs. custom user tolerances (51)

G.5Characterization vs. production tolerances (52)

G.6Printing vs. proofing tolerances (52)

Appendix H:ISO 12647-2 Solid Ink Values (53)

Glossary (54)

Calibrating, Printing and Proofing by the G7? Method

Version 6, August 2006

1 Introduction

1.1 About this document

This document describes how to calibrate a printing press, proofing system, or any CMYK imaging device to the new GRACoL 7 specifications, and how to maintain those specifications during production. The calibration process is broken into two stages. The first stage uses ISO-standard colorants and substrate, and the new G7? method to match the NPDC (Neutral print Density Curve) and gray balance of neutral gray tones. The second stage uses ICC (International Color Consortium) or similar color management to optimize the match to a reference characterization data based on ISO-standard print conditions, such as produced by FOGRA, GRACoL, SWOP, etc.

Simply using the G7 calibration method will often be enough to match multiple devices to each other, at least in neutral gray tones. But in other cases, for example with non-standard colorants, to set up a digital proofer, or when repurposing from one print method to another, additional color management will be needed, with G7 acting as an optimized and repeatable calibration basis.

1.2 Changes to this version

Version 6 of this document corrects a number of small errors and omissions in earlier versions and adds several new items. The main changes between version 6 and versions 4 or earlier are;

?Adds new variables 'SC' (Shadow Contrast) and 'HC' (Highlight Contrast)

?Broader tolerances for ink color and press gray balance

?Minor changes to gray balance formula and NPDC curve shape

?New 'fan-type' graph paper simplifies re-drawing graphs

?Adds references to the new IDEAlink? Curve software

?Expanded or revised illustrations, charts and glossary

?Clarifies the use of CIE-based (instead of density-based) TVI curves

?Corrected errors in some charts and formulae

1.3 What is GRACoL 7?

GRACoL 7 is the seventh edition of the GRACoL specification. GRACoL 7 differs from previous editions of the GRACoL specification by;

?Defining substrate and colorants in colorimetry rather than status T density

?Defining tonality in 'Neutral Print Density Curves' (NPDC) instead of TVI

?Defining gray balance as a primary colorimetric variable, rather than a secondary function of CMY TVI

?Defining a GRACoL 7 characterization data set that represents an ideal printed sheet

1.4 What is G7?

G7? is a new calibration method developed to support the GRACoL 7 specification, and described in detail in this document. The 'G' refers to calibrating Gray values, while the '7' refers to the seven primary color values defined in the ISO 12647-2 printing standard; Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black (K), Red (M+Y), Green (C+Y) and Blue (C+M). Although originally intended for commercial offset printing, the G7 method is applicable to virtually any CMYK imaging process, and has been successfully tested on a wide range of processes, including coated and uncoated offset, newsprint, gravure, flexography, dye-sublimation, ink-jet, and electrophotography, as well as a wide range of AM and FM screening methods.

1.5 GRACoL 7 and ISO print standards

NOTE: GRACoL IS NOT A STANDARDS ORGANIZATION AND DOES NOT CREATE STANDARDS, however as far as possible GRACoL 7 and this document are based on existing ISO standards.

ISO is the International Standards Organization governing all industries including printing. ISO 12647-2 is a standard for "Graphic technology - Process control for the production of half-tone colour separations, proof and production prints - Part 2: Offset lithographic processes". ISO 12647-2 is remarkably valid today, but its reliance on a small number of solid ink colors and TVI (Tone Value Increase) curves limits its value in ICC workflows. The main problem is that ISO 12647-2 is ambiguous due to the use of multiple TVI curves, and the lack of a colorimetric definition for gray balance.

Today's users want a printing standard to define the

'appearance' of the final image more precisely than is

guaranteed with ISO 12647-2. A good way to define print

'appearance' is with a characterization data set containing

colorimetric (CIE or spectral reflectance) values from a

standard characterization target like the IT8.7/4 shown here.

The IT8.7/4 characterization target (Visual)

At the time of writing, an ISO TC 130 subcommittee is

working to define a characterization data set that will be

acceptable by all member countries. Meanwhile, several

national organizations including Germany's FOGRA, Japan

Standards Institute, and USA's GRACoL and SWOP, have

already produced their own characterization sets based on their own interpretations of ISO 12647-2. The question is how to interpret an ambiguous standard? Specifically, on which (if any) of the six TVI curves in ISO 12647-2 will the final data set be based? And is TVI even a sound metric in a colorimetric standard?

1.6 Solving the TVI problem

GRACoL's research indicates that TVI is a poor basis for a colorimetric standard because different TVI curves can be necessary on different devices to produce a consistent visual appearance. Part of the problem is that TVI is based on densitometry, which has no fixed relationship to colorimetry. This might be solved by a new TVI formula based on CIEXYZ or ?E, but GRACoL 7 eliminates the TVI problem entirely by replacing ISO 12647-2's multiple TVI curves with the new concept of a single 'NPDC' (Neutral print Density Curve) that can be derived unambiguously from any characterization data, and which, if used as a basis for device calibration, eliminates much of the work normally done by ICC color management.

To help promote unified printing worldwide, GRACoL has attempted to represent in its characterization data and NPDC curves the 'natural' behavior of typical CtP printing, i.e. what happens with no RIP curve correction. This approximately correlates to a TVI curve shape between the legacy-positive and legacy-negative curves in ISO 12647-2 for paper type 1 coated.

1.7 In search of international unity

The two most widely-promoted characterization data sets for commercial printing come from FOGRA and GRACoL 7. The visual differences are quite small, as shown by the illustrations below, in spite of significantly different TVI curves shown below each image. This is not surprising as the GRACoL 7 Beta 02 Characterization Data was based largely on FOGRA39, but adjusted to fit the GRACoL NPDC and gray balance definitions.

