翻译题材

刺绣（embroidery）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术之一，在中国艺术和手工艺品史上占有重要地位。刺绣离不开养蚕（silkworm-raising）与纺丝（silk-reeling）的发展。中国是世界上最早发现与使用蚕丝的国家，人们在五千年前就已经开始了养蚕、纺丝了。随着丝织品的产生与发展，刺绣工艺逐渐兴起。如今，中国刺绣工艺流行于世界各地，并且广泛应用于时装设计中。

Embroidery, which is of great significance in both Chinese Art and the history of handcraft, is one of the most popular traditional folk arts in China. Its industry is driven by the development of silkworm raising and silk-reeling. In the world, China is the first country to discover and use silk. It was 5,000 years ago that Chinese people began to raise silkworm and to spin silk. With the emergence and development of the silk, embroidery is gradually rising/thriving.Nowadays, Chinese embroidery is very popular around the world and is widely applied to the modern fashion design

中国传统节日

【中国传统文化之书法】汉字从图画和符号演变而来，中国书法艺术自然而然衍生于这一特殊的书写体系（绝大多数汉字由表音和表形成分构成），因此中国书法也被称作线条艺术。

Chinese characters evolved from pictures and signs, and the Chinese art of calligraphy developed naturally from this special writing system (most Chinese characters consist of several phonetic and symbolic components), so Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of lines.

人们认为，书写中运用的力度表露人的性情，而书写的文字则能彰显书法家对生活和艺术的理解。

It is believed that the force used in writing betrays one’s disposition and the written charac ters reveals the calligrapher’s understanding of life and arts.

书法作为一门中国传统艺术，很早便为邻国所青睐。

Being a Chinese traditional art, Chinese calligraphy also found favor in the neighboring countries

Chinese opera, together with Greek tragedy and comedy, and the Indian Sanskrit drama are the three most ancient forms of drama in the world.

三个戏剧形式中，中国戏曲是唯一的现存剧种。

Of these three, Chinese opera is the only remaining living form.

在中国，讲故事的同时，可以伴有大量不同的曲调、动作和乐器，这取决于表演的场所。这一点与西方戏剧不同。

Different from the Western dramas, in China, a story can be told accompanied by a wide range of different tunes, actions, and musical instruments, depending on where it is being presented. 中国戏曲是包含了文学、音乐、舞蹈、武术和杂技的传统戏剧形式。

Chinese operas are traditional dramas embracing literature, music, dance, martial arts, and acrobatics.

18世纪末，在北京演出的安徽和湖北的民间歌手，借鉴了某些戏剧、曲调和表

演技巧，吸收了昆曲和秦腔中的民间乐曲和曲调，创造了京剧。

Towards the end of the 18th century, folk singers of Anhui and Hubei provinces, who were performing in Beijing at the time, created Beijing Opera by borrowing some of the plays, tunes, and acting skills and by absorbing some of their folk music and tunes from Kunqu Opera and Shaanxi Opera.

经过一段时间，京剧形成了自己的艺术风格和完整的表演体系。Over the time, it developed its own artistic style and a complete repertoire. 现在，京剧被誉为中国戏曲的瑰宝。

Peking Opera is now regarded as the crown of Chinese opera. 唱、念、做、打是京剧的四种艺术手段和四项基本功。

Singing, recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting are the four artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing Opera.

中国有种类繁多的民间表演艺术，其中以杂技、曲艺、木偶戏、皮影戏和傩舞为代表。China has a wide variety of folk performing arts featuring, among others, acrobatics, quyi, puppet show, shadow shows and the ghost-exorcising opera.

杂技是中国传统表演艺术宝库中一颗璀璨的明珠。

Acrobatics is a pearl in the treasure chest of traditional Chinese performing arts.

中国杂技已经在中国存在2000多年，是一笔历史悠久、内容丰富的宝贵遗产。Chinese acrobatics has a long and rich heritage, having been in existence in China for more than 2,000 years.

这些成就都应该归功于数百年来中国杂技演员的独特的创造性。

These achievements owe greatly to the unique creativity of Chinese acrobats throughout the past centuries.

