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1985——2013年美国对外投资以及外国对美投资

1985——2013年美国对外投资以及外国对美投资
1985——2013年美国对外投资以及外国对美投资

July 2015

1

OTH OUTWARD and inward U.S. foreign direct investment continued to grow in 2014. The U.S.direct investment position abroad valued at historical cost grew 4.8 percent to $4,920.7 billion; the average annual growth rate in 2004–2013 was 9.0 percent (ta-ble A and chart 1). The foreign direct investment posi-tion in the United States valued at historical cost grew 5.3 percent to $2,901.1 billion; the average annual growth rate in 2004–2013 was 6.8 percent.

This article presents details on the U.S. direct invest-ment positions on a directional basis by country and industry. On a directional basis, direct investment

claims and liabilities are classified according to whether the direct investor is a U.S. resident or a for-eign resident. Outward investment occurs between a U.S. parent company and its foreign affiliates, and in-ward direct investment occurs between a foreign com-pany and its U.S. affiliates. In each case, the position measures the parent’s net financial claims on its affili-ates.1

The positions presented in this article are valued on a historical-cost basis rather than on a market-value or current-cost basis, because detailed statistics by coun-try and industry are available only on a historical-cost basis. (See the box “Alternative Measures of the Direct Investment Positions.”) On a historical-cost basis, po-sitions generally reflect prices at the time of the invest-ment rather than current prices. This valuation is

1. Aggregate estimates are also available on an asset/liability basis. Assets include U.S. parent and U.S. affiliate claims, and liabilities include U.S. par-ent and U.S. affiliate liabilities. For the latest estimates, see “The U.S. Net International Investment Position at the End of the First Quarter of 2015,Year 2014, and Annual Revisions,” S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESS 95 (July 2015). For more details on the difference between the directional basis and the asset/liability basis, see the box “Comprehensive Restructuring of the U.S. International Economic Accounts” in Marilyn Ibarra-Caton and Ray-mond J. Mataloni Jr., “Direct Investment Positions for 2013: Country and Industry Detail,” S URVEY 94 (July 2014):

2.

Direct Investment Positions for 2014

Country and Industry Detail

By Derrick T . Jenniges and James J. Fetzer

B

Table A. Direct Investment Positions on a Historical-Cost Basis, 1982–2014

Y earend

Billions of dollars

Percent change from preceding year

Outward position 1

Inward position 2

Outward position 1

Inward position 2

1982..........................................207.8124.7........................................................1983..........................................212.2137.1 2.19.91984..........................................218.1164.6 2.820.11985..........................................238.4184.69.312.21986..........................................270.5220.413.519.41987..........................................326.3263.420.619.51988..........................................347.2314.8 6.419.51989..........................................381.8368.910.017.21990..........................................430.5394.912.87.01991..........................................467.8419.18.7 6.11992..........................................502.1423.17.3 1.01993..........................................564.3467.412.410.5

1994..........................................612.9480.7(3)

(3)1995..........................................699.0535.614.111.41996..........................................795.2598.013.811.71997..........................................871.3681.89.614.01998..........................................1,000.7778.414.814.21999..........................................1,216.0955.721.522.82000..........................................1,316.21,256.98.231.52001..........................................1,460.41,344.010.9 6.92002..........................................1,616.51,327.210.7–1.32003..........................................1,769.61,395.29.5 5.12004..........................................2,160.81,520.322.19.02005..........................................2,241.71,634.1 3.77.52006..........................................2,477.31,840.510.512.6

2007..........................................2,994.01,993.2(4)

(4)2008..........................................3,232.52,046.78.0 2.72009..........................................3,565.02,069.410.3 1.12010..........................................3,741.92,280.0 5.010.22011..........................................4,050.02,433.88.2 6.72012..........................................4,410.0 r 2,604.0 r 8.97.02013..........................................4,693.3 r 2,754.7 r 6.4 5.82014..........................................4,920.7 p

2,901.1 p 4.8 5.3

p Preliminary

r Revised

1. U.S. direct investment position abroad.

2. Foreign direct investment position in the United States.

3. The direct investment positions reflect a discontinuity between 1993 and 1994 because of the reclassifica-tion of debt instruments between parent companies and affiliates that are nondepository financial intermedi-aries from direct investment to other investment accounts.

4. The direct investment positions reflect a discontinuity between 2006 and 2007 because of the reclassifica-tion of permanent debt between affiliated depository institutions from direct investment to other investment accounts.

2Direct Investment Positions for 2014July 2015

derived principally from the accounting records of af-filiates, which are primarily U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or International Finan-cial Reporting Standards (IFRS).2

The year-to-year changes in the positions reflect fi-nancial transactions—investment in equity and debt instruments—and other changes in the position such as capital gains and losses and (currency) translation adjustments. The directional measure of direct invest-ment financial transactions presented in this article differs from the asset/liability measure of direct invest-ment financial transactions featured in the U.S. inter-national transactions accounts (ITAs) because the reinvestment of earnings component of financial transactions discussed in this article excludes a cur-rent-cost adjustment that is included in the ITA finan-cial transactions.3“Financial transactions” is used throughout the article for “financial transactions with-out current-cost adjustment,” “reinvestment of earn-ings” for “reinvestment of earnings without current-cost adjustment,” and “earnings” for “earnings without current-cost adjustment.” In addition, “outward direct investment” and “outward” are shorthand for “U.S. di-2. For a discussion of the U.S. GAAP or IFRS and their implications for the measurement of the direct investment positions at historical cost, see the box “Accounting Standards and Direct Investment Positions” in Kevin B. Barefoot and Marilyn Ibarra-Caton, “Direct Investment Positions for 2010: Country and Industry Detail,” S URVEY 91 (July 2011): 127.

3. For an explanation of the current-cost adjustment, see the glossary to U.S. International Economic Accounts: Concepts and Methods, which is avail-able on the BEA’s Web site.rect investment abroad,” and “inward direct invest-ment” and “inward” are shorthand for “foreign direct investment in the United States.”

This article presents details about the change in the direct investment positions by type of direct invest-ment flow, such as equity or debt. This article also presents direct investment positions by primary indus-try of the affiliate and by country. The outward direct investment position and related financial transactions statistics are classified by country of the foreign affili-ate with which the U.S. parent has direct transactions and positions. The inward direct investment position and related financial transactions statistics are classi-fied by (1) country of the foreign parent or of other members of the foreign parent group that have direct transactions and positions with the U.S. affiliate as well as by (2) country of ultimate beneficial owner (UBO). Revisions to previously released statistics are also dis-cussed.

U.S. Direct Investment Abroad (Outward) The U.S. direct investment position abroad valued at historical cost—the book value of U.S. direct investors’equity in, and net outstanding loans to, their foreign affiliates—was $4,920.7 billion at the end of 2014. The position grew $227.3 billion, or 4.8 percent, in 2014 af-ter growing 6.4 percent in 2013; in 2004–2013, it grew at an average annual rate of 9.0 percent. The slower growth in 2014 mainly resulted from the appre-ciation of the U.S. dollar as reflected in the translation

Detailed statistics on the positions of U.S. direct invest-ment abroad and foreign direct investment in the United States by country and industry are reported only on a historical-cost basis. As such, they largely reflect the price levels of earlier periods. Statistics are also reported on market-value and current-cost bases, but only at a global level, not by country or industry (see table I). Market-value statistics value the equity portion of direct invest-ment using indexes of stock market prices. Current-cost statistics value the U.S. and foreign parents’ shares of their affiliates’ investment in (1) plant and equipment using the current cost of capital equipment, in (2) land using general price indexes, and in (3) inventories using estimates of their replacement cost.

Historical-cost statistics are not adjusted to reflect changes in the current costs or the replacement costs of tangible assets or in the stock market valuations of firms. Over time, the current costs of tangible assets and the stock market valuations of firms tend to increase. As a result, historical-cost statistics tend to be lower than the current-cost and market-value statistics for the same positions. Market-value statistics are discussed in “The U.S. Net International Investment Position at the End of the First Quarter of 2015, Year 2014, and Annual Revi-sions” in this issue of the S URVEY.

