仁爱版英语七年级下全部知识点总结

七年级下英语知识点总结Unit 5 Topic132.知道,了解know about / learn about ㈠短语总结

33.校园生活school life

1.在学校大门口at the school gate

34.2.来学校come to school 一个美国学生an American student

35.go to school

去学校 3.36.许多学生have class / have classes many students/ a lot of students/ lots 4.上课

of students 5.步行on foot

37.很少ride a bike/ ride bikes/ by bike / on very few 6.骑自行车

38.a bike

吃午饭have lunch

39.7.坐公交by bus / take a bus

出去吃饭eat out

40.by subway / take the subway / on 在校期间on school days

8.坐地铁

41.休息一会the subway

have a short rest/ break

42.on plane / the 午饭后after lunch

9.坐飞机by plane/ take the

43.在某人的业余时间plane

in one's ( my/ his/ her/

their…10.坐小汽车by car / in a car/ take a car/ drive a )free/ spare time

44.打篮球play basketball car

45.11.坐轮船by ship 踢足球play soccer / football

46.by boat 弹钢琴play the piano 12.坐小船

47. 13.坐火车by train / on the train 弹吉他play the guitar

48.拉二胡play erhu

14.在我们组in our group

49.去游泳 a group of students go swimming / go for a swim 一群学生15.

50.16.我们中的三个人three of us 去划船go boating

51.球赛17.在平日on weekdays

a ball game / ball games

52.on the weekends / at weekends 一年四次four times a year 在周末18.

53.19.听音乐get up 起床listen to music

54.20.睡觉go to bed 读书read books

55.看报get up early 早起21.read newspapers

56.go home 看医生see a doctor

22.回家57.去图书馆get home

到家23.go to the library

58. 24.去动物园go to the zoo 一周两次twice a week

59. 去公园25.go to the park 见朋友meet friends

60.see a movie / film 看电影26.每天every day

61. 27.看电视watch TV

在七点半at half past seven

62.in the evening / at night 在晚上28.一小会for a little while / for a short time

63.29.帮助父母help parents

晚饭后after supper

64.do 做某人的家庭作业30. 吃饭her/ my/ ( 'ones his/ have dinner

65.your/ their)homework 吃早饭have breakfastat school 31.在学校home

㈡重要句型

2.How do you usually/ I usually come to school by subway.

1.often…你通常/经常怎样同义句…: I usually take the subway to school.

3.It: How do you usually come to 对划线部分提问's time for class.=It's time to have class. =It's

time for having class.

school

4.类似的有：What about you =How about you

5.go to school by bike=go to school How often …询问频率，回答可以用频率副词：on a bike= ride a bike to school=ride to school always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom,

其他时间名词或表示never, every day ,every +go home by bus=go home on a

bus=take a bus

频率的短语回答by +动词ing形式，表示通过某种方式

People show love to their 表示频率的短语：次数+单位时间mothers by giving cards. week / three times a once e.g. : a day / twice a

You can be a good student by working hard. month

3.over (形容词6. The early bird catches the work. (谚语) 笨鸟先)

School / Class is over. 飞

4.学习必须begin 7. Work / Study must come first. 工作/

现在分词放在第一位！: beginning 过去式: began

begin to do sth , begin doing sth 8. Classes begin at eight. =Class begins at eight.

He begins to write a letter. =He begins writing a 提问：What time does the class begin / What time

letter. do the classes begin

如果㈢重要单词的用法begin本身为分词，只能用begin to do sth

He is beginning to run. ) 看起来，后面加形容词1.look (感官动词5.listen to 听（动作），hear 听见(His mother looks very young. 结果)

6.always 反义词never They look very cute.

7.Her dress looks very nice. 本话题涉及的时态为一般现在时，句中常有频率副词或表示频率的短语，如果主语为三You look very cool in this coat.

单，动词一定要用三单！介词2.by

（四）易错题by 后面直接加表示交通工具的名词，中间不by bike

用任何词修饰，如：20. LetYou new watch ______ (look) very nice! 1.'s

go______(boat).

21. It'2.Here ______(be) some news. s time to have breakfast. (同义句)

_________________________________________s time_____ going to school. Oh, come on! It'3.

_____________. 4.They usually go to school on ________(feet).

22. Michael often rides a bike to school. (同义句5.In my class, forty of _______(we) go to school )

_________________________________________by bike.

_____________. 6.The early bird ______ (catch) the worm.

23. I always go to work on foot. (对划线部分提问7.Kangkang often _____ (ride) a bike to the park. )

_________________________________________8.What time _____ (be)school over

_____________. 9.Work must come ______(once).

24. My mother goes shopping twice a week. (s time ____you to get up. It10.'对划

线部分提问) 11.We often _____ books in the morning.

