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英语二级题

Part I Reading Comprehension

Passage 1

The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa（反之亦然）.

In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer（持有者）of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.

1. Which of the following wo rds can best describe the popular understanding of “environment”

as the author sees it?

A) elaborate B) prejudiced C) faultless D) oversimplified

2. According to the author, the concept of “environment” is difficult to explain because _______.

A) it does n’t distinguish between the organism and the environment

B) it involves both internal and external forces

C) the organism and the environment influence each other

D) the relationship between the organism and the environment is unclear

3. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man, the author suggests that _______.

A) biological factors are less important to the organism than cultural factors to man

B) man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forces

C) man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the natural environment

D) physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organisms than on man

4. As for culture, the author points out that _______.

A) it develops side by side with environmental factors

B) it is also affected by environmental factors

C) it is generally accepted to be part of the environment

D) it is a product of man’s biological instincts

5. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _______.

A) the interpretation of the term “environment”

B) the discussion on organisms and biological environment

C) the comparison between internal and external factors influencing man

D) the evaluation of man’s influence on culture

Passage Two

Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion ― a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive; knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society’s economic underpinnings(支柱) would be destroyed: since earning $ 10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $ 10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.

In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can to us ― hurt us, surprise us, anger us, or make us joyful.

We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “go od”and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what food we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals of unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal(刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in anti-social acts.

1. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is

that .

A) they would not be able to tell the texture of objects

B) they wouldn’t know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them

C) they could not be happy with a life without love

D) they would do things that hurt each other's feelings

2. According to the passage, people’s learning activities are possible because they _______.

A) believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive

B) benefit from providing help and support to one another

C) enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing

D) know what is vital to the progress of society

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on

_______.

A) the ability to make money

B) the will to work for pleasure

C) the capacity to enjoy incentives(刺激)

D) the categorizations of our emotional experiences

4. Emotions are significant for ma n’s survival and adaptation because _______.

A) they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects

B) they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained

C) they encourage people to perform dangerous achievements

D) they generate more love than hate among people

5. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they

_______.

A) help society exploit its members for profit

B) encourage us to perform important tasks

C) help to perfect the legal and penal system

D) help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us

Passage 3

A few minutes ago, walking back from lunch, I started to cross the street when I heard the sound of a coin dropping. It wasn't much but, as I turned, my eyes caught the heads of several other people turning too. A woman had dropped what appeared to be a dime. The tinkling sound of a coin dropping on pavement is an attention-getter. It can be nothing more than a penny. Whatever the coin is, no one ignores the sound of it. It got me thinking about sounds again.

We are besieged（包围）by so many sounds that attract the most attention. People in New York City seldom turn to look when a fire engine, a police car or an ambulance comes screaming along the street. When I'm in New York, I'm a New Yorker. I don't turn either. Like the natives, I hardly hear a siren（汽笛）there.

At home in my little town in Connecticut, it's different. The distant wail of a police car, an emergency vehicle or a fire siren brings me to my feet if I'm seated and brings me to the window if I'm in bed.

It's the quietest sounds that have most effect on us, not the loudest. In the middle of the night, I can hear a dripping tap a hundred yards away through three closed doors. I've been hearing little creaking noises and sounds which my imagination turns into footsteps in the middle of the night for twenty-five years in our house. How come I never hear those sounds in the daytime?

I'm quite clear in my mind what the good sounds are and what the bad sounds are. I've turned against whistling, for instance. I used to think of it as the mark of a happy worker but lately I've been associating the whistler with a nervous person making compulsive noises. The tapping, tapping, tapping of my typewriter as the keys hit the paper is a lovely sound to me. I often like the sound of what I write better than the looks of it.