Alternative Measures of the Direct Investment Positions

Table I. Alternative Direct Investment Position Estimates,

2013 and 2014

[Millions of dollars]

Valuation method Position at

yearend

2013 r

Changes in 2014

Position at

yearend

2014p

T otal Financial

transactions

Other

changes

in position

Outward:

Historical cost....................4,693,348227,305316,549–89,2434,920,653 Current cost.......................5,339,816236,188336,936–100,7485,576,004 Market value......................6,291,370–6,050336,936–342,9866,285,320 Inward:

Historical cost....................2,754,704146,355106,61439,7412,901,059 Current cost.......................3,183,191173,300111,57761,7233,356,491 Market value......................4,954,713435,368111,577323,7915,390,081 p Preliminary

r Revised

N OTE. Preliminary historical-cost position by country and industry are presented in this article, but earlier estimates of the aggregate position for 2014 were published in the April S URVEY OF C URRENT B USI-NESS.

3

July 2015 S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESS adjustments line item of other changes in position (ta-

ble B). In contrast, reinvestment of earnings grew by

9.4 percent, contributing the most to the growth in the

outward position.

Table B. Change in the Outward Direct Investment Position

on a Historical-Cost Basis by Component

[Billions of dollars]

2013

2014 Total change in position during period. .................................................................. Financial transactions without current-cost adjustment ..................................... Equity. ............................................................................................................ Reinvestment of earnings without current-cost adjustment ....................... Equity other than reinvestment of earnings.... ........................................... Increases ............................................................................................... Decreases. ............................................................................................ Debt instruments................................................................... ........................ Other changes in position .................................................................................. Capital gains and losses of affiliates.............................................................. Translation adjustments.......................................................... ....................... Other changes in volume and valuation........................... ............................. 283.3

307.9 316.2 299.0 17.2 74.2 57.0 –8.3 –24.6 –6.2 –25.0 6.6

227.3 316.5 335.2 327.2 8.0 87.6 79.6 –18.7 –89.2 4.0 –69.3 –24.0

The equity position grew 5.2 percent, to $4,687.3 billion; the debt position decreased 2.5 percent to $233.3 billion. The equity position grew in all major industries except depository institutions and “finance and insurance.” In contrast, the debt position de-creased in all major industries except holding compa-nies, wholesale trade, and professional, scientific, and technical services.

Five host countries—the Netherlands, the United K ingdom, Luxembourg, Canada, and Ireland—ac-

counted for more than half of the total position at the

end of 2014 (table 1.2 and charts 2 and 3). For the sixth

consecutive year, the position in the Netherlands was

the largest—at $753.2 billion, or 15.3 percent of the to-tal. Four-fifths of the position in the Netherlands was

accounted for by holding companies that likely in-vested the funds in other countries (see the section “Indirect ownership” on page 5). The position in the United Kingdom was $587.9 billion, or 11.9 percent of

the total. In Luxembourg, the position was $465.2 bil-

lion, or 9.5 percent of the total. Holding companies ac-counted for most of the position in Luxembourg. The position in Canada was $386.1 billion, or 7.8 percent of the total, and in Ireland, it was $310.6 billion, or 6.3 percent of the total.

4 Direct Investment Positions for 2014 July 2015

Changes by component

The $227.3 billion increase in the outward direct in-vestment position reflected financial transactions out-flows and other changes in position (table B and chart

4).

Financial transactions Outward financial transactions were $316.5 billion in 2014, compared with $307.9 billion in 2013. The out-

flows in 2014 consisted of $335.2 billion of net equity outflows, which were partly offset by $18.7 billion of net debt instruments inflows. Equ ity investment. In 2014, net equity outflows consisted of $327.2 billion of reinvestment of earnings and $8.0 billion of equity outflows other than reinvest-ment of earnings. Equity increases result from parents’ establishments of new affiliates, payments by parents to unaffiliated parties for the purchase of capital stock or other equity interests when they acquire an existing business, payments to acquire additional ownership interests in their affiliates, and capital contributions to their affiliates. Equity decreases are the funds parents receive when they reduce their equity interests in their affiliates. Reinvestment of earnings. Reinvestment of earn-

ings—the difference between the U.S. parents’ share in

their foreign affiliates’ current-period earnings and the affiliates’ distributions to their parents—increased 9.4

percent to $327.2 billion in 2014. The growth was the net result of a small decrease in foreign affiliate earn-ings of 0.3 percent and sharply reduced distributed

earnings. The share of current-year earnings that was reinvested (the reinvestment ratio) rose to 74.5 percent

in 2014 from 67.9 percent in 2013.4 Equity other than reinvestment of earnings. U.S. parent net equity outflows other than reinvestment of earnings were $8.0 billion in 2014, down from $17.2 billion in 2013. The flows in 2014 resulted from in-creases of $87.6 billion that were mostly offset by de-creases of $79.6 billion. The $87.6 billion in equity

increases reflected $43.6 billion in equity for the acqui-

sition or establishment of new foreign affiliates and $44.0 billion in capital contributions to existing for-eign affiliates. Equity increases were up 18.1 percent in 2014, coinciding with a 47 percent increase in the value of global merger and acquisition activity.5 In 2014, eq-uity decreases were $79.6 billion, compared with $57.0 billion in 2013. The decreases reflected $55.2 billion in liquidations or sales of affiliates and $24.4 billion in re-patriations of capital from foreign affiliates to their U.S. parents. Debt instru ments investment. In 2014, U.S. par-ents’ borrowing and lending transactions with their foreign affiliates decreased their net debt instruments

position in these affiliates by $18.7 billion, compared

with a decrease of $8.3 billion in 2013. Net disinvest-ment through debt instruments in 2014 resulted from a $16.6 billion increase in U.S. parent debt obligations to their foreign affiliates combined with a $2.1 billion

decrease in foreign affiliate debt obligations to their U.S. parents. Other changes in position

Other changes in position totaled –$89.2 billion in

2014, compared with –$24.6 billion in 2013. Other

changes in position in 2014 consisted of translation ad-justments of –$69.3 billion, capital gains and losses of

$4.0 billion, and other changes in volume and valua-

tion of –$24.0 billion. Translation adjustments re-

flected the change in the U.S. dollar value of

investments in foreign affiliates caused by a 9.3 percent end of period appreciation of the U.S. dollar’s direct investment-weighted exchange value. Some of the larg-est dollar appreciations came against the Japanese yen and the Canadian and Australian dollars. The largest capital gains were from the sale of assets such as licens-ing rights. Other changes in volume and valuation

4. The estimate of reinvestment of earnings for 2014 is the second in a series of four estimates. Recent experience has shown that subsequent esti-

mates may be significantly lower; for example, the third estimate for 2013 was 5.6 percent lower than the second estimate, and the third estimate for

2012 was 13.7 percent lower than the second estimate. Revisions from the

second estimates to the third estimates largely result from identifying unre-

ported dividends on BEA ’s quarterly direct investment surveys that were reported on BEA ’s annual surveys.

5. Brendan McDermid, “Mergers and Acquisitions Review: Financial Advisors, Full Year 2014” (Thomson Reuters, 2015).

5 July 2015 S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESS

mainly resulted from differences between affiliates’ current sale or purchase price and their book value. Changes by area and by country

In 2014, the outward direct investment position in-creased in each of the six major geographic areas ex-cept Canada (table C). U.S. parents’ investment in their European affiliates had the largest dollar increase, accounting for 57.6 percent of the increase in the total outward direct investment position. The next largest increases were in Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere and in Asia and Pacific, which together accounted for 39.7 percent of the total increase. Europe. The U.S. direct investment position in Eu-rope increased $130.9 billion in 2014. The largest dol-lar increases were in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, which together accounted for over 95 per-cent of the increase in the area. In Ireland, the increase was accounted for by holding companies, other indus-tries, information, and finance and insurance. Rein-vestment of earnings accounted for the majority of the increase in holding companies and in other industries, and debt instruments, specifically increases in U.S. parent receivables, accounted for the increase in fi-nance and insurance. In the Netherlands, holding companies contributed most to the increase, which was the net effect of an increase in equity other than reinvestment of earnings and a decrease in reinvest-ment of earnings. In Switzerland, the increase was con-Table C. Change in the Outward Direct Investment Position

on a Historical-Cost Basis by Country of Foreign Affiliate, 2014

Change

Billions of dollars Percent

All countries ................................................................................ 227.3 4.8 Canada ..................................................................................... –4.1 –1.0 Europe ...................................................................................... 130.9 4.9 Of which:

Ireland ............................................................................... 62.8 25.4

Netherlands....................................................................... 36.2 5.0

Switzerland ....................................................................... 26.2 20.7

Luxembourg ...................................................................... 19.7 4.4

United Kingdom ................................................................ 11.4 2.0

Spain ................................................................................. 2.2 6.5 Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere .................... 47.9 5.6 Of which:

United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean 1................................ 24.4 9.3

Bermuda ........................................................................... 17.7 6.9

Mexico............................................................................... 5.4 5.3

Barbados........................................................................... 2.1 17.0 Africa........................................................................................ 4.7 7.8 Of which:

Egypt ................................................................................. 2.5 13.4 Middle East .............................................................................. 5.5 11.9 Asia and Pacific....................................................................... 42.3 6.1 Of which:

Singapore.......................................................................... 20.0 12.5

Australia ............................................................................ 10.4 6.1

Hong Kong ........................................................................ 6.2 10.4

China................................................................................. 5.9 9.8

India .................................................................................. 2.9 11.7

Indonesia .......................................................................... 2.3 20.3

Thailand ............................................................................ 1.9 19.4

Korea, Republic of............................................................. 1.9 5.6

1. The “United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean” includes British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and T urks and Caicos Islands. centrated in holding companies and was due mainly to an increase in equity other than reinvestment of earn-ings.

Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere. The U.S. investment position increased $47.9 billion, with the United K ingdom Islands in the Caribbean (British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and Turks and Caicos Islands) accounting for half of the increase. The position in the United Kingdom Is-lands in the Caribbean increased $24.4 billion; to-gether, holding companies, finance and insurance, and wholesale trade accounted for more than 90 percent of the increase. The next largest increases were in Ber-muda, Mexico, and Barbados. In Bermuda, the in-crease was driven primarily by reinvestment of earnings in holding companies, where the largest in-creases resulted from affiliates of U.S. parents in soft-ware publishing, agricultural products, and aerospace products manufacturing industries. In Mexico, much of the increase occurred in manufacturing and holding companies. In Barbados, the increase was concentrated in wholesale trade and finance and insurance.

Asia and Pacific. The U.S. investment position in-creased $42.3 billion in 2014. The largest increases were in Singapore and Australia. In Singapore, over two-thirds of the increase was in holding companies and in manufacturing, reflecting increases in reinvest-ment of earnings. In Australia, holding companies ac-counted for much of the increase, which was driven by debt instruments, specifically increases in U.S. parent receivables.

Middle East. The U.S. investment position in-creased $5.5 billion. The increase, though relatively small in dollar terms, represented the largest percent-age increase (11.9 percent) of the major regions. By country, the United Arab Emirates and Israel had the largest dollar increases. By industry, the largest in-creases came from mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade, and finance and insurance.

Africa. The U.S. investment position increased $4.7 billion. Mining accounted for much of the increase, half of which occurred in Egypt.

Canada. In 2014, the U.S. investment position de-creased $4.1 billion, driven by decreases in mining, holding companies, and finance and insurance. In mining, the decrease occurred in equity other than re-investment of earnings. In holding companies, the de-crease was driven by other changes in volume and valuation. In finance and insurance, translation adjust-ments contributed most to the decrease.

Indirect ownership

For the past three decades, the share of U.S. direct in-vestment abroad owned indirectly—that is, by U.S.

6 Direct Investment Positions for 2014 July 2015

parent companies that own foreign affiliates that in

turn own other foreign affiliates—has increased. For

example, in 2012 (the latest year for which statistics are

available), equity investment in other foreign affiliates

accounted for 27 percent of the total assets of majority-

owned foreign affiliates, compared with 7 percent in

1982. Affiliates in any industry can own other foreign affiliates, but much of this investment is funneled through holding company affiliates. A holding com-

pany’s primary activity is holding the securities or fi-

nancial assets of other companies. In 2014, foreign

affiliates classified as holding companies accounted for

47.9 percent of the outward direct investment position;

in 1982, holding company affiliates accounted for 9.4

percent of the outward position (chart 5).

One result of the rising prevalence of holding com-panies is that outward investment statistics on posi-

tions and related flows indicate industry and country

patterns that imperfectly reflect where the goods and services produced by foreign affiliates are actually pro-duced and sold.6 Statistics on the outward position and related transactions are allocated to the industries and countries of the affiliates with which the U.S. parent

companies have direct transactions and positions, but

these industries and countries may differ from the in-dustries and countries of the affiliates whose opera-tions the parents ultimately own or control.7 Data from BEA ’s surveys of the activities of multina-tional enterprises (AMNEs) suggest the degree to

6. For more information about the effects of holding companies on the outward investment series, see the “Technical Note” in Maria Borga and Raymond J. Mataloni Jr., “Direct Investment Positions for 2000: Country and Industry Detail,” S URVEY 81 (July 2001): 23–25.

7. This convention follows international statistical guidelines in the Bal-ance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual , Sixth Edi-tion. (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2009). which indirect ownership structures may affect the country and industry distributions of the outward po-sition data. The statistics on the activities of foreign af-filiates are classified in the country where the affiliate’s physical assets are located or where its primary activity

is carried out and in the industry that reflects the affili-

ate’s primary activity. Thus, the AMNE statistics more closely reflect the countries and industries in which the goods and services are produced by the foreign affili-ates than the statistics classified by the country and in-

dustry of the affiliate with which the parent company

has a direct position or transaction. For example, while

foreign affiliates in Luxembourg represent about 9 per-

cent of the outward position in 2012 (the latest year for which detailed AMNE statistics are available), they ac-count for less than 1 percent of value added of foreign affiliates (table D).

Another reason for the differences between the posi-tion statistics and the AMNE statistics is that the

AMNE statistics, unlike the position statistics, are not

adjusted for the percentage of U.S. ownership; there-fore, the countries and industries in which a relatively

Table D. Outward Direct Investment Position on a Historical-Cost Basis and Value Added by Country of Foreign Affiliate, 2012

Share

Outward position Value added

All countries ................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 Canada ..................................................................................... 8.3 9.9 Europe ...................................................................................... 55.5 47.4 Of which:

United Kingdom ................................................................ 12.2 12.1 Ireland ............................................................................... 4.8 5.8 Switzerland ....................................................................... 2.8 2.6 Netherlands ...................................................................... 14.7 2.3 Luxembourg ......................................................................

9.3 0.3 Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere ....................

18.8 11.6 Of which:

Mexico............................................................................... 2.4 3.0 Bermuda ...........................................................................

6.3 0.6 United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean 1................................ 5.0 0.5 Africa ........................................................................................ 1.3 4.7 Middle East ..............................................................................

0.9 2.7 Asia and Pacific .......................................................................

15.3

23.7

1. The “United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean” includes British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and T urks and Caicos Islands. Data Availability

Detailed statistics on the outward direct investment

position and related financial transactions and income for 1982–2014 along with statistics on the inward direct investment position and related financial trans-actions and income for 1980–2014 are available on BEA ’s Web site.

More detailed statistics on positions, financial

transactions, and related income for both outward and inward investment will be available by the end of

July 2015 on B EA ’s Web site and will be published in

the September 2015 S URVEY OF

C URRENT B USINESS .

7 July 2015 S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESS

large share of minority-owned affiliates operate will appear more important in the AMNE statistics than in the position statistics. The AMNE statistics are also not adjusted for duplication in some measures of affiliate operations—such as assets and earnings. For example, if a U.S. parent company owns two foreign affiliates in a foreign country, a directly held affiliate A and an af-filiate B that is indirectly held through affiliate A, the position will capture only the parent’s share of affiliate A’s assets, but the AMNE statistics will capture the total assets of both affiliates, including the portion of affili-ate A’s assets that represents its investment in affiliate B. As a result, affiliate A’s investment in affiliate B is es-sentially double-counted in the total assets measure of the AMNE statistics.

Foreign Direct Investment

in the United States (Inward)

The foreign direct investment position in the United States valued at historical cost—the book value of for-eign direct investors’ equity in, and net outstanding loans to, their U.S. affiliates—was $2,901.1 billion at the end of 2014. The position grew 5.3 percent, or $146.4 billion, reflecting $106.6 billion of direct invest-ment financial transactions inflows and other changes in position of $39.7 billion. Net inflows occurred for both equity investment and debt instruments invest-ment.

The equity position grew 4.9 percent, to $2,350.4 billion; the debt position grew 7.2 percent to $550.7

Acknowledgments

Barbara K. Hubbard, Chief of the Direct Transactions

and Positions Branch, provided overall supervision for the preparation of the direct investment statistics.

