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高三周末检测

硫酸

化学纯(CP) (500mL) 品名:硫酸 化学式:H 2SO 4 相对分子质量:98

密度:1.84g ·cm -3 质量分数:98%

高三化学周末巩固

一、选择题

1.类推的思维方式在化学学习与研究中经常采用,但类推出的结论是否正确最终要经过实 践的验证。以下类推的结论正确的是

( )

A .Li 、K 、Rb 的化学性质与Na 相似,易被氧化。因而都像Na 一样保存在煤油中。

B . Al 与Tl 同属第三主族,Al (OH )3具有两性,故Tl (OH )3也具有两性

C .由“2Fe+3Cl 2=2FeCl 3”反应可推出“2Fe+3I 2=2FeI 3”反应也能发生。

D .Na 、K 具有强还原性,Na 常温下与水剧烈反应,故K 常温下也能与水剧烈反应 2.下列说法正确的是

( )

A .把氟气通入NaCl 溶液中,可得到氯气和氟化钠

B .红热的铜丝在氯气中燃烧,生成蓝色的CuCl 2

C .漂白粉是混合物,其有效成分是次氯酸钠

D .向盛有碘水的试管中,加入一定量四氯化碳后,充分振荡后静置,可观察到上层液 体几乎无色,下层液体紫红色

3.请据图回答,经数小时后,U 形管A 、B 两处的液面会出现下列哪种情况。 (实验装置足以维持实验期间小白鼠的生命活动,瓶口密封,忽略水蒸气和 温度变化对实验结果的影响)

A.A 处上升,B 处下降

B.A 、B 两处都下降

C.A 处下降,B 处上升

D.A 、B 两处都不变

4. 在FeCl 3和CuCl 2的混和溶液中,加入过量Fe 粉,完全反应后,余下固体的质量与所 加Fe 粉质量相等,则原混和液中FeCl 3和CuCl 2的物质的量浓度之比为 A .7:2 B .2:7 C .1:2 D .2:1

5.下列各组中的两种溶液,不用其它试剂就可以鉴别开的是

①H 3PO 4,Ba(OH)2 ②FeCl 3,NaOH ③NaOH,AlCl 3 ④NaAlO 2,HCl ⑤AgNO 3,氨水 A.全部 B. ②③④ C. ②③ D. ③④⑤

6.下列是某兴趣小组根据课本实验设计的一个能说明碳酸钠与碳酸氢钠热稳定性的套管实验.请观察下

图的实验装置、分析实验原理,下列说法错误..的是 ( )

A .甲为小苏打,乙为纯碱

B .要证明碳酸氢钠受热能产生水,可在小试管内塞上

沾有无水硫酸铜粉末的棉花球

C .整个实验过程中可以看到丙烧杯的澄清石灰水没变浑浊

D .同质量的甲和乙完全反应消耗的同浓度的盐酸体积:甲>乙

7.某溶液中含有HCO 3-

、SO 32-

、CO 32-

、CH 3COO -

等4种阴离子。向其中加入足量的Na 2O 2固体后,溶液中离子浓度基本保持不变的是(假设溶液体积无变化) ( )

A. CH 3COO -

B. SO 32-

C. CO 32-

D. HCO 3-

8.把CO 2通入NaOH 的水溶液中,当它们完全反应在时其质量比为11:15,则下列关于反应后的溶液的说法正确的是( ) A.溶液只能与酸反应 B.溶液只能与碱反应 C.可继续吸收CO 2 D.溶液中溶质的质量之比为1:1

9.某稀硝酸能与5.4g 铝恰好反应,当这份酸再与铁反应时,最多消耗铁的量为( )

A. 16.8g

B. 0.4mol

C. 11.2g

D. 0.2mol

10.将SO 2通入BaCl 2溶液至饱和,未见有沉淀,继续通入另一种气体X 仍无沉淀,则X 可能是

A .CO 2

B .NH 3

C .NO 2

D .H 2S

11.在盛有50 ml 澄清饱和石灰水的小烧杯中放入一小块钠,不可能观察到的现象( ) A .钠熔化成银白色小球 B .在液面快速游动 C .溶液底部出现银白色固体 D .溶液变浑浊

12. 下列有关化学反应的描述正确的是

A.将足量的稀盐酸加到Mg 、AlCl 3、Na[Al (OH )4]组成的混合物中,只能发生一种反应

B .把盛有等物质的量的一氧化氮和二氧化氮的混合气体的试管倒立于水槽中,最后剩余的气体理论上为原气体的2/3

C .稀硝酸与铁反应时产物与反应物的量有关,当n (Fe ):n (HNO 3)≥3:8时产物为Fe 3+

D .甘氨酸和(NH 4)2S 都既能与盐酸反应,又能与NaOH

溶液反应且都有气体生成 13.下列说法正确的是 ( )