The final TC 130 data (see 1.5) will probably be similar to both, but remember that this will then have to be ratified by all the TC 130 delegates before becoming an official ISO standard.

IMPORTANT: Although closely tied to ISO 12647-2, the GRACoL 7 Characterization Data and NPDC curves are NOT an official standard, but simply one of several possible 'appearances' allowed under ISO 12647-2. Any future ISO characterization data may lead to a change in the GRACoL 7 or FOGRA data.

Interpretations of ISO 12647-2 by the TVI method (left) and the G7 method (right) and their relative CIEXYZ-based TVI curves (below). Remember these SCID images have no 'right' or 'wrong'

appearance. (Color and density may vary depending on viewing and reproduction conditions.) NOTE: The TVI curves shown above are calculated from CIEXYZ data (see 2.9) - NOT density readings, and are intended for comparative purposes only.

2 New Variables and Definitions

This section explains some new variables introduced with the G7 method, including 'NPDC', 'HR', 'SC', and 'HC', and some new definitions or uses for old variables such as gray balance and TVI.

2.1 Neutral Print Density Curve (NPDC)

A new concept introduced with G7 is the definition of a 'Neutral Print Density Curve' (NPDC), which is the relationship between measured neutral density and original halftone percentages on a printed gray scale. Because neutral density is an absolute value, while TVI is a relative function, NPDC ensures a better contrast and density match between multiple devices.

Two NPDC curves are specified, one for a combined CMY gray scale and one for a black-ink gray scale. NPDC calibration compares a printed gray scale to a reference scale and calculates RIP correction values in dot percentage terms that force the press (or other imaging device) to the desired NPDC shape. Curve correction values are calculated either manually by plotting graphs on special graph paper (see Appendix B), or automatically in the IDEAlink?Curve software available from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2d12430285.html,.

2.1.1 Determining 'natural' CtP curves

To determine the 'natural' print curves of commercial CtP-based printing, the GRACoL technical committee analyzed multiple ISO-standard press runs made with a variety of plates imaged on un-calibrated CtP systems, set up to manufacturer specifications.

While every press run is unique, we believe the G7 NPDC formula represents what an average press running to ISO 12647-2 specifications would produce with typical un-calibrated CtP plates, on high quality commercial stock.

For an explanation of how the NPDC curves were mathematically smoothed, see Appendix E.4 REMEMBER: G7 NPDC curves are NOT an official ISO standard. Other valid interpretations of ISO 12647-2 may produce slightly different NPDC curves.

2.2 Highlight Range (HR)

HR is a single measurement that quickly tests the mid-tone density of a previously-calibrated device during production, for example while a press is running or after each proof is made. HR replaces individual TVI readings as the primary measure of overall print darkness and gray balance, however TVI is still a useful press control metric - (see 2.8 When to Use TVI).

HR is computed twice, once for CMY ('HR_cmy') and again for black ('HR_k'). Just two measurements are required for each, or just one each (total 2) in absolute mode (see2.2.3),compared to three measurements each for C, M, Y and K TVI (total 12), yet HR gives a more reliable indication of pictorial darkness and contrast because HR is absolute while TVI is only a relative measurement.

For convenience, HR is expressed in neutral density (ND), which can be measured with a densitometer set to the black channel, or 'Visual density'. ND can also be computed from CIEXYZ_Y, in fact GRACoL officially defines Neutral Density as ;

ND = Log10(100/Y); (where Y > 0 < 100)

2.2.1 Measuring HR_cmy

HR_cmy is computed by measuring the neutral density (ND) of a combined CMY gray patch (50c, 40m, 40y) and subtracting the neutral density of paper.

HR_cmy = ND(50c,40m,40y) - ND(paper) = 0.54 (typical)

For devices with a dynamic range of about 1.3 ND or higher, HR_cmy is effectively a constant of 0.54. For low dynamic range devices, such as newsprint, HR_cmy may be lower. (See Appendix A.5 for a graph of HR_cmy vs. dynamic range.) HR_cmy is calculated automatically by IDEAlink Curve.

2.2.2 Measuring HR_k

HR_k is computed by measuring the ND of a 50k patch and subtracting the neutral density of paper.

HR_k = ND(50K) - ND(paper) = 0.50 (typical)

For devices with a dynamic range of about 1.3 ND or higher, HR_k is effectively a constant of 0.50. For low dynamic range devices, such as newsprint, HR_k may be lower. (See Appendix A.5 for a graph of HR_k vs. dynamic range.) HR_k is calculated automatically by IDEAlink Curve.

NOTE: Prior to February 2006 GRACoL 7 proposed that HR_k = HR_cmy, but the HR_k value was lowered in February 2006 to 0.50 to remain ‘legal’ to the current ISO 12647-2 TVI curves. Users who prefer to calibrate their black NPDC to match the CMY NPDC should use the HR_cmy value (0.54) instead of 0.50 for HR_k.

2.2.3 Absolute HR

Only a single measurement of the gray patch is needed to control HR if the paper density is added to HR to get the 'Absolute' HR density for that particular paper. For example,

If paper ND = 0.09, and HR = 0.54

Absolute HR = 0.09 + 0.54 = 0.63 (for that paper)

2.2.4 Absolute HR in L* units

A single Lab reading can be used to measure gray balance and lightness simultaneously if Absolute HR is expressed in L* instead of density. The Absolute L* HR values for a standard paper lightness of L* 95 and maximum darkness at 300% CMY of at least 25 L* (1.35 ND) or a maximum darkness at 100k of at least 16 L* (1.7 ND) are, (rounded to one decimal);

Absolute HR_cmy = L* 57.5

Absolute HR_k = L* 59.9

Absolute L* HR values for other papers are calculated automatically by IDEAlink Curve.