The statistics on the U.S. direct investment position

abroad are based largely on data from BEA’s quarterly

survey of transactions between U.S. parent companies

and their foreign affiliates. The survey was conducted

under the supervision of Jessica M. Hanson, working

with Iris Branscome, Jared M. Felice, Travis W. Funk-

houser, Louis C. Luu, Leila C. Morrison, James Y.

Shin, and Dwayne Torney. Computer programming

for data estimation and tabulation was provided by

Kevin R. Smith.

The statistics on the foreign direct investment posi-

tion in the United States are based largely on data

from BEA’s quarterly survey of transactions between

U.S. affiliates and their foreign parents. The survey

was conducted under the supervision of Peter J. Fox,

working with Akeeia P. Griffin, Susan M. LaPorte, Gazala I. Merchant, and Helen P. Yiu. Computer pro-

gramming for data estimation and tabulation was provided by Karen E. Poffel and Paula D. Brown. billion. The equity position in six major industry groups—manufacturing, mining, wholesale trade, re-tail trade, information, and professional and technical services—grew 10.5 percent, compared with a 1.0 per-cent increase in total owners’ equity in those U.S. in-dustry groups, based on data from the Census Bureau’s Quarterly Fin an cial Report. 8 The foreign equity posi-tion, which represents U.S. business equity controlled by foreign direct investors, grew faster than total U.S. business equity as more U.S. businesses became for-eign owned.

The top five investing countries accounted for more than half of the overall foreign direct investment posi-tion in the United States. The United Kingdom was the largest investing country with a position of $448.5 bil-lion, or 15.5 percent of the total (table 2.2 and charts 6 and 7). Japan was the second largest with a position of $372.8 billion, or 12.9 percent of the total. The Nether-lands was the third largest with a position of $304.8 billion, or 10.5 percent of the total. Canada was the fourth largest with a position of $261.2 billion, or 9.0 percent of the total. Luxembourg was the fifth largest with a position of $242.9 billion, or 8.4 percent of the total. These investments are classified by the first coun-try outside the United States with a direct claim on the U.S. affiliate. For a classification of the inward position by country of the UBO, see the section “Indirect own-ership” on page 10.

8. At yearend 2014, these six industry groups accounted for 60.8 percent of the equity position on foreign direct investment in the United States. The Quarterly Fin an cial Report presents balance sheet and income statement

data for all U.S. businesses in these six groups.

8 Direct Investment Positions for 2014 July 2015

Changes by component

The $146.4 billion increase in the inward direct invest-ment position resulted from financial transactions of $106.6 billion and other changes in position of $39.7

billion. (table E and chart 8).

Table E. Change in the Inward Direct Investment Position on a Historical-Cost Basis by Component

[Billions of dollars]

2013

2014 Total change in position during period ............................................................... Financial transactions without current-cost adjustment ................................. Equity......................................................................................................... Reinvestment of earnings without current-cost adjustment ................... Equity other than reinvestment of earnings ........................................... Increases ........................................................................................... Decreases ......................................................................................... Debt instruments ....................................................................................... Other changes in position .............................................................................. Capital gains and losses of affiliates ......................................................... Translation adjustments ............................................................................. Other changes in volume and valuation .................................................... 150.7

211.5 206.7 79.6 127.1 169.6 –42.5 4.8 –60.8 –41.6 0.0 –19.2

146.4 106.6 63.9 94.0 –30.1 141.1 –171.2 42.7 39.7 –7.6 –3.3 50.6

billion to the inward direct investment position in 2014, compared with $79.6 billion in 2013. T otal earn-ings increased 1.0 percent and the share of current-year earnings that was reinvested (the reinvestment ra-tio) rose from 59.0 percent in 2013 to 68.1 percent in 2014.9 9. The estimate of reinvestment of earnings for 2014 is the second in a series of four estimates. Recent experience has shown that subsequent esti-mates may be significantly lower; for example, the third estimate for 2013

was 14.8 percent lower than the second estimate, and the third estimate for

2012 was 7.9 percent lower than the second estimate. Revisions from the second estimates to the third estimates largely result from identifying unre-

ported dividends on BEA ’s quarterly direct investment surveys that were

reported on BEA ’s annual surveys.

Financial transactions

Inward financial transactions inflows were $106.6 bil-

lion in 2014, down from $211.5 billion in 2013. The

transactions consisted of $63.9 billion of net equity in-flows and $42.7 billion of net debt instruments in-flows.

Equity investment. In 2014, net equity investment

inflows reflected $94.0 billion of inflows of reinvest-ment of earnings and $30.1 billion net outflows of eq-uity other than reinvestment of earnings.

Reinvestment of earnings. Reinvestment of earn-

ings—the difference between the foreign parent’s share

in their U.S. affiliates’ current-period earnings and the

affiliates’ distributions to their parent—added $94.0

9 July 2015 S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESS

Equ ity other than reinvestment of earnings. Net equity outflows other than reinvestment of earnings were $30.1 billion in 2014, compared with inflows of $127.1 billion in 2013. The outflows in 2014 reflected decreases of $171.2 billion that were partly offset by increases of $141.1 billion. The $171.2 billion in equity decreases reflected $136.4 billion in equity for the sale or liquidation of affiliates and $34.9 billion for the re-turn of capital to the foreign parent. This level of eq-uity for sale or liquidation is historically large. Between 1982 and 2013, total decreases in equity have never ex-ceeded $100 billion. The $141.1 billion in equity in-creases reflected $53.1 billion in equity for the acquisition or establishment of new affiliates and $88.0 billion in capital contributions to existing affiliates. About half of the equity investments for new affiliates occurred in manufacturing.

Debt instru ments investment. Foreign parent groups’ borrowing and lending transactions with their U.S. affiliates increased the inward direct investment position $42.7 billion in 2014 after increasing it $4.8 billion in 2013. Net debt investment resulted from a $46.4 billion increase in U.S. affiliate debt obligations to members of their foreign parent groups, which was partly offset by a $3.7 billion increase in U.S. affiliate debt claims on members of their foreign parent groups.

Other changes in position

Other changes in position increased the inward posi-tion $39.7 billion in 2014 after decreasing it $60.8 bil-lion in 2013. Other changes in volume and valuation, which mainly reflected valuation changes related to di-vestiture, increased the position $50.6 billion. In these cases, large positive net adjustments to volume and valuation were required to reconcile the financial out-flows, which are at market value, and the direct invest-ment position, which is measured at book value (or historical cost). Capital gains and losses decreased the position $7.6 billion. Translation adjustments de-creased the position $3.3 billion. Translation adjust-ments tend to be smaller for inward investment than for outward investment because many U.S. affiliates maintain their accounting records in U.S. dollars. Changes by area and by country

In 2014, the inward direct investment position in-creased in each of the six major geographic areas ex-cept the Middle East (table F). Investors from Europe accounted for 56.3 percent of the total increase in the inward direct investment position. Investors from Asia and Pacific accounted for the next largest share, 19.6 percent.

Europe. The inward direct investment position in-creased $82.4 billion in 2014. The three largest in-creases were from the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Luxembourg. For the Netherlands, the change in the position mainly reflected net inflows of debt instru-ments with some increase in reinvestment of earnings

in existing affiliates and in capital contributions to ex-isting affiliates. For Switzerland, the increase mainly reflected inflows of debt instruments and reinvestment

of earnings in existing affiliates. For Luxembourg, the increase mainly reflected equity inflows to acquire or establish new affiliates.

Asia and Pacific. The inward direct investment po-sition increased $28.6 billion in 2014. The two largest increases were from Japan and Korea, which accounted

for the majority of the increase from the area. For Ja-pan, the change in the position was roughly evenly split between capital contributions and reinvestment

of earnings in existing affiliates, and equity inflows to acquire or establish new affiliates. For Korea, the in-crease mainly reflected inflows of debt instruments and reinvestment of earnings in existing affiliates. Canada. The inward direct investment position in-creased $26.0 billion in 2014. The change in the posi-

tion was roughly evenly split among inflows of debt instruments, reinvestment of earnings in existing affili-ates, and equity inflows other than reinvestment of earnings.