_________________________________________s friend like ______(study) in our school. 12.Jill'_____________. Wang 13.Mr. teaches English. _____ ______(we) 25. Mary always reads books of us like him. in the library. (反义句) How about

______(go) out with me 14.

_________________________________________students 15.Most _____ school the school to go

_____________. bus.

26. He usually does his homework at school. (_______ do you go shopping with your mother 16.否定句How A. soon C. How ) How B. far

_________________________________________ often D. How much

_____________. up get usually do time What 17.you _____

27. They often go to school by bus in the morning. weekdays

(对划线部分提问) 18.He ______ busy, so he has no time to play with

_________________________________________us.

_____________. seldom B. is A. always is always C. is

改为一28. Jane seldom watches TV on weekdays. (D. often is

)

般疑问句clock. '19. The last class______(finish) at twelve o

_________________________________________2. keep

keep 和borrow, lend 的意思一样,都是表示借的_____________.

意思, 区别是borrow和对划线部分提home. (lend是瞬间动词,而keep29. He usually has lunch at

是延续性动词问)

,表示借一段时间, 后常跟上一段时间

_________________________________________

e.g You may keep this book for two weeks. _____________.

借进borrow 借出30. Li Ping often goes to work on foot. (同义句) lend 借多久keep

3. find和_________________________________________look for

find :找到_____________.

,发现,强调结果look for寻找,强调过程31. 几乎没有学生乘地铁去学校。e.g I'm looking for my shoese verywhere, but I can

_________________________________________not find it. _____________.

4. return

我通常放学后做运

动。．32return :_________________________________________归还=give back return sth to sb=give

sth back to sb

_____________.

e.g Please return this 你经常在图书馆看书吗？book to Steve=please give 33．back this book to Steve.

_________________________________________e.g He will return from America next month. _____________.

5. on time: 准时,她母亲每天购物一次。．强调不早不迟到达34in time: 及

时,_________________________________________强调在规定的时间以前到达e.g We must go to work on time. _____________.

The students

can get there in time.

．他们在业余时间做什么？356. Japanese: adj

_________________________________________日本的,日本人的,日语的n.日本人,_____________.

日语

当Japanese表示日本人时,是可数名词,单复数同他们一年举行四次球赛。36.

形(与Chinese用法相同_________________________________________)

e.g Two Japanese and three Chinese are swimming _____________.

in the swimming pool. 37. 玛利亚怎样回家？

7. also _________________________________________与too

两个都表是“也”的意思, also用在句中, too用_____________.

在句末她有时坐地铁回家。38.

e.g Helen is also a student.

_________________________________________ _____________.

I have long hair and she has long hair, too.

8 plan n. 39. 他通常放学后打篮球，但是不踢足球。平面图

_________________________________________ v.计划plan to do sth (二)短语总结：_____________.

1. on time 准时你常常骑自行车来学学校吗？40.

2. in time 及时_________________________________________3 .in the center of: 在…..中央_____________.

4 .next to 在什么隔壁,在什么旁边Unit

5 Topic2

5. at the back of ; 在….后面(外部后面)

6. in front of….在重要单词：一() …..前面(外部后面)

7. behind 在…..后面borrow sth. from sb. 1. borrow:指主语借入(内部后面)

8. in the front of 在e.g You can borrow this book from the library. ….前面(内部后面)

9 .on the left 在左边May I borrow your eraser

10. on the right 指主语借出lend: 在右边lend sth. to sb. / lend sb. sth.

11. Show sb around 领某人参观e.g Can you lend your car to me

之间.…与.…在…and…12. between They often lend us their ball.

13. from ….to…从…..到…..

e.g a friend of Sam's 萨姆的一个朋友 a

friend of mine 14. On the shelf 在架子上shelf复数形式是我的一个朋友

3. love doing sth习惯性的爱好和习惯shelves

love to do sth一次性的动作或目前想做的事15. do better in sth/doing sth 在……方面做的更好

e.g She loves reading in bed. I love to go …do well in sth/doing sth 在..做得好

swimming today.

…..方面擅长be good at sth/doing sth 在现在进行时（四）语法：,16. at the moment 现在此刻

(1). 现在进行时表示正在发生或进行的动作,可17. play computer games 玩电脑游戏与18. a few 几个now, at the moment等时间状语连用

e.g I'19. the Great Wall 长城m reading a book now.