A .碱性氧化物:金属氧化物都是碱性氧化物

B .酸性氧化物:与碱反应只生成盐和水的氧化物

C .电解质:溶于水或熔融状态下能导电的物质

D .胶体:分散质粒子直径在10-9~10-7 cm 之间的分散系 14.实验室采购了部分化学药品。下图是买回的硫酸试剂标

签上的部分内容。下列说法正确的是( )

A .该硫酸的物质的量浓度为9.2mol ·L -1

B .1molAl 与足量的该硫酸反应产生3g 氢气

C .这种硫酸在常温下不能使铁钝化

D .配制500mL2.3mol ·L -1的稀硫酸需量取该硫酸62.5 mL 15.将Na 2O 2投入FeCl 2溶液中, 可观察到的现象是

A .生成白色沉淀、有气泡产生

B .生成红褐色沉淀、有气泡产生

C .生成浅绿色沉淀、有气泡产生

D .生成黑色沉淀,有气泡产生 16.下列叙述合理的是( )

A .构成普通钢和不锈钢的主要元素都是铁,因此它们的化学性质完全相同

B .金属材料都是导体,非金属材料都是绝缘体

C .我国规定商家不得无偿提供塑料袋,目的是减少“白色污染”

D .光导纤维非常细,导光能力非常强,能同时传输大量信息,光导纤维是由晶体硅制成的 17. 用N A 表示阿伏加德罗常数的值,下列说法正确的是( )

A .标准状况下,5.6 L 一氧化氮和5.6 L 氧气混合后的分子总数为0.5N A

B .1 mol 乙烷分子含有6N A 个极性共价键

C .常温常压下,2.24L 氯气与氢氧化钠溶液完全反应转移的电子数为0.1N A

D .室温下,42.0 g 乙烯和丙烯的混合气体中含有的碳原子数约为3×6.02×1023 18.下列各组离子在特定条件下一定能够大量共存的是( )

A .遇Al 能放出H 2的溶液:NO -3、K +、Na +、Cl -

B .水电离出的OH -的浓度为1×10-10 mol ·L -1的溶液:SO 2-4、Cl -、K +、Ba 2+

C .能使石蕊试纸变红色的溶液:K +、Fe 2+、NO -3、Na +

D .含有较多Fe 3+的溶液:Na +、SO 2-4、I -、NH +4

19.下列离子方程式中正确的是( ) A .将SO 2气体通入NaClO 溶液中:SO 2+2ClO -

+H 2O =SO 32-

+2HClO B .向FeBr 2溶液中通入过量Cl 2:2Fe 2+

+4Br -

+2Cl 2 = 2Fe 3+

+ 2Br 2 + 4Cl

C .向硫酸氢钾溶液中加入Ba(OH)2溶液至中性:2H +

+SO 42-

+Ba 2+

+2OH -

= BaSO 4↓+2H 2O

D .B.Fel 2溶液中通入Cl 2至Fe 2+恰好完全被氧化:2+3+-22Fe +Cl =2Fe +2Cl

20.还原2.4×10-3 mol XO(OH)3+到X 元素的低价态时,消耗0.2mol ·L -1的Na 2SO 3溶液30mL ,则X 元素

反应后的价态是( ) A .+1

B .-1

C .0

D .-2

非选择题

21.(6分)某待测溶液(阳离子为Na +)中可能会有SO -24

、S 2-、SO -23、Cl -、Br -、NO -3、CO -23、HCO -

3

中的一种或若干种。进行下列实验(如下图所示)(每次实验所加试剂均过量):

回答以下问题:

(1)待测液是否含有SO -24、SO -

23?答:

(2)沉淀B 的化学式为 。

(3)根据以上实验,待测液中肯定没有的离子是 ,肯定存在的离子

是 。

22.A 、B 、C 、D 是四种短周期元素,它们的原子序数依次增大,其中A 、C 及B ,D 分别是同一主族元

素,B 、D 元素的原子核中质子数之和是A 、C 两元素原子核中质子数之和的两倍,又知四种元素的单质中有两种气体、两种固体。请回答:

(1) C 、D 组成的常见化合物,其水溶液呈碱性,原因是 ,

(用离子方程式表示)。写出两种均含A 、B 、C 、D 四种元素的化合物相互间发生反应,且生成气

体的离子方程式 。

(2)D 的单质能跟C 的最高价氧化物水化物的浓溶液发生氧化还原反应,生成的两种正盐的水溶液均

呈碱性,写出该氧化还原反应的离子方程式_______ _______。

(3)A、B、D间可形成甲、乙两种微粒,它们均为负一价双原子阴离子且甲有18个电子,乙有10个

电子,则甲与乙反应的离子方程式为。

(4)4.0 g D单质在足量的B单质中完全燃烧,放出37 kJ热量,写出其热化学方程式:。

(5)用A元素的单质与B元素的单质可以制成电池,电池中装有KOH浓溶液,用多孔的金属惰性电极浸入KOH溶液,两极均有特制的防止透过的隔膜,在A极通入A的单质,B极通入B的单质,则A极是该电池的极;B极的电极反应式是。23.(10分下图中A~J分别代表有关反应中的一种物质,它们均为中学化学中的常见物质。已知A~E和F~J中