1. The sound of a coin dropping makes people _______.

A. think of money.

B. look at each other.

C. pay attention to it.

D. stop crossing the street.

2. People in New York _________.

A. don't care about emergencies.

B. are used to sirens.

C. are attracted by sounds.

D. don't hear loud noises.

3. The writer __________.

A. sleeps next to the window.

B. has lived in Connecticut for a long time.

C. believes in ghosts.

D. is interested in fire engines.

4. He dislikes whistling because __________.

A. he is tired of it.

B. he used to be happier.

C. it reminds him of tense people.

D. he doesn't like workers.

5. What kind of sound does he find pleasant?

A. The tinkling sound of a coin dropping.

B. The clinking sound of keys.

C. The tapping of his typewriter.

D. The creaking sounds.

Passage 4

We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction to instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee, and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity, and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while, people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline（衰退）when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).

The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military?

Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections.

Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.

1. According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its

sales will ______.

A) decrease gradually B) remain at the same level

C) become unstable D) improve enormously

2. The first paragraph tells us that a new product is ______.

A) not easily accepted by the public

B) often inferior to old ones at first

C) often more expensive than old ones

D) usually introduced to satisfy different tastes

3. Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to ______.

A) promote its production B) work out marketing policies

C) speed up its life cycle D) increase its popularity

4. The author mentions the example of “backpacks” (Para.2) to show the importance of ______.

A) pleasing the young as well as the old B) increasing usage among students

C) exploring new market sections D) serving both military and civil needs

5. In order to recover their share of the world market, U.S. auto makers are ______.

A) improving product quality

B) increasing product features

C) modernizing product style

D) re-positioning their product in the market

Passage 5

The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900’s. At t his point in time, America had become a great place to “go into some area of business”. However, the Lost Generation writers felt that America was not such a success story because the country was lacking in a cosmopolitan culture. Their solution to this is sue was to pack up their bags and travel to Europe’s cosmopolitan cultures, such as Paris and London. Here they expected to find literary freedom and a cosmopolitan way of life.

A cosmopolitan culture is one which includes and values a variety of backgrounds and cultures. In the 1920’s the White Anglo Saxon Protestant work ethic was the only culture that was valued by the majority of Americans. It was because of ethics such as this which made the cosmopolitan culture of Paris so alluring (有吸引力的).

American Literature went through a profound change in the post World War I era. Up to this moment, American writers were still expected to use the rigid Victorian styles of the 19th century. The Lost Generation writers were above, or apart from, American society, not only in geographic terms, but also in their style of writing and subjects they chose to write about. Although they were unhappy with American culture, the writers were instrumental in changing their country’s style of writing, from Victorian to modern.

Hemingway is probably one of the most celebrated authors of his time. Hemingway is well known for his fiction. His readings centered around Russian writers such as Tolstoy and Turgrnev, Tolstoy was a primary influence in Hemingway’s writi ngs. World War I also had a profound impact on him as well, as he was an ambulance driver during the war. He hated the abstract, especially abstract words such as honor, glory, and courage. Hemingway held strong to old beliefs, and symbolism, as he used symbolism to depict the Protestant religion he could not accept. He used observation and description in his works, rather than rhetoric views. The concept of war fascinated Hemingway, as well as the experiences one could endure in a lifetime. One of the most famous works, “Farewell to Arms” depicted the uselessness for words such as honor and glory,

because they were not the first things in a soldier’s mind as he walked onto the battlefield. Hemingway’s works were raw and concrete, dealing with the notion tha t one could be inside the characters’ mind.

1. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Lost Generation?

A) The Lost Generation refers to a special group of American writers.

B) The Lost Generation were fond of war and they always wrote about it.

C) The Lost Generation thought America was short of cosmopolitan culture.

D) The Lost Generation thought European culture was better than that of America.

2. According to the passage, which of the following is the characteristic of cosmopolitan culture?

A) It is rigid and free.

B) It was valued by the majority of Americans.

C) It values a variety of backgrounds and cultures.

D) It only values White Anglo Saxon Protestant work ethic.

3. What change did American literature experience after World War I ?

A) American writers changed their writing styles into Victorian styles.

B) American writers wanted to change American culture.

C) The Lost Generation writers changed American society.

D) The Lost Generation writers changed their writing styles from Victorian to modern.

4. Which of the following was Hemingway fond of in his writing?

A) Abstract words. B) Symbolism.

C) Courage. D) Honor and glory.