(2). 重要句型总结现在进行时表示当前一段时间内一直进行(三)的动作1. What 's in+sth 表示哪里有什么东西e.g They're working on a farm this week.

e.g What's in your purse 钱包里有什么东西

(3). ,其某些行为动词的现在进行时形式可以表示将别的还有别的什么么What else else:

来它的,常常有意图,安排或打算的含义,并且可与表将来的时间状语连用,What else do you have

到目前我们所学的这类动词有还Who else还有别的什么人么Where else come,go,fly,return

e.g They are flying to London this afternoon. 有别的什么地方么

We are going to Hong Kong tomorrow. 等后除了可以放在疑问词elsewhat,who, whereSteve is coming tomorrow evening. anything, nothing, 面，还可以放在something,

现在进行时的构成:

(4)somebody, anybody, nobody后面现在进行时主要由e.g be+doing'cant see 构成do. have I don't anything else to I

肯定句:主语anybody else in the room.

+be+doing+sth

否定句:Here are some photos of his.

2. 主语+be+not+doing+sth

一般疑问句:Be+主语+doing+sth

格所有/名词词性物主名名词＋Of+词代回答:Yes,主(代)+be /No,主(代)+be+not

----------双重所有格现在分词的构成：特殊疑问句:

一般在动词末尾加-ing call----calling buy-----buying

(五)典型----______:

习题_ —Exc(1)

I Yes, A.me, use

how long

could. B.Yomay re

uI______

'welcothe book

---For me.

Sure,

two C.

s all right. 'weeks.

D.ThatI'm coming now.

(4)---Bob, may I_____your MP4

C.lend B.keep A. borrow

D.buy

d better not______it to others. would I Xiao (2)---Hi, Qi, 'this

the to go to like zoo ---Sure,but you

B.lend,borrow Sunday. A.lend, lend

D.borrow,lend

I like watching animals best.

C.borrow,borrow

s t______it. Let''----I _____like watching animals best. (5)She's_____her purse, but she canhelp her.

D.and

C.also A .too B.either

look

C. find for; B.looking for look A.find; (3)----Could you come please I want some help.

for; find D.finding; look for activity, lesson, draw, learn, interesting, difficult, boring ,which, subject, best, other, friendly, February, (6)----What is your mother doing

newspaper, hard, wish, story. ----My mother is______Miss Li.

（二）重点短语C.talk to A.talk with B.talking with

1.Have a music class.上音乐课(7)---Can I_____a soccer_____the gym

2.at ten o'---Of course, you can.

clock 在十点钟

3.be over (=finish) 结束 C.borrow;from A.borrow;to B.lend; from

4.on+星期名词在星期几D.borrowing;from

5.outdoor activities (8)---How long______your story book 户外活动

6.work on ---Three days.

致力于，专心于

7. learn about the past 了解历史C.I can borrow A.I can keep B.can I borrow

D.can I keep 8.it's time for …该干…了

9.be friendly to 对…友好句型转换:

10. play with sb (1)----Are the children swimming in the swimming 和某人玩耍pool(做否定回答)

Play with sth玩弄某物

11.swim in the swimming pool 在游泳池游泳----______,______ ________

12.draw pictures (2)They are watching TV画画) .(改为一般疑问句14. every Tuesday and Thursday _______ _______watching TV

每周二和周四

15.tell sb sth=tell sth to sb 把某事告诉某人I(3)'m playing computer games.(对划线部分提问)

16. school?newspaper 校报______are you_______

17.and so on 等等(4)The boys often play soccer on the playground.(改18. learn sth from 从…)

初中英语知识点总结

初中复习资料 【初中英语词组总结】 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样9 as you can see 你是知道的10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开29 be bad for 对什么有害30 be born 出生于31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好36 be from = come from 来自 37 be full of 装满……的be filled with 充满eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句39 be going to + v(原）将来时40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康45 be in trouble 处于困难中46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣 47 be late for = come late to 迟到eg: Be late for class 上课迟到48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料) 51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎55 be quiet 安静56 be short for 表**的缩写eg: 陶is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb 61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么65 be sure 表确定66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事72 be the same as … 和什么一样73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早74 be worth doing 值得做什么75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物be afraid that 丛句76 because+句子because of +短语 eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么 78 between…and… 两者之间79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西 80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同81 bother 打扰bother sb to do sth eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站 82 by the end of 到……为止83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang 85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈take sb to + 地点带某人去某地87 come in 进 88 come over to 过来89 come up with 提出eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？ 90 communicate with sb 和某人交流91 consider + doing 考虑做什么eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？92 dance to 随着……跳舞93 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查95 do better in 在……方面做得更好 96 do wrong 做错97 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don't mind +doing /从句/名词不要介意…… 99 each +名（单）每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢102 escape from 从……逃跑103 expect to do sth 期待做某事104 fall down 摔下来fall off 从哪摔下来105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么106 far from 离某地远107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词）110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了forget doing 做了而又忘了