NOTE: Expressing or measuring HR in ‘relative’ L* Is not recommended as most spectrophotometers do not allow calibration on an arbitrary base and it is not trivial to calculate a new relative L* value if the paper varies from the standard 95 L* value.

2.3 Shadow Contrast (SC)

A new G7 variable introduced in this edition is Shadow Contrast ('SC'). SC is a, quick way of checking the NPDC in neutral shadow tones during production. SC is an optional replacement for individual CMY Print Contrast readings. SC is computed twice, once for CMY ('SC_cmy') and again for black ('SC_k').

2.3.1 Measuring SC_cmy

SC_cmy is computed by measuring the neutral density (ND) of a combined CMY gray patch (75c, 66m, 66y) and subtracting the neutral density of the paper.

SC_cmy = ND(75c,66m,66y) - ND(paper)

The value of SC_cmy depends on the dynamic range of each device, and is calculated automatically by IDEAlink Curve. (See Appendix A.5 for a graph of SC_cmy vs. dynamic range.)

2.3.2 Measuring SC_k

SC_k is computed by measuring the ND of a 75% Black patch and subtracting the neutral density of the paper.

SC_k = ND(75k) - ND(paper)

The value of SC_k depends on the dynamic range of each device, and is calculated automatically by IDEAlink Curve. (See Appendix A.5 for a graph of SC_k vs. dynamic range.)

2.3.3 Absolute SC

By adding the paper density to SC to get the 'Absolute' SC density for that particular paper, only a single measurement of the gray patch is needed to control SC. For example,

If paper ND = 0.09 and SC = 0.97

Absolute SC = 0.09 + 0.97 = 1.06 (for that paper)

2.3.4 Absolute SC in L* units

A single Lab reading can be used to measure gray balance and lightness simultaneously if Absolute SC is expressed in L* instead of density. Absolute L* SC is calculated automatically by IDEAlink Curve. NOTE: Expressing or measuring SC in ‘relative’ L* Is not recommended as most spectrophotometers do not allow calibration on an arbitrary base and it is not trivial to calculate a new relative L* value if the paper varies from the standard 95 L* value.

2.4 Highlight Contrast (HC)

Another new G7 variable introduced in this edition is Highlight Contrast or 'HC'. HC is a quick way of checking the NPDC in neutral highlight tones during production. HC is computed twice, once for CMY ('HC_cmy') and again for black ('HC_k'). HC is a virtual constant for dynamic ranges above about 0.8 ND.

2.4.1 Computing HC_cmy

HC_cmy is computed by measuring the ND of a combined CMY gray patch (25C, 19M, 19Y) and subtracting the neutral density of the paper. HC_cmy is calculated automatically by IDEAlink Curve. (See Appendix A.5 for a graph of HC_k vs. dynamic range.)

HC_cmy = ND(25c,19m,19y) - ND(paper) = 0.25

2.4.2 Computing HC_k

HC_k is computed by measuring the ND of a 25% Black patch and subtracting the neutral density of the paper. HC_cmy is calculated automatically by IDEAlink Curve. (See Appendix A.5 for a graph of HC_k vs. dynamic range.)

HC_k = ND(25k) - ND(paper) = 0.22

NOTE: Users who prefer to calibrate their black NPDC to match the CMY NPDC should use the HC_cmy value (0.25) instead of 0.22 for HC_k.

2.4.3 Absolute HC

By adding the paper density to HC to get the 'Absolute' HC density for that particular paper, only a single measurement of the gray patch is needed to control HC. For example,

If paper ND = 0.09 and HC = 0.25

Absolute HC = 0.09 + 0.25 = 0.34 (for that paper)

2.4.4 Absolute HC in L* units

A single Lab reading can be used to measure gray balance and lightness simultaneously if Absolute HC is expressed in L* instead of density. The Absolute L* HC values for a standard paper lightness of L* 95 and a standard dynamic range of at least 0.8 ND are, (rounded to one decimal);

Absolute HC_cmy = L* 75.7

Absolute HC_k = L* 77.7

Absolute L* HC values for other papers are calculated automatically by IDEAlink Curve.

NOTE: Expressing or measuring HC in ‘relative’ L* Is not recommended as most spectrophotometers do not allow calibration on an arbitrary base and it is not trivial to calculate a new relative L* value if the paper varies from the standard 95 L* value.

2.5 HR, SC and HC aim values vs. dynamic range

The graph in Appendix A.5 shows that HR and HC are effectively constants for normal offset density ranges, but SC (and to a less extent HR and HC) do vary as a function of high dynamic range.

2.6 Gray balance

GRACoL 7 breaks with tradition by raising gray balance to a more important status than TVI, but this raises the question; how do you define 'gray balance'? Gray balance was traditionally defined as the CMY percentages needed to match the color of a 50% black ink tint, or the color of paper, but these definitions are too vague for today's ICC workflows. To avoid these ambiguities GRACoL 7 defines an arbitrary table of CMY percentage 'triplets' based on the generic 50c, 40m, 40y ratio, and pre-defined a* and b* values for each triplet.

In previous versions of this document gray balance was an arbitrarily constant of 0 a*, -2 b* throughout the whole CMY gray scale, regardless of paper color. As of version 5, gray balance is now calculated by a paper-dependent formula (see Appendix E) based on ideas from several public forums. CAUTION: The new paper-dependent gray balance definition means that gray tones in a CMYK file will shift in gray balance towards paper color. Separations and proofs made for one paper may therefore not exactly match a proof created for another paper type.