曲艺是中国一种古老的表演艺术，这个词是一个涵义广泛的术语，包括了多种利用对话、唱歌或两者兼而有之的表演形式。

An ancient Chinese performing art, quyi is a general term covering several different types of performances in which speech, singing, or both are used.

Test1

在中国，喝茶是一种仪式(ritual)，一种精致品味(refined taste)的展示。人们在饮茶的同时，也领略着(take delight in)品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中国人中最流行的打发时间的方式。过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆(teahouse)而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻或就政治话题进行激烈的(furious)争论。

Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste. While drinking tea，people also take delight in the essence Of tea itself. Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way Of pastime among Chinese．In the past，they would start the day with a visit to a well—known teahouse. Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs. People come here not just for tea，but also to discuss local news or to have furious political debates .

Test 12

中国人喜欢在一起吃饭，这个传统可以追溯到很久之前。这反映出中国人喜欢团圆、不愿分离的观念——圆桌、圆盘、圆碗都象征着团圆和美满。盘子通常放在桌子的中央，这样坐在桌子面前的所有人都可以吃得到。一锅热汤尤其可以增加和谐、团圆的气氛。朋友们也喜欢在一起吃饭、生活。最近一位美国汉学家(sinologist)的著作认为，中国人的集体观念(collective tradition)就是从一同吃饭发展而来的。

Chinese like to eat together, which is a tradition that can be traced back in a long time ago. It reflects the Chinese notion of union versus division—round tables, round dishes, and round bowls all symbolize union and perfection. Dishes are usually placed at the center of the table so that everyone around the table can share them. A hot pot, in particular, adds to the atmosphere of harmony and union, friends also like to eat and live together. A recent book by an American Sinologist held that the Chinese collective tradition developed out the practice of eating together.

中国的菜肴拥有许多种不同的流派(genre)，但是最具影响力并且最为公众所熟悉的就是“八大菜系“the“Eight Categories of Chinese cuisine”)。它们是：鲁菜、川菜、粤菜、闽菜、苏菜、浙菜、湘菜以及徽菜。．确定一种流派形式的关键要素十分复杂，包括历史、烹调特征、地理、气候、资源以及生活方式。不同地区的菜肴各具特色，因此尽管有时两个地区相互毗邻，但是它们的风格却完全不同。Chinese cuisine has a number of different genres, but the most influential and typical known by the public are the “Eight Categories of Chinese Cuisine”. These are as follows：Shandong Cuisine，Sichuan Cuisine，Guangdong Cuisine，Fujian Cuisine，Jiangsu Cuisine，Zhejiang Cuisine, Hunan Cuisine，and Anhui Cuisine. The essential factors that establish the form of a genre are complex and include history, cooking features, geography, climate, resources and lifestyles. Cuisines from different regions are so distinctive that sometimes despite the fact that two areas are geographical neighbors，their styles are completely alien．

汉译英5】随着中国日益成为韩国的重要贸易伙伴，两国的联系从外交和贸易延伸到了教育领域。中国是韩国最大的出口目的地，吸收了韩国约四分之一的出口产品，同时也吸引了韩国超过四分之一的留学生。虽然在美国留学的好处之一是可以练习英语（对找工作的人来说英语依然是最重要的语言），但韩国雇主对有中国经历的毕业生的需求越来越大。比如三星集团两年前说，具有中文语言能力的求职者会得到额外的加分。

【参考译文】As China’s increasing importance as a trading partner becomes palpable in neighboring South Korea, the connections between the countries are extending from diplomacy and trade to education. As South Korea’s biggest export destination, China takes in a quarter of South Korea’s exports—and it also attracts more than a quarter of its neighbor’s students abroad. Although studying in the United States is

practice speaking English, which is still seen as the most important language for job seekers, Korean employers are increasingly looking for graduates with experience in China. Samsung Group, for example, said two years ago that job applicants with Chinese language skills would get bonus points.

