写作期末复习1-14

Revision and exam preparation

Part I: Sentence combination

Part II: Multiple choice questions

Part III: Précis writing

Multiple Choice Questions (单项选择题）

We don’t know whether we can depend on our guide.

A. Simple sentence

B. Compound Sentence

C. Complex Sentence

D. Compound-Complex Sentence

Simple Sentence

A simple sentence is a sentence with one independent clause.

I love simple sentences.

(That's easy enough. It is obviously one independent clause.)

Being an English teacher with a penchant for syntactical complexity, I love simple sentences.

(It's longer, more challenging and contains bigger words, but it's still a simple sentence. Being an English teacher with a penchant for syntactical complexity" is a participial phrase. "With a penchant" and "for syntactical complexity" are prepositional phrases.)

Being an English teacher with a penchant for syntactical complexity, I love to read simple sentences upon getting up and before going to bed.

(Amazingly, it's still a simple sentence. I am piling on phrase after phrase, but the sentence still contains only one independent clause.)

Compound sentence

A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are easy to remember if you think of the words "FAN BOYS":

For

And

Nor

But

Or

Yet

So

I love conjunctive adverbs, but my students love each other.

(The independent clauses are in blue. This sentence contains no dependent clauses)

Sometimes a compound sentence contains more than two independent clauses.

I love conjunctive adverbs; my students love each other, and we all love holidays.

More examples of compound sentence

Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.

I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station, but they arrived at the station before noon and left on the bus before I arrived.

Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, and they left on the bus before I arrived.

Mary and Samantha left on the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at the bus station.

Complex sentence

A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses connected to it. A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause, or complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete sentence.

Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. Below are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions:

after although

as because before even though if

since though unless until when whenever whereas wherever while

Because life is complex, we need complex sentences.

(The independent clause is in blue. The dependent clause is italicized.)

Compound-complex sentence

A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

Because I am an English teacher, some people expect me to speak perfectly, and other people expect me to write perfectly.

(The dependent clause is underlined, and the independent clauses are in blue.)

Some people tell me that my grading is too tough, and others tell me that my assignments are boring.

(The independent clauses are in blue. The dependent clauses are italicized. Note that the dependent clauses occur within the independent clauses. It often happens.)

Sentence Combination

①The chief guest took his seat on the dais.

②The meeting began.

The chief guest having taken his seat on the dais, the meeting began.

Techniques we use to combine sentences

?compounding sentences

?compounding sentences elements

?subordinating one clause to another

?using appositives to connect ideas

?using participial phrases to connect ideas

?using absolute phrases to connect ideas

Compounding Sentences

①Lewis had been well trained by scientists in Philadelphia prior to his expedition.

②He was a curious man by nature.

Lewis had been well trained by scientists in Philadelphia prior to his expedition, and he was a curious man by nature.

①Meriwether Lewis is justly famous for his expedition into the territory of the Louisiana

Purchase and beyond.

②Few people know of his contributions to natural science.

Meriwether Lewis is justly famous for his expedition into the territory of the Louisiana Purchase and beyond, but few people know of his contributions to natural science.

Compounding Sentence Elements

①President Jefferson believed that the headwaters of the Missouri reached all the way to

the Canadian border.

②He also believed that meant he could claim all that land for the United States. President Jefferson believed that the headwaters of the Missouri might reach all the way to the Canadian border and that he could claim all that land for the United States.

①He studied the biological and natural sciences.

②He learned how to categorize and draw animals accurately.

He studied the biological and natural sciences and learned how to categorize and draw animals accurately.

①In Philadelphia, Lewis learned to chart the movement of the stars.

②He also learned to analyze their movements with mathematical precision.

In Philadelphia, Lewis learned to chart and analyze the movement of the stars with mathematical precision.

OR —In Philadelphia, Lewis learned to chart the stars and analyze their movements with mathematical precision.

①Lewis and Clark recruited some of their adventurers from river-town bars.

②They also used recruits from various military outposts.

Lewis and Clark recruited their adventurers from river-town bars and various military outposts.

Subordinating one clause to another

①William Clark was not officially granted the rank of captain prior to the expedition's

departure.

②Captain Lewis more or less ignored this technicality and treated Clark as his equal in

authority and rank.

Although William Clark was not officially granted the rank of captain prior to the expedition's departure, Captain Lewis more or less ignored this technicality and treated Clark as his equal in authority and rank.

①The explorers approached the headwaters of the Missouri.

②They discovered, to their horror, that the Rocky Mountain range stood between them

and their goal, a passage to the Pacific.

As the explorers approached the headwaters of the Missouri, they discovered, to their horror, that the Rocky Mountain range stood between them and their goal, a passage to the Pacific.

Using appositives to connect ideas

①Sacagawea was one of the Indian wives of Charbonneau,

②Sacagawea was a French fur-trader,

③Sacagawea accompanied the expedition as a translator.

Sacagawea, one of the Indian wives of Charbonneau, a French fur-trader, accompanied the expedition as a translator.

Using participial phrases to connect ideas

①Captain Lewis allowed his men to make important decisions in a democratic manner.

②This democratic attitude fostered a spirit of togetherness and commitment on the part

of Lewis's fellow explorers.

Allowing his men to make important decisions in a democratic manner, Lewis fostered a spirit of togetherness and commitment among his fellow explorers.

①The expeditionary force was completely out of touch with their families for over two

years.

②They put their faith entirely in Lewis and Clark's leadership.

③They never once rebelled against their authority.

Completely out of touch with their families for over two years, the men of the expedition put their faith in Lewis and Clark's leadership and never once rebelled against their authority.