Table F. Change in the Inward Direct Investment Position on a Historical-Cost Basis by Country of Each Member of the Foreign Parent Group, 2014

Change

Billions of dollars Percent

All countries ......................................................................................... 146.4 5.3 Canada.............................................................................................. 26.0 11.1 Europe .............................................................................................. 82.4 4.4 Of which:

Netherlands ............................................................................... 43.5 16.6 Switzerland ................................................................................ 21.3 10.5 Luxembourg............................................................................... 20.9 9.4 Germany .................................................................................... 17.0 8.2 France........................................................................................ 14.4 6.9 Spain ......................................................................................... 9.7 20.0 Hungary ..................................................................................... 7.5 62.0 Sweden...................................................................................... 2.9 7.4 Ireland........................................................................................ –0.9 –5.1 Italy ............................................................................................ –3.0 –12.2 Belgium ..................................................................................... –3.1 –3.4 United Kingdom ......................................................................... –52.7 –10.5 Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere ............................ 11.0 9.5 Of which:

United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean 1 ........................................ 6.4 6.8 Bermuda .................................................................................... 4.8 –50.4 M exico ...................................................................................... 0.7 4.0 Africa................................................................................................. (*) 0.2 Middle East ....................................................................................... –1.7 –7.9 Asia and Pacific ............................................................................... 28.6 5.9 Of which:

Japan ......................................................................................... 22.5 6.4 Korea, Republic of ..................................................................... 4.3 13.4 Singapore .................................................................................. 1.3 6.9 China ......................................................................................... 1.0 12.0 India ........................................................................................... 0.1 0.9 Australia ..................................................................................... –0.3 –0.6 T aiwan........................................................................................ –0.9 –13.4

* A nonzero value between –$500,00 and $500,000.

1. The “United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean” includes British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and T urks and Caicos Islands.

10 Direct Investment Positions for 2014 July 2015

Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere. The inward direct investment position increased $11.0 billion in 2014. The two largest increases were from the United Kingdom Islands in the Caribbean (British Vir-gin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and Turks and Caicos Islands) and from Bermuda. For the United Kingdom Islands in the Caribbean, the change in the position mainly reflected net equity inflows to acquire or establish new affiliates and to provide capital to ex-isting affiliates. For Bermuda, the increase mainly re-flected reinvestment of earnings in existing affiliates. Middle East and Africa. The inward direct invest-ment position from the Middle East decreased $1.7 bil-lion. Most of the decrease reflected outflows of debt instruments.

The inward direct investment position from Africa increased less than $4 million, mainly resulting from an offset between inflows of debt instruments and neg-ative valuation adjustments.

Indirect ownership

Foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) may own their U.S. affiliates indirectly through ownership chains that extend across multiple foreign countries. The statistics on inward direct investment positions that are presented in this article are classified by the country of the foreign parent or of the member of the foreign parent group with a positive or negative net debt investment in the U.S. affiliate.10 The position is classified by the first country outside the United States with a direct claim on the U.S. affiliate. In addition to the data collected by country of foreign parent, BEA collects data on the country of the UBO of the U.S. af-filiate.11 The UBO ultimately owns or controls the U.S. affiliate. BEA also presents the inward position classi-fied by country of UBO for major regions and selected countries.12

For most affiliates, the country of the UBO is also the country of the foreign parent. According to U.S. af-filiate responses on the 2012 Benchmark Survey of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, the country of the UBO and that of its foreign parent was the same for 87 percent of the affiliates. Together, these affiliates accounted for more than 80 percent of the to-10. This convention follows international statistical guidelines in the Bal-ance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, Sixth Edi-tion. (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2009).

11. The UBO is defined as the entity that ultimately owns or controls and thus ultimately derives the benefits and assumes the risks from owning or controlling an affiliate. The UBO is often, but not always, the same as the foreign or U.S. parent.

12. BEA regularly publishes detailed tabulations that compare statistics classified by country of foreign parent and country of UBO for both the direct investment position and direct investment income in table 16 in the September S URVEY. This September, preliminary statistics for 2014 and revised statistics for 2012 and 2013 will be published. The data will also be available in late July 2015 on BEA’s Web site. tal assets, sales, and employment of all affiliates. How-ever, for some countries, especially financial centers through which MNEs may channel their investments,

the position classified by country of UBO can differ significantly from that classified by country of foreign parent (table G).

Table G. Inward Direct Investment Position on a Historical-Cost Basis

by Country of Foreign Parent Group Member and the UBO, 2014 1

[Billions of dollars]

By country of each By country

member of the foreign of UBO

parent group

All countries ................................................................................. 2,901.1 2,901.1 Canada...................................................................................... 261.2 311.4 Europe....................................................................................... 1,977.2 1,782.0 Of which:

France ................................................................................ 223.2 240.2 Germany ............................................................................ 224.1 312.9 Ireland................................................................................ 16.2 159.5 Luxembourg ....................................................................... 242.9 23.8 Netherlands ....................................................................... 304.8 185.1 Switzerland ........................................................................ 224.0 151.7 United Kingdom ................................................................. 448.5 465.8 Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere .................... 127.0 117.6 Of which:

Bermuda 2.......................................................................... –4.8 22.3 Mexico ............................................................................... 17.7 31.4 United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean 3 ................................ 100.0 (D) Africa......................................................................................... 2.3 4.1 Of which:

South Africa ....................................................................... 0.8 3.7 Middle East ............................................................................... 20.3 70.5 Asia and Pacific ....................................................................... 512.9 535.9 Of which:

China ................................................................................. 9.5 10.2 Hong Kong ......................................................................... 7.6 19.6 Japan ................................................................................. 372.8 374.7 United States ..................................................................... ................................. 79.7

D Suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual companies.

1. The ultimate beneficial owner (UBO) is that person, proceeding up a U.S. affiliate’s ownership chain, beginning with and including the foreign parent, that is not owned more than 50 percent by another person. The country of UBO is often the same as that of the foreign parent, but it may be a different foreign country or the United States.

2. A negative direct investment position may result when affiliates’ financial claims on direct investors exceed direct investors’ claims on their affiliates. Typically, a negative position will result from debt transactions in which affiliates act as net lenders to their foreign parents.

3. The “United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean” includes British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and T urks and Caicos Islands.

For some countries—most notably, Luxembourg, Switzerland, the United Kingdom Islands in the Carib-bean, and the Netherlands—the positions classified by country of foreign parent were much higher than those classified by country of UBO. For other coun-tries—most notably, Ireland, Bermuda, and several countries in the Middle East—positions classified by country of UBO were much higher than those classi-

fied by country of foreign parent.

Ireland is an example of a country that uses tax and regulatory policies to attract the corporate headquarters of multinational firms.13 For this coun-try, the higher position by country of UBO represents investments by MNEs that are organized with entities

in Ireland at the top-tier of the corporate group, in-cluding U.S. corporations that have reorganized their ownership structure. In such reorganizations, some-times referred to as “corporate inversions,” the U.S.

13. For a summary of research on the effects of taxation on multinational firms, see Mihir A. Desai, Fritz C. Foley, and James R. Hines, “Taxation and Multinational Activity: New Evidence,New Interpretations,” S URVEY 86 (February 2006): 16–22.

11 July 2015 S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESS

corporation forms a new corporation in a foreign country of convenience and simultaneously inverts its ownership structure so that the U.S. corporation is now a U.S. affiliate of the foreign corporation.14 An af-filiate in a third country, such as the Netherlands, is of-ten created between the Irish UBO and the U.S. affiliate because of advantageous tax treaties between Ireland and the third country that may allow compa-nies to further reduce their tax liability.

For countries in the Middle East, positions by coun-try of UBO are higher than those classified by country of foreign parent because investments from the Middle East are often routed through affiliates in other coun-tries. Possible reasons for Middle Eastern UBOs to hold their U.S. investments indirectly through inter-mediate subsidiaries in other countries include tax and regulatory policies and privacy protection.

Revisions

The statistics on direct investment positions by coun-try and by industry for 2014 presented in this article are preliminary. Revised statistics on positions and re-lated financial transactions for 2012–2013 incorporate new survey data collected via (1) BEA’s quarterly sur-14. See Jessica M. Hanson, Howard I. Krakower, Raymond J. Mataloni Jr., and Kate L.S. Pinard, “The Effects of Corporate Inversions on the Interna-tional and National Economic Accounts,” S URVEY 95 (February 2015). veys of transactions between parents and their affiliates and (2) BEA’s annual and benchmark surveys of the ac-tivities of multinational enterprises.