Test 5

在媒介文化高度发展的今天，年轻人接触外来文化的方式越来越多。根据中国互联网信息中心CNNIC)的统计，截止到2004年6月30日，中国上网用户总数达到8，700万，其中多数是年轻人。现代社会的开放性和多样性使得年轻人不得不在西方文化的冲击中寻找自己的文化定位。实际上，现在很多年轻人在很多生活方式上已经很难分清它是来自西方还是东方。

In the era of highly developed media culture, young people have more contact than ever with foreign culture. According to CNNIC statistics，by June 30，2004，China had had 87 million Internet users, most of which are young people. Coupled with the openness and diversity of modern society，young Chinese people now have to seek their culture orientation within the ambit of western culture．On the surface, many aspects of the western or Eastern lifestyle are so blended that many young people find it difficult to make those lifestyles distinguishable．

就像向中国出售商品的公司会看到收益有损失一样，中国经济活动放缓有着世界性的影响。包括澳大利亚、巴西和东南亚在内的其他国家近年来都看到了巨大的利润，因为中国对自然资源有需求。中国的需求下降巳经对很多商品的价格有了影响。上周，中国财政部长楼继伟表示,今年的经济增长可能为7%,而这不一定是“底线”。

汉译英：

A slowdown in economic activity in China has a global impact as companies that sell to China may see revenues suffer. Countries includ?ing Australia, Brazil and others in South East Asia have seen huge profits in recent years because of Chinese demand for natural resources. The fall in demand from China has already had an impact on the prices of many commodities. Last week，China’s Finance Minister Lou Jiwei indicated that economic growth could be 7% for the year, and that this may not be the “bottom line”.

中国城市化(urbanization)将会充分释放潜在内需（domestic demand)。一些经济学家指出，在中国几乎所有的发展中城市都面临着城市化的进程。这使得许多人的生活水平有所提高，也为人们提供更多的就业机会。随着越来越多的人向城市迁徙，住房及城市基础设施建设(infrastructure construction),包括水源等能源的供应将会成为城市发展的焦点问题。商品与服务的自由、快速流通是城市化社会的一项基本特征。逐渐扩张的城市需要更多的零售店来满足消费者的需求。

汉译英：

China’s urbanization will release the full potential of domestic demand. Some economists point out that urbanization is a process that is occurring in nearly every developing city in the country. It will lead to a better quality of life for many people，and provide individuals with more job opportunities. The construction of housing and city infrastructure, in?cluding water and energy supplies, will be a focal point of urban develop?ment as more people migrate to cities. Urbanization means better access to educational and medical resources in the city. But it also predicts less use of personal vehicles and more use of public transportation. The fast, free flow of goods and services is a basic trait of an urbanized society. Ex-panding cities require more retail outlets to serve customers.

大学英语四六级翻译常用词汇汇总

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Passage 1北京大学 北京大学于1898年成立，原名为京师大学堂(the Imperial University of Peking)。该大学的成立标志着中国近代史上高等教育的开始。在中国近代史上，它是进步思想的中心，对中国新文化运动、五四运动及其他重要事件的发生颇有影响。今天，国内不少高校排行榜将北京大学放入国内顶尖大学之列。该校重视教学和科学研究。为提高本科生教育和研究生教育质量、保持其领先研究机构的地位，学校已做出很大努力。此外，学校尤以其校园环境及优美的中国传统建筑而闻名。 Originally known as the Imperial University of Peking, Peking University was established in 1898. The establishment of the University marked the beginning of higher education in China's modem history. In modem history of China it was a center for progressive thought and was influential in the birth of China's New Culture Movement May Fourth Movement and many other significant events. Today, Peking University was placed by marry domestic university rankings amongst the top universities in China The university lays emphasis on both teaching, and scientific research. It has made great efforts to improve the undergraduate and graduate education, and maintain its role as a leading research institution In addition, the University is especially renowned for its campus environment and the beauty of its traditional Chinese architecture. Passage 2 中国的民族 中国以其人口密集、疆域辽阔而著称。作为一个多民族国家，中国共有56个民族，总人口约14亿人。汉族是中华民族的主体民族，约占全国人口的92%．主要分布在东部和中部。而其他少数民族居住相对分散，主要分布在中国的西南、西北和东北部地区。每个少数民族都有与众不同的特点、悠久的传统文化和独特的风俗习惯。中国政府长久以来一直提倡和发展平等、团结的民族关系，强调各民族共同发展、共同繁荣。 以……而著称be noted /famous for 少数民族ethnic minority; minority ethnic group 人口密集dense population 与众不同的特点distinctive character 疆域辽阔vast territory 独特的风俗习惯unique convention 多民族的国家a multinational country 提倡advocate; propose 汉族the Han Nationality 强调highlight; emphasize 分布distribute China is noted for its dense population and vast territory. As a multinational country, China is home to 56 ethnic groups with a total population of about l.4 billion The Han Nationality is the majority, accounting for 92% 0f the total population which distributes mainly in the east and middle of China; while the ethnic minorities dwell extensively all over China distributing mainly in the southwest, the northwest and the northeast. Each of the minority ethnic groups has a distinctive character, long traditional culture and unique conventions. Chinese government has long been advocating and developing an equal and united ethnic relationship, highlighting the common development and prosperity of all ethnic groups. Passage 3 中国桥梁 中国的桥梁建设有着悠久的历史中国古代桥梁以木材和石头为主要建筑材料，形式多样，极富特色。中国现存最古老的桥梁为隋代建造的安济桥，位于河北省赵县安济桥又名赵州桥，桥长50.82关，桥宽9米，为国家重点保护的文物(cultural relic). 清朝末年，兰州黄河铁桥建成，标志着中国桥梁建设进入了以钢铁和混凝土( concrete)为主要材料的时期：如今，中国的桥梁建设保持着多项世界记录，中国跻身于世界桥梁建设强国行列. 桥梁建设bridge construction/building 末年late years; last years: final years 有着悠久的历史boast/have a long history 进入了……的时期step into an era of___ 形式多样vary in forms 世界记录world record