5. Which of the following statements about Hemingway is true according to the passage?

A) Hemingway was born into a prominent New England family.

B) Hemingway was good at using rhetoric views.

C) Hemingway influenced Russian writer Tolstoy greatly.

D) Hemingway’s works were raw and concrete.

Part II Vocabulary and Structure

1. The police searched the city in an effort to catch the man who ______ murder last week.

A. limited

B. made

C. did

D. committed

2. He could be ________ about everything else in the world, but not about Manet, his loving child.

A. visual

B. critical

C. favorite

D. essential

3. What a ________ smell! Open the window and air the room.

A. disgusting

B. pleasing

C. powerful

D. disturbing

4. Most people have no real idea how to change to healthy food, and Maureen was

no________.

A. foundation

B. possibility

C. exception

D. ignorance

5. ____ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.

A. What

B. That

C. This

D. Which

6. Eat ____ cake you like and leave the others for ____ comes in late.

A. any; who

B. every; whoever

C. whichever; whoever

D. either; whoever

7. These two cities are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall in June.

A. to that

B. except that

C. besides that

D. in that

8. Physics is _________ to the science which was called natural philosophy in history.

A. uniform

B. alike

C. equivalent

D. likely

alike强调“相象性”，likely强调“可能性”，equivalent强调“等同性”，uniform强调“一致性”，从整个句子的意义来看，所填成分应该强调“等同性”，故选项B)应该是正确答案。

9. Race and sex are not relevant ________whether a person is qualified for the job.

A. to

B. for

C. on

D. with

10. What a fantastic j ourney! It’s worth ______ all my life.

A. remembering

B. being remembered

C. to remember

D. to be remembered

11. I went along thinking of nothing ______, only looking at things around me.

A. in brief

B. in doubt

C. in harmony

D. in particular

12. This decent and ______ teacher was once misunderstood by some students and experienced a

tough time, but in the end he won all his students’ respect.

A. respectful

B. grateful

C. honored

D. honorable

13. The country used to be rich and prosperous, but right now it is ______ a period of economic

instability.

A. going on

B. going around

C. going through

D. going down

14. He earns 5000 dollars a year ______ his wife earns at least 20000 dollars a year.

A. whereas

B. wherever

C. whenever

D. whether

15. The newly-elected President ______ his speech with an amusing anecdote, which

immediately shortened the distance between the citizens and him.

A. preceded

B. processed

C. proceeded

D. produced

16. It is reported that those infected with SARS ______ from the masses for fear that this highly

infectious disease would sweep the whole country.

A. are isolating

B. have isolated

C. have been isolating

D. have been

isolated

17. The theatre said that they would ______ the ticket for me until next Monday.

A. reserve

B. deserve

C. conserve

D. preserve

18. Though she was pretty, ______ I especially remember was her eloquence.

A. that

B. which

C. what

D. whatever

19. At the beginning people knew very little about him, but soon he admitted ______ something of

a leader.

A. to be

B. have been

C. be

D. to being

20. The little boy is clever and loves to study. ______, he is careless and always makes mistakes.

A. In addition

B. On the other hand

C. What is worse

D. What’s more

Part III Translation

1. I do hope that you can ____com up with a better solution than this one (拿出一个比这更好

的解决办法来).

2. Prof. Wang, would you do us a favor _by coming to our English evening this Saturday (来

参加

我们星期六的英语晚会好吗)?

3. We didn’t think h e could cover the distance in a quarter of an hour, ________________

(但他却成功地做到了这一点).

4. A man without the proper use of the intellectual faculties of a man is _______________________________(极可能比懦夫更可鄙).

5. Why would an animal want to cooperate with a human? Behaviorists would say that animals cooperate when they learn ________________________ (为了它们的利益) to do so.

6. When you come to New York, you shall see me and make your decision. Remember, both of us

_______________________________（可以自由决定中止和继续交往) after that.

7. It is difficult to understand and admire her wisdom. The true nature of a heart is seen _________ ______________(从其对不美的事物的态度反映出来的).

8.Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to

______________________________________ (适应不同文化中生活)。

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