The historical-cost outward direct investment posi-tion for 2012 is revised upward $25.3 billion to $4,410.0 billion. The upward revision is attributable to a $6.8 billion upward revision to financial transactions outflows and an $18.5 billion upward revision to other changes in position. The outward position for 2013 is revised upward $32.4 billion to $4,693.3 billion. The upward revision is the result of a $25.3 billion upward revision to the 2012 position, a $20.4 billion down-ward revision to 2013 financial transactions outflows, and a $27.5 billion upward revision to the 2013 other changes in position.

The historical-cost inward direct investment posi-tion for 2012 is revised downward $1.7 billion, to $2,604 billion. The revision reflects a downward revi-sion of $20.5 billion to other changes in position that is largely offset by an upward revision of $18.7 billion to financial transactions inflows. The inward position for 2013 is revised downward $9.3 billion to $2,754.7 bil-lion. The revision reflects a $19.3 billion downward re-vision to financial transactions inflows and a $1.7 billion downward revision of the inward position in 2012, which is partly offset by an upward revision of $11.7 billion to other changes in the position.

Tables 1.1. through 2.2. follow.

12 Direct Investment Positions for 2014 July 2015

Table 1.1. U.S. Direct Investment Position Abroad on a Historical-Cost Basis, 2013

[Millions of dollars]

All industries Mining

Manufacturing

Whole-

sale

trade

Infor-

mation

Depository

institutions

Finance

(except

depository

institutions)

and

insurance

Pro-

fessional,

scientific,

and

technical

services

Holding

companies

(nonbank)

Other

indus-

tries T otal Food Chemi-

cals

Primary

and

fabricated

metals

Machin-

ery

Computers

and

electronic

products

Electrical

equip-

ment,

appliances,

and

compo-

nents

Trans-

portation

equip-

ment

Other

manu-

facturing

All countries................ 4,693,348 214,870 630,505 64,638 136,554 26,784 50,673 88,712 12,990 53,162 196,992 234,452 147,229 127,122 737,805 98,183 2,205,498 297,683 Canada..................................... 390,172 33,895 107,405 12,845 13,352 5,900 5,139 7,410 2,173 9,371 51,215 22,746 6,893 4,111 50,662 8,263 116,910 39,288 Europe 1.................................... 2,650,757 29,997 301,743 29,202 80,804 13,204 30,657 35,420 4,752 18,053 89,650 97,638 93,218 70,122 318,190 56,828 1,509,862 173,158 Austria .................................. 15,641 8 3,412 –11 105 (D) 248 1,549 283 643 (D) 669 21 209 403 322 (D) (D)

Belgium ................................ 51,702 121 26,817 1,750 15,359 67 769 3,534 2 395 4,941 7,530 96 (D) 10,456 1,926 930 (D) Czech Republic .................... 6,990 0 3,634 (D) 225 132 (D) 190 5 984 (D) 190 159 (D) (D) (D) (D) 177 Denmark ............................... 13,605 304 4,520 (D) 91 43 1,386 1,464 23 3 (D) 623 764 (D) 103 –150 6,289 (D) Finland.................................. 1,919 0 1,037 (D) 41 4 468 166 7 (D) 232 200 71 (D) –4 (D) (D) (D) France................................... 77,690 36 21,743 1,403 2,853 3,704 1,660 1,221 88 1,210 9,602 6,140 1,750 2,832 18,063 3,688 13,088 10,350 Germany............................... 123,322 436 34,041 1,338 4,738 1,308 6,614 4,081 945 4,874 10,142 14,670 7,620 2,341 20,347 5,705 31,081 7,080 Greece.................................. –583 0 1,204 68 (D) 0 10 8 0 0 (D) 192 47 (D) (D) 42 (*) –65 Hungary ................................ 6,189 (D) 566 (D) 79 (D) –133 103 (D) (D) 58 533 513 (D) 2,007 61 334 595 Ireland .................................. 247,755 –39 26,451 424 16,847 154 162 3,995 134 166 4,570 –842 29,807 (D) 4,361 12,547 116,485 (D) Italy ....................................... 28,018 178 8,911 1,703 1,336 132 1,456 1,761 –28 827 1,723 3,135 2,989 2,032 2,545 360 299 7,569 Luxembourg.......................... 445,498 (D) 13,172 0 (D) 2,645 (D) (D) –4 0 (D) –4 1,822 (D) 38,653 341 371,825 7,938 Netherlands .......................... 717,035 743 48,771 3,164 13,260 758 4,636 4,799 466 106 21,583 20,945 10,356 (D) 27,906 4,917 579,250 (D) Norway ................................. 41,842 7,425 3,905 (D) 126 6 (D) 36 (D) –3 (D) 340 1,842 (D) 1,714 106 24,382 (D) Poland .................................. 12,540 (D) 4,722 1,444 827 183 74 211 –117 1,202 898 2,071 204 (D) 429 219 8 (D) Por t ugal ................................ 1,978 (*) 517 (D) 106 –5 (D) 142 (*) 130 111 520 52 2 358 65 41 423 Russia .................................. 13,140 (D) 5,055 3,217 283 41 255 64 20 841 335 1,090 643 2,410 61 399 683 (D) Spain .................................... 34,146 166 13,544 1,772 5,605 –188 140 2,514 176 2,406 1,119 2,750 1,269 1,111 2,760 373 (D) (D) Sweden................................. 35,968 0 4,252 (D) 325 198 403 924 196 308 (D) 1,663 1,274 (D) 8,014 661 16,274 (D) Switzerland ........................... 126,652 362 23,906 200 10,281 13 1,963 1,969 1,387 (D) (D) 15,835 5,823 2,272 15,382 2,679 38,307 22,087 Turkey ................................... 4,366 (*) 2,164 (D) 615 (*) 196 102 0 305 (D) 958 74 (D) 92 17 82 (D) United Kingdom .................... 576,516 10,321 46,935 8,834 7,271 3,672 4,162 6,641 1,063 1,748 13,545 17,248 25,617 15,784 161,957 20,834 235,881 41,940 Other .................................... 68,828 2,416 2,465 919 (D) 305 46 (D) (D) 453 312 1,182 402 (D) (D) 1,114 (D) (D) Latin America and Other

Western Hemisphere .......... 849,777 53,415 71,204 8,610 14,713 2,730 3,977 1,422 2,404 12,032 25,315 50,564 18,091 18,735 212,615 4,233 376,713 44,208 South America ...................... 140,508 26,519 43,008 4,211 13,062 776 3,035 2,260 554 3,976 15,134 8,112 8,921 6,958 20,025 2,342 19,307 5,317 Argentina .......................... 13,447 847 3,692 440 1,424 25 129 –177 18 687 1,147 876 1,588 (D) 1,050 43 (D) 509 Brazil ................................ 69,335 5,261 25,806 2,201 7,573 764 2,564 1,748 90 2,423 8,443 3,533 5,366 (D) 10,625 1,026 11,403 (D) Chile ................................. 28,617 13,031 4,715 (D) 1,604 1 (D) 257 0 (D) (D) 1,644 400 (D) 5,799 541 561 (D) Colombia .......................... 7,373 2,579 1,717 192 529 –13 18 57 (D) (D) 553 539 25 (D) 896 293 376 (D) Ecuador ............................ 581 414 242 53 65 (*) (*) 2 0 37 85 151 5 (D) 71 (D) 6 110 Peru .................................. 5,364 3,126 623 (D) 126 (*) 16 31 1 0 (D) 340 56 (D) (D) (D) (D) 208 Venezuela ......................... 13,365 706 5,588 1,198 1,674 9 (D) 327 (D) (D) (D) 731 (D) 0 1,087 (D) 2,455 (D) Other ................................ 2,427 555 625 (D) 66 –9 36 15 2 (D) (D) 297 (D) 206 (D) 64 (D) (D) Central America.................... 113,033 8,250 30,635 4,222 (D) 1,169 924 –1,738 (D) 8,064 (D) 2,811 1,820 1,941 13,978 811 39,707 13,080 Costa Rica ........................ 998 0 1,125 75 196 8 0 119 247 0 479 –276 50 (D) (D) 66 19 –475 Honduras .......................... 772 0 377 (D) 1 0 0 (*) 0 –2 (D) 40 3 (D) (D) (*) 11 64 Mexico .............................. 102,418 8,152 27,869 3,957 (D) 1,160 920 –2,058 (D) 8,066 (D) 2,957 1,750 1,009 10,872 658 37,277 11,874 Panama ............................ 4,636 80 248 (D) 120 0 1 4 2 0 (D) 78 –1 (D) 510 73 2,371 (D) Other ................................ 4,209 18 1,016 (D) 93 0 3 196 (D) 0 (D) 12 17 657 (D) 16 29 (D) Other Western Hemisphere 596,235 18,646 –2,439 178 (D) 785 19 900 (D) –8 (D) 39,641 7,350 9,836 178,612 1,080 317,699 25,811 Barbados .......................... 12,552 27 46 46 (*) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,675 22 0 3,337 5 1,928 512 Bermuda ........................... 256,137 273 (D) 0 (D) 0 (D) (D) (D) –8 0 (D) 3,349 198 41,984 265 187,109 (D) Dominican Republic.......... 1,183 0 551 (D) 20 (D) (*) (*) 0 0 (D) 49 66 (D) (*) 15 0 (D) United Kingdom Islands,