Using absolute phrases to connect ideas

①Lewis's fame and fortune was virtually guaranteed by his exploits.

②Lewis disappointed the entire world by inexplicably failing to publish his journals.

His fame and fortune virtually guaranteed by his exploits, Lewis disappointed the entire world by inexplicably failing to publish his journals.

①Lewis's long journey was finally completed.

②His men in the Corps of Discovery were dispersed.

③Lewis died a few years later on his way back to Washington, D.C., completely alone.

His long journey completed and his men in the Corps of Discovery dispersed, Lewis died a few years later on his way back to Washington, D.C., completely alone.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a novel written by Ken Kesey.

Its protagonist is Randall Patrick McMurphy.

He pretends to be insane to escape a work farm.

He discovers he is now trapped in an asylum.

He shows other characters the truth of their situation.

The protagonist of Ken Kesey's novel, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," Randall Patrick McMurphy, escapes a work farm by pretending insanity but then becomes trapped in an asylum, where he shows other characters their true situation.

Tiger Woods is the name of a young American golfer.

He set a record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.

He surprised all the veterans.

He was 22 at the time.

An American golfer, Tiger Woods, was only 22 when he surprised all the veterans and set a record in the 1977 Master's Tournament.

OR At the age of 22, Tiger Woods, the young American golfer, surprised all the veterans when he set the record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.

OR Twenty-two-year-old American golfer Tiger Woods surprised all veterans when he set a record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.

Ramonita Espinoza used to coach at Notre Dame University.

She now works at UConn.

She is the new soccer coach.

Ramonita Espinoza, the new soccer coach at UConn, was formerly a coach at Notre Dame University.

Ronald E. Pepin is a well known translator of medieval texts.

He has two honorary degrees from Fordham University.

He recently published his fourth book on ancient medical practices.

He was only forty-four years old at the time.

Ronald E Pepin, a well known translator of medieval texts and a recipient of two honorary degrees from Fordham University, recently published his fourth book on ancient medical practices when he was only forty-four years old.

John F. Kennedy was inaugurated into office in January of 1961.

He was assassinated in November of 1963.

He spent only 1000 days in office.

John F. Kennedy spent only 1000 days in office between his inauguration in January 1961 and the assassination of November 1963.

ER is my favorite television program.

ER is now in its third year.

It has won numerous Emmy Awards.

Now in its third year, my favorite television program, ER, has won numerous Emmy Awards.

Lowell Weicker was once Governor of Connecticut.

He was leader of that state's American Party.

Weicker has long been known as a maverick among politicians.

He now teaches at the University of Virginia.

Now a teacher at the University of Virginia, Lowell Weicker, long known as a maverick among politicans, was once Governor of Connecticut and head of that state's American Party.

Hartford is the capital of Connecticut.

It is the second largest city in the state.

The capital of Connecticut, Hartford is the second largest city in the state.

OR, better yet: Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, is the second largest city in the state.

OR: Hartford, the second largest city in the state, is the capital of Connecticut.

Hartford was once known as an industrial center.

It was the home of several manufacturers.

They made firearms, typewriters, bicycles, and even cars.

Once known as an industrial center, Hartford was the home of manufacturers of firearms, typewriters, bicycles, and even cars.

Today, though, several insurance companies make Hartford their home.

Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna are in Hartford.

Their home offices are within miles of one another.

Today, though, several insurance companies -- Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna -- have home offices in Hartford within miles of one another.

Today, several insurance companies, Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna, whose home offices are within miles of each other, make Hartford their home.

Today in Hartford, though, the insurance companies of Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford and

Cigna all have home offices within miles of one another.

Manufacturers once took advantage of Hartford's access to the Connecticut River.

They also enjoyed Hartford's well-educated workforce.

Manufacturers once took advantage of Hartford's access to the Connecticut River and the city's well-educated workforce.

Eventually, cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford.

Large empty factories were all that was left of Hartford's industrial past.

?Eventually, after cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford, large empty factory buildings were all that was left of Hartford's industrial past.

?Eventually, cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford, leaving large empty factories as the only remnants of Hartford's industrial past.

Some of these factories have been torn down.

Some of them have been converted to artists' studios.

Some of these factories have been torn down, others converted to artists' studios.

Some of the factories have been torn down or converted to artists' studios.

Today, great wealth abounds in Hartford.

The wealth is centered in the insurance industry.

However, few manufacturing jobs are still available.

Although there is much wealth centered in Hartford's insurance industry today, there are few manufacturing jobs available.

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、20xx年度工作总结 1、请把你对自己所处的部门及工作岗位的理解，描述出来; 2、针对自己的工作岗位，请总结一下xx年度的工作，包括个人工作方法、工作态度、执行能力、沟通能力、学习能力、合作能力、团队建设、计划管理、组织协调能力、应变能力、开拓创新能力、工作效率等方面; 3、请大致对自己20xx年度的工作情况给予评定，包括个人取得了什么工作成绩和工作中得到哪些经验。 4、针对没有完成的指标和未按时完成的工作任务以及工作中的不足进行分析，要详细写出个人主要因素和外部主要因素。 、20xx年度工作计划 1、请结合你说出的部门和岗位，描述一下你对公司xy年度的发展方向、主要业务内容的理解; 2、请给出个人在20xx年的工作计划; 3、针对20xx年度，提出个人的发展愿望和提高计划; 、对公司的意见及建议 结合公司的发展方向和主要业务内容，提出您个人的看法和建议。内容可以是公司的发展方向、产品规划、销售、运营、管理等方方面面;如何改进团队管理方面也可以提出改进意见 范文精选：

大学 秘书写作 期末复习资料

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