2.6.1 Abbreviated Gray Balance chart

The following chart lists some CMY percentage values and approximate a* b* values for a paper white of 0 a*, -2 b*. Note how the b* values converge towards zero at higher CMY percentages. (See Appendix E for full gray balance formulae and chart of the P2P23 target gray balance.)

C%*M% Y% a*b*

0.00.00.00 -2

12.59.09.00 -1.7

25.118.818.80 -1.5

37.329.029.00 -1.2

49.840.040.00 -1

62.752.952.90 -0.70

75.366.366.30 -0.5

87.581.281.20 -0.2

1001001000 0

Nominal gray balance percentages and a*,b* values for a paper white of 0 a* and -2 b*

*NOTE: For precision purposes GRACoL 7 expresses all percentage values as their nearest 8-bit fractional value. (See Appendix D.)

2.6.2 Calibrating Gray Balance

Gray balance can be calibrated either by adjusting the device itself (for example with modified ink densities) or by creating separate CMY RIP curves (see Section 8 'Achieving Gray Balance in RIP Curves'.)

NOTE: Whenever possible, separate RIP curves should be AVOIDED when calibrating an offset press, as most offset gray balance errors are unstable or inconsistent. The reverse is true when calibrating a more stable device such as a proofing system or ink jet printer, where gray balance is more consistent.

2.6.3 Controlling Gray Balance in production

For process control purposes, measuring a single gray patch of (nominally) 50c, 40m, 40y is usually enough to confirm a previously - calibrated device is still 'in balance'. Measuring gray balance also on the SC patch (75c, 66m, 66y) and (optionally) on the HC patch (25c, 19m, 19y) may reveal run-specific

errors due to temporary variations in performance that are difficult or impossible to correct on inherently unstable devices like an offset press. In live production a compromise may sometimes be necessary in meeting the target Lab values of HR, SC and HC patches.

2.7 Benefits and limitations of the new method

The primary advantage of the G7 calibration method and the use of HR, SC, HC and gray balance to monitor production, is that the visual appearance of neutral tones and near-neutral colors is more effectively controlled than by traditional TVI-based methods. The main disadvantage is that gray balance can be a challenge to maintain in offset lithography.

2.7.1 Benefits

?NPDC, HR and SC measure visual lightness and darkness directly, independent of SID, but TVI is a dependent variable of SID, and therefore an unreliable measure of visual lightness.

?The G7 method and values are equally valid in proofing or printing, unlike TVI-based calibration, which requires different aim values for proofing systems than for presses.

?NPDC, HR and SC are independent of screening variables, hence one specification can apply to all types of imaging system, regardless of dot type, or even if there is no dot at all.

?Reading the color of a CMY gray patch is the most efficient way to control gray balance, because the combined effects of all variables are measured at once, but gray balance cannot be defined by separate CMY TVI readings, if hue and trapping effects are not also precisely controlled.

?Press control is faster because only 2 instrument 'clicks' are needed to monitor gray balance and absolute HR - one for a CMY gray patch and one for a 50% black tint - instead of the 12 clicks needed to measure CMYK TVI.

?Separating the two critical attributes of NPDC and gray balance, allows each to be adjusted independently of the other.

?Even if ICC profiles are used, G7 calibration establishes a consistent neutral scale performance which can expand the value and extend the life of standardized device profiles.

?Even if gray balance remains hard to control on press, applying the G7 method to every proofing system (and to every ‘standard’ characterization data set) will yield more consistent proofs, more interchangeable CMYK files, and will ultimately make every printer’s job easier.

2.7.2 Limitations

?Gray balance is generally harder to control on a typical offset press than single-ink performance, due to wet trapping and other issues (see Appendix G.6).But that's really the whole point - focusing on the most unstable variable helps stabilize the whole process.

?If the average job contains few gray areas, gray balance control may not be worth the effort.

?Calibrating an unstable device with different CMY curves may solve a one-time gray balance error but cause a different gray balance problem on subsequent work, if the calibration test was not typical. The use of ‘smoothed’ gray correction curves helps reduce this problem.

2.8 When to Use TVI

Although dot sizes and TVI are unreliable for controlling appearance, they continue to serve as valuable process control metrics for offset lithography.

?After reaching nominal solid ink levels check TVI to be sure each unit is printing normally, otherwise curve corrections may be introduced to correct for physical or chemical anomalies that should have been corrected on press (see 6.3).

?Whenever color problems during a run cannot be solved by simple SID adjustments, individual-ink TVI values will indicate if one or more plates are printing incorrectly.

?Individual-ink TVI values should be monitored, as well as gray balance and HR, as part of any thorough process control program.

?On very stable devices whose individual colorants and trapping effects are highly predictable, it may be possible to learn device-specific CMY TVI values that, if individually measured, will control gray balance and NPDC on that device. This will typically NOT be true in offset lithography, and offers little advantage over direct gray-patch readings.

2.9 G7 TVI curves and calculations

Because the G7 solid ink colors, NPDC curves, gray balance and characterization data are either expressed in, or based on, colorimetric values, (even the NPDC curves are derived from CIEY, not actual densitometry) it is anachronistic and problematic to include traditional Density-based TVI values in the G7 specification. However at times it is useful to show comparative TVI curves, for example to check on the relative “health” of individual plates on an offset press.