Caribbean 2 .................. 263,096 (D) 158 (D) 0 0 0 (D) 0 (*) (D) (D) 3,242 7,774 100,923 673 109,192 (D) Other ................................ 63,267 (D) (D) 33 1 (D) (D) 0 0 0 (D) (D) 671 (D) 32,367 122 19,470 (D) Africa ....................................... 59,569 36,384 4,481 (D) 853 195 707 –127 12 824 (D) 2,067 114 2,419 3,905 1,280 7,786 1,134 Egypt .................................... 18,795 (D) (D) (D) 81 –1 106 (D) 12 35 –2 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Nigeria .................................. 5,029 3,285 (D) (D) 21 0 171 12 (*) 0 –11 (D) (D) (D) (D) 1 (D) –104 South Africa .......................... 6,377 170 3,113 634 680 (D) 350 99 –2 665 (D) 767 93 (D) 317 (D) 294 (D) Other .................................... 29,368 (D) 1,122 86 71 (D) 80 (D) 1 124 (D) (D) 17 1,121 3,464 (D) (D) (D) Middle East.............................. 46,626 14,884 9,916 (D) 2,281 186 889 3,839 6 133 (D) 1,962 1,432 957 2,144 1,584 12,247 1,499 Israel ..................................... 9,758 23 6,806 (D) 732 0 490 3,847 2 (D) (D) 306 953 (D) 185 765 (D) (D) Saudi Arabia ......................... 10,084 581 (D) (*) 70 (D) (D) –16 (*) (D) (D) 270 32 1 –1 48 7,967 (D) United Arab Emirates ........... 11,717 5,135 1,132 0 (D) (D) (D) 7 4 0 215 1,391 (D) (D) 1,584 428 139 817 Other .................................... 15,067 9,144 (D) 4 (D) (D) 3 1 0 0 37 –6 (D) 245 377 344 (D) –18 Asia and Pacific ...................... 696,447 46,295 135,757 12,927 24,550 4,568 9,304 40,748 3,644 12,749 27,268 59,475 27,481 30,777 150,289 25,995 181,981 38,396 Australia................................ 169,917 26,584 15,732 4,167 2,912 330 1,357 987 243 1,994 3,743 7,797 6,722 392 38,718 8,101 58,687 7,184 China .................................... 59,886 3,265 31,405 4,064 6,899 2,126 2,779 4,279 768 4,889 5,601 5,756 2,036 3,666 3,327 1,494 2,126 6,812 Hong Kong............................ 60,001 1 4,937 38 741 185 169 2,901 514 –85 473 15,667 7,603 1,977 7,272 1,771 17,423 3,350 India...................................... 25,036 519 4,937 (D) 816 98 710 411 980 384 (D) 4,741 –2,011 (D) 2,889 8,841 513 (D) Indonesia .............................. 11,250 8,023 788 139 485 2 49 2 (D) –104 (D) 207 64 (D) 433 –15 979 (D) Japan .................................... 120,508 5 18,695 616 1,731 285 1,163 6,250 (D) 1,562 (D) 10,035 6,423 3,683 70,455 2,050 3,416 5,746 Korea, Republic of ................ 33,036 (D) 13,070 901 1,275 282 –7 3,797 47 2,313 4,463 1,367 235 (D) 5,959 600 (D) 1,366 Malaysia ............................... 12,959 5,007 3,272 (D) 610 119 425 883 –14 282 (D) 508 –24 487 1,530 763 373 1,042 New Zealand ........................ 7,646 53 2,036 (D) 151 7 113 322 59 8 (D) 452 332 (D) 1,681 383 1,405 (D) Philippines ............................ 4,180 32 1,252 (D) 352 (*) 27 177 58 –157 (D) 417 216 (D) 227 393 467 (D) Singapore ............................. 159,759 1,679 26,655 140 4,549 603 1,854 17,422 187 1,000 900 8,196 5,683 401 16,164 862 95,074 5,045 Taiwan .................................. 16,809 1 6,857 (D) 1,811 (D) 156 4,048 (D) (D) 498 3,243 132 (D) 1,263 197 204 (D) Thailand................................ 9,825 (D) 5,648 623 2,067 265 502 –609 (D) 563 (D) 870 34 (D) 177 514 (D) (D) Other .................................... 5,635 (D) 474 13 151 (D) 9 –121 1 (D) 165 219 36 422 195 41 50 (D) Addenda:

European Union (28) 3 ......... 2,402,905 19,430 266,242 24,903 69,426 13,134 25,048 33,221 3,287 16,112 81,110 79,082 84,774 62,533 298,916 53,398 1,391,507 147,025 OPEC 4................................. 60,221 20,966 9,123 1,267 3,306 168 667 333 (D) 576 (D) 2,905 1,737 (D) 2,899 1,094 18,043 (D)

* A nonzero value between –$500,00 and $500,000. 3. The European Union (28) comprises Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark,

D Suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual companies. Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Nether-

1. In 2013, the euro area includes Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, lands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. For 2013, the U.S. direct investment position 4. OPEC is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In 2013, its members were Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, in the euro area was $1,748,182 million. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

2. The “United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean” includes British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and T urks and N OTE. Estimates for 2013 are revised.

Caicos Islands.

13 July 2015 S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESS

Table 1.2. U.S. Direct Investment Position Abroad on a Historical-Cost Basis, 2014

[Millions of dollars]

All industries Mining

Manufacturing

Whole-

sale

trade

Infor-

mation

Depository

institutions

Finance

(except

depository

institutions)

and

insurance

Pro-

fessional,

scientific,

and

technical

services

Holding

companies

(nonbank)

Other

indus-

tries T otal Food Chemi-

cals

Primary

and

fabricated

metals

Machin-

ery

Computers

and

electronic

products

Electrical

equip-

ment,

appliances,

and

compo-

nents

Trans-

portation

equip-

ment

Other

manu-

facturing

All countries ............... 4,920,653 223,878 662,640 65,702 147,623 26,725 52,916 99,149 12,785 56,035 201,704 255,111 161,330 125,169 708,949 108,204 2,357,609 317,763 Canada .................................... 386,121 26,938 109,446 13,207 12,848 5,321 4,532 8,809 2,134 9,898 52,697 23,691 7,247 4,079 49,802 9,001 112,793 43,124 Europe 1 ................................... 2,781,666 31,902 312,789 29,719 87,582 13,817 32,835 37,179 4,277 18,543 88,836 101,981 104,507 68,827 302,351 60,739 1,614,523 184,047 Austria .................................. 15,787 3 2,809 –24 115 (D) 275 1,385 273 191 (D) 770 39 203 (D) 144 (D) (D)