最全面七年级英语(上)各单元知识点汇总(完整版)

七年级热爱英语学习的同学们 学英语真好玩，学英语，真容易，听说读写和翻译； 多模仿，多记忆，早读晚听别忘记； 只要坚持有毅力，考试定能取得好成绩； 理想大学属于你，将来必定成大器。 在初中各门学科中，英语是最容易两极分化的学科，而词汇学习是学生学英语的一道“门槛”。可以说如果学生学会了如何记忆单词，那么，他就掌握了学习英语特别有利的途径。 许多学生因为词汇量小，看不懂课本，听不懂录音，听不懂老师讲课，一些练习无法做，从 而丧失了学习英语的兴趣和信心。因而要多运用音标等多种途经加强对单词的识记至关重 要。 一、七年级字母教学资料 英语中共有26 个字母。其中的Aa，Ee，Ii ，Oo，Uu 5 个字母被称为元音字母。这五个 1. 元音字母是构成英语成千上万单词的核心，词，通常都应包含一个或多个元音字母。 字母书写的规格 除了一些缩略词之外，其它任何一个英语单 26 个字母中的其它21 个字母被称为辅音字母。 2. ①斜度：每个字母都要稍向右斜约10°左右，斜度要一致。 ②大写字母的书写规格是：上不顶天下立地。即笔画的上端稍离第一线，笔画的下端必须 紧贴第三线，不许离线也不许出格。 a, c, e, m, n, o, r, s, u, v, w, x, z ③占中间格的小写字母有13 个，它们 笔画的上端必须紧贴第二线，下端必须紧贴第三线，不许离线也不许出格。 b, d, h, k, l ④占一格、二格的小写字母有共 5 个，它们笔画的上端必须顶第一线， 下端必须顶第三线，不许离线也不许出格。 i t t i ⑤小写字母和也占一格、二格。但的上端在第一格中间，短横重合第二线； 的小圆点在第一格中间稍偏下处。 g, q, y ⑥占二格、三格的小写字母有个，它们的笔画的顶端要紧贴第二线，下端要 3 紧贴第四线，不可离线也不可出格。 - 1 -

七年级下英语知识点总结及练习

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一、48个国际音标及26个英文字母的正确书写 要熟练掌握元音和辅音，5个元音字母（a e i o u）字母的正确占格及单词间距。 二、be动词的用法 be动词有三种变形，分别是：am is are。记忆口诀： “我”用am “你”用are is用于“他、她、它”；单数全都用is，复数全部都用are。 三、人称及人称代词的不同形式（主格和宾格） 1、三种人称：第一人称（I we），第二人称（you you），第三人称（he she it Maria）。 2、人称代词的主格，即人称代词位于句子主语位置时的形态：I We You You He She It Maria。 3、人称代词的宾格，即人称代词位于句子宾语位置时的形态：me us you you him her it。 4、形容词性物主代词：my our your your his her its their。 5、名词性物主代词：mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs。 6、反身代词：myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves。 四、基数词（表示数量多少的词，大致相当于代数里的自然数） zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-threetwenty-four twenty-five twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine thirty forty fifty sixtyseventy eighty ninety one hundredone hundred and one。

七年级英语各单元知识点汇总

七年级英语上册 Start Unit 1 Good morning! 1、Good morning! 早上好！Good afternoon!下午好！ Good evening!晚上好！其回答都是其本身。 2、 Nice to meet you !回答是:Nice to meet you !或 Nice to meet you ,too! 3、How do you do?答语仍然是：How do you do? 4、How are you?答语是： Fine./I'm fine./I'm OK.Thanks.And you? 5、动词be的一般现在时态: 我（I）用 am ，你（you）用 are， is连着他（he）她（she）它（it）。单数名词用 is，复数名词全部都用are。变否定，很简单，在be后把not加。 变一般疑问句，把be提句首，句末问号莫丢弃。变特殊疑问句，特殊疑问词加上一般疑问句。 Start Unit 2 What's this in English? 1、this“这，这个”指示代词，用来指代距离较近的单个的人或物。反义是that，用来指代距离比较远的单个的人或物。this的复数是these;that的复数是 those。