To solve this dilemma, GRACoL 7 and the IDEAlink Curve software have taken the logical (if not yet “standard”) decision to calculate a modified form of TVI from CIEXYZ values, instead of from traditional densitometry. This produces slightly different TVI values and curves for C, M and Y than you may be familiar with, but makes TVI a more useful metric in an all-colorimetric specification, and eliminates the need for physical density readings of any status. (G7 TVI values or curves for neutral black ink are theoretically identical to those produced by densitometry.)

CAUTION: TVI numbers and graphs shown in this document for CMY inks are NOT the same as produced by a traditional densitometer, regardless of filtration or polarization status.

Other CIE-based TVI formulae may be equally valid, for example calculating from ?E*ab reflectance values, and GRACoL will gladly move to such a formula when and if it becomes an official standard. 2.9.1 CIEXYZ-based TVI formulae used by G7 and IDEAlink Curve

For n = 0 to 100%;

TVI_c = (paper_X – nc_X) / (paper_X – 100c_X) x 100 – n;

TVI_m = (paper_Y – nm_Y) / (paper_Y – 100m_Y) x 100 – n;

TVI_y = (paper_Z – ny_Z) / (paper_Z – 100y_Z) x 100 – n;

TVI_k = (paper_Y – nk_Y) / (paper_Y – 100k_Y) x 100 – n;

2.9.2 Using traditional density-based TVI measurements

Printers who want to continue using traditional density-based TVI as a process control metric are perfectly able to do so while remaining faithful to the G7 specification. All you have to do is calibrate your device using G7’s colorimetric aim points (NPDC, HR, gray balance, etc.) then take TVI readings on a calibrated sample with your own densitometer and the filtration and polarization status of your choice. These TVI readings can then be used as process control aims for that device/media combination, or the remainder of that production run.

3 G7 Calibration / Profiling Summary

A complete G7 calibration and profiling workflow consists of the following steps;

3.1 Prepare the equipment and materials

The first step is to make sure the device being calibrated is operating to manufacturer’s specifications and using the correct consumables.

3.2 Print a Calibration target

The second step is to print a GRACoL P2P target (see 5.2.1) on standard paper with colorants specified for the process being calibrated, e.g. # 1 coated sheet and ISO – compliant inks. This target provides a snapshot of the natural NPDC and gray balance of the device being calibrated.

3.3 Compare ‘found NPDC’ to reference NPDC

The third step is to compare the NPDC of the calibration target to the pre-defined G7 NPDC curves, by measuring two gray scales from the P2P target – one printed in CMY only and another printed in black only, and either drawing graphs on special G7 graph paper (see Appendix B) or entering the values into IDEAlink? Curve software.

3.4 Compare ‘natural gray balance’ to reference gray balance

Next the natural gray balance of the device is compared either manually, using the GrayFinder target (see 5.2.2), or automatically by IDEAlink Curve and the P2P target.

3.5 Calibrate the RIP or device driver

Correction values are read from the graph, or from the Create Curves window of IDEAlink Curve software, and entered into the CtP RIP or driver as ‘wanted’ CMYK percentage values.

3.6 Verify the calibration

A new P2P target is printed through the newly-calibrated RIP or driver and the resulting NPDCs for CMY and black, and gray balance, are checked for accuracy.

3.7 Print a Characterization target (optional)

Once gray balance and NPDCs are calibrated, an optional ICC profile can be created, if needed. In the case of a digital proofer, an ICC profile (or equivalent color management system) is normally essential for best results, but when calibrating an actual press, if NPDC and gray balance calibration was successful and if standard inks and paper are used, a standardized characterization data set (appropriate for that printing type) should avoid the need for a custom press profile.

3.8 Verify the Characterization (optional)

The last step in a full workflow is to create a hard-copy (or soft) proof that simulates the reference characterization data via ICC or other color management, and compare it to a proof or press sheet made in step 3.7.

4 Time, Materials, and Tools

NOTE: The G7 method is applicable to any printing process, so long as the correct materials and target values are used. In the following description, emphasis is given to commercial print calibration on high quality coated paper. If calibrating another process, for example SWOP, uncoated web printing, or a proofing system, substitute the appropriate materials and colorimetric aim points as needed.

4.1 Time

The full press calibration method requires two press runs, each approximately one to two hours long, with a short break between (approximately 30 minutes to 1 hour) for plate calibration. Both runs should be scheduled for the same day, with the same equipment and press crew. Experienced users may reduce subsequent calibrations (for example for different papers or screening) to a single run, omitting the second ‘qualification’ or ‘characterization’ run.

4.2 Paper

Approximately six-to-ten thousand sheets of paper will be needed, depending on run efficiency. For commercial printing use ISO Paper type 1 with as little fluorescence as possible and a nominal white point of 95 L* (+ 3), 0 a* (+ 2), -2 b* (+ 2) (measured with white backing). For other processes, use the appropriate paper specifications in ISO 12647-2.

4.3 Inks

Like most printing specifications, GRACoL 7 defines ink color according to ISO 2846-1, however in practice it is more important that the inks, when printed on the actual substrate being calibrated, measure as close as possible to the ISO 12647-2 values for that paper type.

4.3.1 Commercial Ink Colors

The optimum printed solid values for ISO paper grades 1 & 2 (equivalent to a US #1 sheet) are;

Base C M Y K MY CY MC CMY L*95 55 48 89 16 47 50 24 23

a*0 -37 74 -5 0 68 -68 17 0

b*-2 -50 -3 93 0 48 25 -46 0 ?E*ab(See 4.2) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 (N/A)

Solid values for ISO 12647-2 paper types 1&2 (proposed November 2005) – white backing NOTE: These values refer to measurements taken with no back-printing, with the sample lying on a white backing material with an approximate CIELab value of L*98, a*0, b*0.