分别含有同一种元素。反应E→A+O

2

的条件为通电。

请填写下列空白:

(1)化合物H中的阳离子是;D的化学式为。

(2)A生成B反应的离子方程式是。

(3)A和F的混合物发生反应的化学方程式是。

(4)写出B与C生成D的离子方程式。

(5)I→J反应的化学方程式是。

24.实验研究发现,硝酸发生氧化还原反应时,硝酸的浓度越稀,对应

还原产物中氮元素的化合价越低。某同学取一定量上述的熔融物与一定

量很稀的硝酸充分反应,反应过程中无气体放出。在反应结束后的溶液

中,逐滴加入4mol·L-1的氢氧化钠溶液,所加氢氧化钠溶液的体积(mL)与产生的沉淀的物质的量(mol)的关系如图所示。试回答下列问题:

⑴图中OC段没有沉淀生成,此阶段发生反应的离子方程式为

⑵在DE段,沉淀的物质的量没有变化,则此阶段发生反应的离子方程式

上述现象说明溶液中________结合OH-的能力比____强(填离子符号)。B与A的差值为_________mol。 B点对应的沉淀的物质的量为________mol,C点对应的氢氧化钠溶液的体积为___________mL

25. 过氧化钠是一种淡黄色固体,它能与二氧化碳反应生成氧气,在潜水艇中用作制氧剂,供人类呼吸之

用.它与二氧化碳反应的化学方程式为: 2Na

2

O

2

+ 2CO

2

=2Na

2

CO

3

+ O

2

。某学生为了验证这一实验,以

足量的大理石、足量的盐酸和1.95克过氧化钠样品为原料,制取O

2

,设计出如下实验装置:

(1)A中制取CO

2

的装置,应从图①、②、③中选哪个图:

B装置的作用是吸收A装置中产生的盐酸酸雾,C装置内可能出现什么现象?

。为了检验E中收集到的气体,在取出集气瓶后,用。

(2)若E中石灰水出现轻微白色浑浊,请说明原因:。

(3)当D中的1.95克过氧化钠样品接近反应完毕时,你预测E装置内有何现象?

(4)反应完毕时,若测得E中的集气瓶收集到的气体为250毫升,又知氧气的密度为1.43克/升,当装置的气密性良好的情况下,实际收集到的氧气体积比理论计算值(大或小),相差约

毫升(取整数值,所用数据均在标准状况下测定),这是由

于。(5)你认为上述A---E的实验装置中,E部分是否安全、合理?;E是否需要改进,若需要改进,应改为下图中的。

NaHCO3溶液无水硫酸铜Na2O2样品饱和石灰水

B

CO2

C D

E

A

1-5 DD C B A 6-10DADAC 11-15BCBBB

17.(1)含有SO-2

4或SO-2

3

中的一种,或两种都有。

(2)BaCO

3 18.(8分)

(1)O

2(1分),KMnO

4

中M+7n化合降低,则H

2

O

2

必作还原剂(1分)

(2)SbCl

5+5HF→SbF

5

+5HCl(1分)

(3)K

2MnF

6

(1分),负一价的F(1分)

(4)2KMnO

4+2KF+3H

2

O

2

+10HF→2K

2

MnF

6

+3O

2

+8H

2

O

19.答案(1)Fe2+ Al(OH)

3

(2分)

(2)2Al+2OH—+2H

2O=2AlO—

2

+3H

2

↑(2分)

(3) 2Al+Fe

2O

3

2Fe+Al

2

O

3

(2分)

(4)Ai3++3AlO

2—+6H

2

O=4Al(OH)

3

↓(2分)

(5)4FeOH

2+O

2

+2H

20

=4Fe(OH)

3

(2分)

20.答案Ⅰ⑴合理⑵NaOH溶液 2Al+2NaOH+H

2O=2NaAlO

2

+3H

2

⑶B

Ⅱ⑴H++OH-=H

2O ⑵ NH

4

++OH-=NH

3

·H

2

O

Al3+、Fe3+、 H+, NH

4

+;(3)0.008 0.032mol 7mL

21.(1)②;白色固体变蓝色;带火星的木条伸入集气瓶内,木条会出现复燃。(2)未反应的二氧化碳与石灰水反应所致。

(3)由于生成氧气的量减少,E中可能会因二氧化碳与石灰水反应而倒吸。

(4)小;30;Na

2O

2

可能含有其它杂质;D装置可能有氧气未被排出。

(5)不安全,不合理;乙。22.每空2分,共16分。

(1)① D ② 3Cu+8H++2NO

3-===3Cu2++4H

2

O+2NO↑

(2)NO

2

、NO; B

(3)①氧化 Cu+H

2O

2

+2HCl=CuCl

2

+2H

2

O

② Cu+2HCl 电解

═══CuCl

2+H

2

↑;

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