含有this/that把this/that提句首，其肯定回答是：Yes,it is.否定回答是：No,it isn't. 含有these/those把these/those提句首，其肯定回答是：Yes,they are.否定回答是：No,they aren't. 2、in+语言\声音\方式，“用......语言(声音、方式）”例如：in English“用英语” 3、a+辅音音素开头的单词或字母（读音） an+元音音素开头的单词或字母（读音） 4、What's this in English? 回答是：It's a/an+可数名词单数。 5、What're these in English? 回答是：They are+可数名词复数或不可数名词。 Start Unit 3 What color is it? 1、不定冠词a,an的用法: 1）表示数量“一”；2）笼统地指某人或某物但不具体说明；3）泛指一类事物； 4）表示首次提到的人或物（常用于介绍用语中）。 2、定冠词the的用法: 1)特指某（些）人或者事物或双方都知道的人或事物；2）上文提到过的人或物；3）世界上第一无二的事物前，或某一范围内唯一的某事物前。 4）某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前。5）一些习惯用语和乐器前。 3、What color is it? 回答是：It's+颜色的形容词。

七下语文语法总结

七下语文语法总结 副词 花里带着甜味儿；闭了眼，树上仿佛已经满 ．．．．．是桃儿、杏儿、梨儿。（朱自清《春》）这句话给你怎样的感受呢?你是不是好像闻到了沁人心脾的花香,看到了累累的果实?这种美好的想象在很大程度上要归功于加点的三个副词的使用。 副词一般用在动词或形容词前边，起修饰、限制作用，表示程度、范围、时间、频率或语气等。常用的副词有：很、更、最、都、只、才、就、没、不、非常、已经、曾经、刚刚、立刻、马上、忽然、终于、大概、简直、难道等。 读一读下边《邓稼先》中的句子，看看其中的副词分别起怎样的作用。 （1）在二十世纪人类历史上，这可能是最．重要的，影响最．深远的巨大转变。 （2）他只．说了一句话：“我不能走。” 介词 把．书（送去）向．我（点头）往．那边（走） 沿．河边（跑步）从．昨天（开始）比．前天（热） 上面的短语你可能经常在说在用，你能说出他们语言结构上的特点吗？ 加点的词都是介词，他们都没有单独使用，而是跟名词或代词结合在一起组成短语，表示对象、方向、地点、时间、比较的等。以下是一些常用的介词： 自、从、以、当、为、按照、由于、为了、到、和、跟、把、比、在、关于、除了、同、对、向、往、朝…… 连词 （1）柏林已经来了命令，阿尔法斯和．洛林的学校只许教德语了。（都德《最后一刻》）（2）别人在赞美，在惊叹，而．闻一多先生个人呢，也没有“说”。（臧克家《说和做——记闻一多先生言行片段》） （3）当时，他是美国家喻户晓的人物，因为 ．．他曾成功地领导战时美国的原子弹制造工作。（杨振宁《邓稼先》） 这些句子中加点的词，是起连接作用的连词。常见的连词有：和、跟、同、而、或、或者、而且、并且、虽然、但是、如果、只有、只要、因为等，用来表示并列、选择、递进、条件、因果等关系。 叹词和拟声词 “唉”“哎”“嗨”“喂”“嗯”“哎呀”“哎哟”，这些词在口语中很常见，表示感叹、呼唤、应答等，称为“叹词”。 叹词一般都是单用，独立成句或做独立成分，强化情感的表达。例如： （1）啊．！海滩上，居然有这么多人在乘凉。（表示感叹） （2）唉．，总要把学习拖到明天，这正是尔萨斯人最大的不幸。（表示感叹） （3）哎呀 ．．，美极了！真是美极了！（表示感叹） （4）喂．，你听见了没有？（表示呼唤） （5）“嗯．，我们听了非常高兴。”两个织工齐声说。(表示应答) 拟声词是模拟事物声音的词。如下面句子中加点的词： （1）花下成千成百的蜜蜂嗡嗡 ．．地闹着，大小的蝴蝶飞来飞去。（朱自清《春》） （2）只听见钢笔在纸上沙沙 ．．地响。（都德《最后一课》） （3）那根很老的毛竹扁担受了震动，别“嘠叽 ．．”地惨叫了一声，父亲身子晃一晃，水