法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”

法律翻译者在翻译立法条文、法学论文、法院判决等法律文件时，常常会碰到诸如“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”等词的翻译，参阅国内一些法律翻译（英汉、汉英）工具书，我们发现，各工具书对上述四个词的翻译或者没有涉及，或者十分混乱。这些翻译之中，不乏十分正确的翻译，但是有些翻译则值得商榷。本文作者旨在探讨这一组词的译法，为法律英语词典编纂及法律条文的翻译提供借鉴。本文从英译汉、汉译英两个方面来说明这一问题。 一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目” 在英汉法律翻译中，上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。我们知道，一般意义上而言，在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有：article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision，以及stipulation等等。 （1）关于“article”一词的翻译。将article一词译为“条”，争议不大。例如，《美利坚 （seven 合众国宪法》 （THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA，1789）共有“7条”articles）。再如，世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》（Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China）中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。 根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》（Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner, 1999:106）,Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. (斜体字为作者所加)。再如，美国《法律词典》（A Dictionary of the Law. Clapp, 2000:36），Article: subdivision of a written instrument; particularly a. a subdivision of a statute or constitution, usually subdivided into sections. b. one of the items or clauses in a contract, treaty, or other agreement. 从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看，“Article”是宪法、制定法、或合同中“单独的，显著的部分”。所以，将之译为我国法律条文中的“条”是合适的。纵然有字典将“Article”译为“节”（李宗锷、潘慧仪，1999：23），或是其它不同翻译，笔者认为，“Article”一词在法律条文翻译中一般应该译为“条”。 读者不能混淆“Article”与“Articles”的意义、用法。“Articles”应译为“条例”。例如，在《美国宪法》之前颁布的《邦联和永久联合条例》（Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union）,这一宪法性文件直接称自己为“Articles”,不过，这不妨碍我们仍将该“条例”中的具体的13个“Article”译为“条”。 （2）关于section一词的翻译，分歧比较大，主要有两种声音。第一种观点：“section”应译为“条”或者“节”，而绝不可以译为“款”。如陈忠诚先生在其力作《汉英-英汉法律用语辩证词典》中讲“以个人有限的认识而论，在英美有以‘article’称‘条’的，也有以‘section’称‘条’的。以‘article’译‘条’为常，以‘section’译‘节’为常。……而未见有以‘section’译‘款’的”（陈忠诚，2000：604）。第二种观点：“section”可译为“款”（薛波，2003：1234），此外，注释所言，余叔通主编《新汉英法学词典》中也认为“款”可以译为“section”。 依笔者看，section一词在英汉法律英语翻译中，通常译为“节”，也可以译为“条”，极少数情形下可译为“款”。