4.3.2 Ink Colors for other paper types

For a chart of ink colors on all ISO paper types with both white and black backing, (see Appendix H).

4.4 Test targets and images

A pre-assembled GRACoL 7 Calibration Press Form may be purchased from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2d12430285.html,, or you can assemble your own form (see 5.2.)

4.5 Tools for graph paper method

4.5.1 Graph paper

Several sheets of the G7 K Curve Graph Paper and several sheets of the G7 CMY Curve Graph Paper (See Appendix B).

4.5.3 Pocket calculator

For calculating target gray values.

4.5.4 Hand-held spectro-densitometer

For measuring the P2P target and GrayFinder target

4.6 Tools for software method

4.6.1 Curve calculating software

IDEAlink? Curve software - available at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2d12430285.html,

4.6.2 Automated software for measuring the P2P target

ONE OF:

?GretagMacbeth MeasureTool - available at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2d12430285.html,(free version has enough functionality for this purpose)

?X-Rite ColorPort - available at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2d12430285.html,

4.6.2 Automated measuring device

ONE OF:

?GretagMacbeth Spectroscan, EyeOne Pro, EyeOne IO

?X-Rite DTP-70

4.7 Dot Meter (recommended)

A video dot meter for measuring plates.

4.8 Hand-held spectro-densitometer

A spectrophotometer or spectro-densitometer is needed to control device performance during production. If you are not familiar with CIELab, see Appendix F for a brief overview.

4.9 D-50 viewing conditions

A D50 light booth or light source conforming to ISO 3664.

5 Preparation

NOTE: This section refers mainly to press calibration, but is also applicable to other devices such as proofers or desktop printers

5.1 Secure all materials

Make sure all materials outlined in Section 4 are available. Remember the correct inks and paper are the most critical components to achieve the intended appearance of a GRACoL 7 commercial sheet.

5.2 Assemble the press form

A standard GRACoL 7 press form, illustrated here, can be purchased from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2d12430285.html,.

GRACoL 7 press form (be sure you have the most recent version)

If you want to make up your own form it should ideally contain;

5.2.1 P2P Target

The P2P23x target or later version. On devices with uncertain evenness, for example an offset press, include two P2P targets, rotated 180° from each other, as shown in the press form above.

GRACoL P2P23xn Target

5.2.2 GrayFinder Target

For the manual graph method, include the GrayFinder20 target (or a later version). This is not needed when using IDEAlink Curve software.

GrayFinder Target

5.2.3 IT8.7/4 Characterization Target (or equivalent)

If you plan on using the same form for characterizing or ICC-profiling the device, include at least one copy of the IT8.7/4 characterization target (or equivalent). On devices with uncertain evenness, include at least two IT8.7/4 targets rotated 180° and in line with, each other, as shown in 5.2.

IT8.7/4 Printer Characterization Target, Visual layout (Left) and Random layout (Right)

5.2.4 Gray Bars

A ? inch (1 cm) bar of 50c, 40m, 40y across the whole sheet.

A ? inch (1 cm) bar of 50K across the whole sheet.

5.2.5 Test Images

Some typical CMYK images, for example from the SCID image library.

5.3 Press control bars

Many existing press control bars can be adapted for use with the G7 method, or you can make up your own bar especially for G7 press control. Control bars fall into three general categories, Non-G7 complaint, Minimum G7-complaint, and Optimum G7-compliant, as follows;

5.3.1 Non G7-compliant control bars

Virtually every basic press control bar provides 100% CMYKRGB patches for solid ink measurement, and 50% CMYK patches for mid-tone dot gain (TVI) measurements. If these are the only patches available, the control bar would lack the essential 3-color gray patches necessary for G7 press control.

Basic press control bar color patches – layout may vary – (not suitable for G7 press control

NOTE: If your automated press control system or digital press does NOT permit some form of gray-balanced control, ask the supplier how this can be achieved, or add separate gray balance (HR) patches alongside the bar for manual measurement.

5.3.2 Minimum G7-compliant control bars

To make a basic press bar G7-compliant, add a mid-tone gray balance patch (HR patch) of 50c, 40m, 40y – ideally at ink-key intervals. The HR patch can replace one RGB or 50 CMY patch at each ink key. If your press control bar already has gray balance patches with slightly different values (e.g. 50c, 41m, 41y), see 5.3.4 – Bars with non-G7 gray patches.

Minimum G7-compliant press control bar – layout may vary – (HR_cmy patches are notched)

5.3.3 Optimum G7-compliant control bars

For maximum G7 compliance, add at least one SC (shadow contrast patch) of 75c, 66m, 66y, and at least one HC (Highlight Contrast) patch of 25C, 19M, 19Y. These patches can be added less often than the HR patch. For example after placing SID CMYK and HR patches at each ink-key, use the remaining spaces to repeat a sequence of R, G, B, 50c, 50m, 50y, SC, HC, as shown below.

Optimum G7 press control bar – layout may vary – (note SC and HC patches repeat less often than HR)

5.3.4 Bars with non-G7 gray patches

Some existing color bars already contain gray balance patches with slightly different values. For example the Brunner System Instrument Flight Colorbar uses a gray balance ratio of 50c, 41m, 41y. These control bars can be used with the G7 method so long as the target CIELab values (or target CMY density values) are modified to produce the same gray balance as if the patches were the official GRACoL 7 balance. The new target values can be determined by balancing the press on a true G7 gray patch, then measuring the non-G7 gray patch and recording it’s actual CIELab or density values. 5.4 Set up the RIP

Set up the plate making RIP exactly as you would for a normal job, but clear out any values in the current calibration table, or begin with a new, empty table. The first press run is best made with ‘un-calibrated’ plates – i.e. no calibration values in the RIP.

IMPORTANT: Do NOT linearize the plate-setter so that measured dot values on plate exactly match original file percentages. Contrary to common belief, this may reduce accuracy of subsequent steps. 5.4.1 Screening

For commercial work, halftone screen ruling should be at least 150 lines/inch and nominally 175 lines/inch. Common screen angles are 15 C, 75 M, 0 Y, and 45 K (symmetrical dot) or 15 C, 75 M, 0 Y, and 135 K (asymmetrical dot) with K and M interchangeable.

For other printing systems check the relevant standard for suggested screen conditions.

Note that unlike TVI-based calibration, the G7 method is perfectly compatible with ANY screening system (e.g. FM or ‘stochastic’) without change to target values.

5.5 Check plate-making system

Check that plate-making hardware, chemistry, and RIP are within manufacturer’s specs.

5.6 Exotic screening or continuous-tone systems

Exotic screening systems such as stochastic or ‘FM’ screening can be calibrated with the G7 method as easily as traditional AM halftone screening, but remember that color gamut is sometimes affected by screening. Continuous-tone devices can also be calibrated by the G7 NPDC method so long as separate CMYK calibration tables are available in the device RIP or driver.

5.7 Pre-adjust the plate-making system at 50% (optional)

If possible, adjust the CtP exposing unit’s focus, exposure energy, or other physical parameters (including plate development) until a 50% file value measures 50% on plate. CAUTION: Do not adjust the CtP calibration curves to achieve this condition unless delta calibration values can be added to the pre-calibration values after the calibration run. (This is easier in some RIPs than others.)

Note that it is usually simpler to leave the CtP system in a completely un-calibrated state for the first run, even if 50% does not measure exactly 50% on plate.

5.8 Make plates for the calibration run

Produce a set of ‘un-calibrated’ plates of the calibration form using exactly the same workflow as you would for regular work.

5.9 Record an un-calibrated plate curve

Measure dot sizes on a test plate at 5% or 10% intervals with a video-based halftone meter, to record the baseline condition of the plate making system. These values can be used to check raw plate-maker performance any time in the future, for this particular plate type and screen ruling. Don’t panic if the actual plate values Do NOT match the halftone file values at this stage. This is normal.

5.10 Check press setup

Check that the press (or whatever device you are calibrating) and its associated consumables are adjusted correctly including ink tack, ink opacity, blanket condition, blanket tension, packing, impression, fountain solution, temperature control, etc. Listing all press variables is beyond the scope of this document. Suffice it to say that the press should be in optimum physical and chemical condition. WARNING: The G7 method will calibrate virtually any stable, repeatable device to match the pre-defined G7 NPDC and gray balance, NO MATTER WHAT IT’S CONDITION, but remember that good calibration may mask, or inadvertently encourage, ‘bad’ printing. For example, excessive dot gain (TVI) on one unit of a press can be compensated for by RIP curves, but the root problem will remain and may lead to poor image structure, instability, or other undesirable results.

5.11 Check measurement tools and viewing conditions

Check measuring devices are in spec and calibrated, and that press-side lighting conditions are D50. All onboard and hand-held spectrophotometers and densitometers must be calibrated and in agreement.

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Final Cut Pro 苹果非编快捷键创建新的媒体夹【Cmd】+【B】 选择标准窗口布局【Ctrl】+【U】 显示叠层【Ctrl】+【Option】+【W】 切换轨道高度选择【Shift】+【T】 选择缩放工具【Z】 选种默认“选择”工具【A】 隐藏界面【Cmd】+【H】 慢动作向前播放【K】+【L】 慢动作向后播放【K】+【J】 设置一个入点【I】 设置一个出点【O】 标记这个片段长度【X】 移动播放头到入点位置【Shift】+【I】 移动播放头到出点位置【Shift】+【O】 删除入点【Option】+【I】 删除出点【Option】+【O】 将入点和出点一起删除【Option】+【X】 播放片段播放头到出点之间的部分【Shift】+【P】 播放入点到出点之间的部分【Shift】+【\】 在时间线上显示整个序列【Shift】+【Z】 启用循环播放【Ctrl】+【L】 选择序列中所有片段【Cmd】+【A】 取消对片段的选择【Shift】+【Cmd】+【A】 打开或关闭吸附功能【N】 将所有的音频轨道锁定或解锁【Shift】+【F5】 将时间线上视频轨道的片段和音频连接在一起【Cmd】+【L】 切换“链接选择”的开和关【Shift】+【L】 把选顶的编辑点扩展到播放头所在的位置【E】 选择“波纹”工具【RR】 选择“刀片切割”工具【B】 滑移【S】 卷动【R】 滑动【SS】 打开“用户编好设置”窗口【Option】+【Q】 打开“系统设置”窗口【Shift】+【Q】 打开“简易设置”窗口【Ctrl】+【Q】 打开“音频/视频设置”窗口【Cmd】+【Option】+【Q】 打开“记录和采集”窗口【Cmd】+【8】

(员工手册)新鸿基地产员工手册

（员工手册）新鸿基地产员工手册

新鴻基地產員工管理手冊 新鴻基地產於1972 年上市，為香港最大地產發展商之一，致力興建優質住宅及商業項目供銷售及投資。本集團：?擁有僱員超過31,500 名 ?擁有從事買地、規劃、建築、工程及物業管理的專業人才，有利控制成本之餘，亦同時確保物業質素符合最高標準。集團業務 本集團的核心業務為發展物業供銷售和投資，以及經營多項地產相關業務，包括： ?酒店 ?金融服務 ?保險 ?物業管理 另外，本集團亦有投資以下行業：

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新鸿基地产笔试经验总结

新鸿基地产笔试经验总结 参加了新鸿基地产的，第一次参加，呵呵，说出来都丢人。废话不多说，把内容说说就行。 考试为全英题目，简单，但是耗时间，试题是1999年KP Consulting CO.给他们出的题，到现在还一直用。06年广州的考试分两部分，part1: numerical and part2 velbal 地产笔试经验1: 计算，30题左右，25分钟，全部都是看图计算，例如去年跟今年几 个公司的产量对比，让你算哪个多哪个少，增加了多少，选项有：ABCDEFGH，所以， 蒙的机会太小了，好好拿计算器算就是了。正常速度算不完，倒数5分钟时我还剩10多 题没做，恐慌，没办法，因为有一道汇率换算购买货物的题因为自己想错了，所以倒回去做，浪费了很多时间。反正，以中国学生的英文水平，要做完很难。因为有一些比率的换算或者专业用语需要细致的看才不会对错，简单，但是不容易作出来。 地产笔试经验2：velbal，判断题，44题，20分钟。每个section有几句话，大概50 个字的篇幅，然后三个问题，选项均是A-B-C，ture-fault-could not conclude，全部是商业 方面的内容， 例如：某公司A收购了公司B，规定员工和老总必须在一个月后走人，C专家说，这次收购让业界很意外，因为B公司不止这么多钱。 问题1：公司A用××钱买了公司B这件事surprise了许多人。 问题2：B公司老总将在年底离开 问题3：B公司的价值大概多少millions 笔试经验总结：如果充分读题的话，绝对做不完，只能考猜。因为考过许多英文考试，对这种题不是很怕，直接看关键词，看转折词，对应问题看短文，所以基本上都知道讲什么。比较难的就是判断究竟是错了还是无法推断。如果文中给出肯定，而问题是否定的，哪就是错的，如果问题给的跟文章不一样，但是文中没有明确表明反义，那就要选C，无法推断。例如刚刚问题2，文中只说一个月后离开，但是没有说时间，因此B是选无法推断。 这部分我狂做也只能做到41题，居然发现试卷上有人留下了最后四道题的答案，呵呵，我就照抄上去了，不管那么多了。

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截面编号 自重弯矩剪力（KN）（KN/m）（K N·m）Q左Q右 1-1 截面 -15.6-15.6 2-2 截面 -54-54 3-3 截面 -73.797.6 4-4 截面 81.181.1 5-5 截面 6.02 6.02 6-6 截面 -69.06-69.06 7-7 截面 -85.6-85.6

4.2.3 活载计算 （1）活载横向分配系数计算，荷载对称布置时用杠杆原理法，非对称布置 时用铰接板法 1）对称布置时 a) 单列车对称布置时 图4—3 b) 双列车对称布置时 图4—4 c)三列车对称布置时 图4—5 d) 四列车对称布置时 图4—6 2) 非对称布置时 a) 单列车非对称布置时 b) 双列车非对称布置时 c) 三列车非对称布置时 d) 四列车非对称布置时 （2）按顺桥向活载移动情况，求得支座活载反力的最大值 本桥计算跨径为9.6m ，考虑到桥面连续处也可布载，布载长度为： 图4—7 a) 单孔荷载 单列车时：11.0150+9.8 1.07.875=188.592 B KN =???? 当为两列车时，则：22188.59=377.18B KN =? 当为三列车时，则：33188.59=565.77B KN =? 当为四列车时，则：44188.59=754.36B KN =? b ）双孔荷载

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a l CutPro 苹果非编快捷键创建新的媒体夹【Cmd +【B】 Dock 隐藏【Cmd +【Option 】+D 撤销【Cmd +Z 隐藏界面【Cmd +【H】（界面最小化） 选择序列中所有片段【Cmd +【A】 渲染选定文件【Cmd +【R】 选择标准窗口布局【Ctrl】+【U】 显示叠层【Ctrl】+ [ Option】+【W 切换轨道高度选择【Shift】+【T】（可把轨道拉长。缩小） 选择缩放工具【Z】 选种默认“选择”工具【A J 慢动作向前播放【K】+ [ L】

慢动作向后播放【K】+ [ J】 设置一个入点【I】 设置一个出点【O】 标记这个片段长度【X】 移动播放头到入点位置【Shift】+【I】 移动播放头到出点位置【Shift】+【0】 在时间线上显示整个序列【Shift】+【Z】 删除入点【Option】+【I】 删除出点【Option】+【0】 将入点和出点一起删除【Option】+【X】 播放片段播放头到出点之间的部分【Shift】+【P】播放入点到出点之间的部分【Shift】+【】 启用循环播放【Ctrl】+【L】 取消对片段的选择【Shift】+【Cmd +【A】 打幵或关闭吸附功能【N】

将所有的音频轨道锁定或解锁【Shift】+【F5】 将时间线上视频轨道的片段和音频连接在一起【Cmd +【L】切换“链接选择”的幵和关【Shift】+【L】 把选顶的编辑点扩展到播放头所在的位置【E 选择“波纹”工具【RR 选择“刀片切割”工具【B】 滑移【S】 卷动【R】 滑动【SS】 打幵“用户编好设置”窗口【option】+【ca 打幵“系统设置”窗口【Shift】+【d 打幵“简易设置”窗口【Ctrl】+【d 打幵“音频/视频设置”窗口【Cmd + [Option】+【C】

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