Belgium ................................ 48,128 148 26,698 1,855 15,681 123 847 3,617 1 566 4,009 7,656 660 (D) 6,900 2,055 917 (D) Czech Republic .................... 7,247 0 3,794 948 238 124 374 198 5 1,203 705 153 175 (D) (D) 163 (D) 165 Denmark ............................... 14,108 446 4,662 212 113 42 1,509 1,481 26 3 1,276 679 1,221 –4 8 –68 6,499 665 Finland.................................. 1,784 0 900 (D) 44 4 464 21 9 71 (D) 237 64 (D) 2 413 (D) (D) France .................................. 76,823 –4 21,736 1,537 2,919 3,701 1,785 1,204 81 1,400 9,108 5,845 1,327 2,637 17,601 3,365 13,423 10,894 Germany............................... 115,533 321 31,557 925 4,744 1,219 6,763 4,434 965 5,082 7,424 14,834 6,844 2,310 19,371 5,750 29,351 5,194 Greece.................................. –447 0 1,095 73 105 0 10 13 0 0 894 184 47 (D) (D) 38 (*) 30 Hungary................................ 5,879 (D) 620 (D) 163 (D) –147 81 –75 847 (D) 569 523 (D) (D) 63 164 611 Ireland .................................. 310,598 –34 30,179 449 18,433 167 126 5,133 206 193 5,472 203 36,814 (D) 9,947 14,824 149,597 (D) Italy ....................................... 26,733 240 8,570 1,340 1,115 108 1,400 1,817 99 904 1,787 3,532 2,067 1,864 2,888 410 487 6,675 Luxembourg.......................... 465,160 (D) 13,623 (D) –35 (D) 2,123 525 8 (*) (D) 150 1,855 (D) 30,809 459 397,721 (D) Netherlands .......................... 753,224 1,989 52,982 5,452 15,085 794 4,610 3,916 322 –25 22,827 25,025 11,771 (D) 35,106 4,962 595,030 (D) Norway ................................. 39,522 7,837 4,327 2 150 (D) 3,385 114 (D) –3 159 256 (D) (D) 1,742 113 20,878 (D) Poland .................................. 11,516 (D) 4,271 1,454 889 225 83 239 –146 1,366 160 2,002 221 (D) 433 233 7 (D) Portugal ................................ 2,053 (*) 480 (D) 111 –17 48 126 (*) 135 (D) 646 56 –1 377 74 49 370 Russia .................................. 9,263 (D) 4,017 2,698 442 38 340 94 20 126 259 636 498 (D) 28 359 210 615 Spain .................................... 36,363 220 14,061 1,817 5,997 –92 149 2,133 125 2,705 1,227 2,848 1,561 (D) 2,632 338 (D) (D) Sweden ................................ 28,842 0 4,364 1,060 302 343 427 1,046 193 345 648 1,874 1,325 (D) (D) 636 16,488 (D) Switzerland ........................... 152,879 34 29,116 130 12,141 –41 2,271 2,759 1,031 1,158 9,669 13,355 7,501 2,205 15,101 3,280 59,839 22,448 Turkey ................................... 4,384 –4 2,137 (D) 652 (*) 210 (D) 0 312 521 1,060 27 (D) 81 29 80 (D) United Kingdom .................... 587,943 9,748 48,423 8,735 7,931 3,829 5,725 6,596 999 1,392 13,216 18,320 27,435 17,393 152,424 21,882 248,287 44,030 Other .................................... 68,344 2,697 2,366 734 248 303 56 (D) (D) 572 275 1,147 (D) 1,469 (D) 1,218 (D) (D) Latin America and Other

Western Hemisphere .......... 897,679 56,636 73,538 8,678 16,014 2,575 3,871 463 2,520 12,976 26,441 59,630 17,040 18,199 215,119 4,095 406,650 46,772 South America ...................... 139,421 28,315 42,128 4,068 13,715 828 3,014 1,746 600 3,348 14,808 8,101 8,536 7,130 18,615 2,387 20,102 4,107 Argentina .......................... 13,418 1,117 3,391 352 1,454 28 171 –258 26 481 1,137 1,037 1,559 (D) 932 41 (D) 77 Brazil ................................ 70,457 6,177 25,905 2,156 8,113 860 2,549 1,671 93 2,166 8,298 3,606 5,227 (D) 9,475 1,274 12,694 (D) Chile ................................. 27,560 12,526 4,887 61 1,650 1 240 190 0 143 2,602 1,590 (D) (D) 5,627 522 594 (D) Colombia .......................... 7,085 2,652 1,489 189 555 –55 13 37 (D) (D) (D) 573 41 (D) 926 309 254 (D) Ecuador ............................ 650 498 254 58 63 (*) (*) 2 0 (D) (D) 168 5 (D) 70 (D) 6 135 Peru .................................. 6,486 4,076 646 (D) 140 (*) 16 31 1 0 (D) 421 56 (D) (D) (D) 443 202 Venezuela ......................... 11,169 624 4,917 1,168 1,674 (D) –13 58 (D) (D) (D) 452 (D) 0 1,067 (D) (D) (D) Other ................................ 2,597 645 639 (D) 67 (D) 37 15 2 1 (D) 255 (D) 185 (D) 81 17 (D) Central America.................... 118,424 9,419 33,294 4,415 (D) 1,216 828 –2,232 1,599 9,638 (D) 3,169 1,366 1,855 13,642 795 41,658 13,225 Costa Rica........................ 955 0 1,186 72 218 8 0 (D) 230 0 (D) –310 54 (D) (D) 91 19 –527 Honduras .......................... 754 0 379 49 –5 0 0 (*) 0 –3 338 24 3 (D) 142 (*) 11 (D) Mexico .............................. 107,825 9,343 30,495 4,139 (D) 1,207 823 –2,652 1,360 9,641 (D) 3,119 1,293 908 10,593 611 39,330 12,133 Panama ............................ 4,687 59 204 (D) 118 0 1 4 (D) 0 (D) 334 –1 (D) (D) 77 2,272 (D) Other ................................ 4,202 18 1,030 (D) 102 0 4 (D) (D) 0 (D) 2 17 699 (D) 16 27 (D) Other Western Hemisphere 639,834 18,902 –1,884 194 (D) 532 29 950 321 –11 (D) 48,360 7,137 9,213 182,862 913 344,890 29,440 Barbados .......................... 14,682 27 48 48 (*) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,326 12 0 3,673 5 1,880 710 Bermuda........................... 273,792 271 –3,696 0 (D) 0 (D) (D) 321 –10 5 (D) 3,085 202 39,156 292 202,907 (D) Dominican Republic ......... 1,224 0 735 (D) 86 (D) (*) (*) 0 0 (D) 39 57 (D) (*) 10 0 (D) United Kingdom Islands,

Caribbean 2 .................. 287,546 (D) 185 41 0 0 0 (D) 0 –1 (D) (D) 3,330 7,947 107,096 491 120,765 (D) Other ................................ 62,591 (D) 843 (D) –20 (D) (D) 0 0 0 (D) (D) 653 (D) 32,937 115 19,338 886 Africa ....................................... 64,233 41,217 4,207 552 1,066 190 570 –176 –2 912 1,096 2,243 125 2,378 3,246 1,244 8,197 1,377 Egypt .................................... 21,320 (D) (D) (D) 105 –1 102 (D) 10 45 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Nigeria .................................. 5,173 2,892 (D) (D) 33 0 173 12 (*) 0 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 1 (D) –184 South Africa.......................... 6,181 72 2,915 426 719 146 186 98 –5 726 619 878 60 (D) 333 548 312 (D) Other .................................... 31,559 (D) 1,059 (D) 209 44 109 (D) –7 142 (D) (D) 61 1,141 2,786 (D) (D) (D) Middle East ............................. 52,168 17,221 10,912 264 2,537 240 912 4,289 6 145 2,520 2,883 1,887 1,068 3,059 1,870 11,282 1,987 Israel..................................... 10,801 (D) 7,358 245 774 0 497 4,255 2 57 1,528 410 1,310 (D) 162 934 257 423 Saudi Arabia ......................... 10,064 (D) (D) 2 68 (D) (D) –28 (*) 88 (D) 381 51 –1 15 58 (D) 424 United Arab Emirates ........... 15,035 6,038 1,423 0 (D) (D) (D) 61 4 0 (D) 2,106 (D) (D) 2,438 529 99 1,144 Other .................................... 16,268 (D) (D) 17 (D) (D) 1 1 0 0 (D) –13 (D) (D) 443 349 (D) –4 Asia and Pacific ...................... 738,786 49,963 151,749 13,282 27,577 4,582 10,196 48,585 3,851 13,561 30,115 64,683 30,525 30,618 135,372 31,255 204,164 40,456 Australia................................ 180,315 27,773 15,322 4,483 2,380 155 1,561 925 226 1,775 3,817 7,870 7,184 403 35,724 8,537 70,013 7,489 China .................................... 65,767 3,323 34,552 4,083 7,817 2,128 3,165 4,563 873 5,897 6,026 5,834 1,792 4,045 3,417 1,732 3,494 7,577 Hong Kong............................ 66,240 8 5,466 35 813 190 94 3,385 511 –109 545 17,838 7,699 1,516 7,711 4,933 17,483 3,587 India...................................... 27,963 624 4,925 (D) 986 102 732 378 991 17 (D) 4,799 –1,314 (D) 2,951 10,197 650 (D) Indonesia.............................. 13,536 9,991 391 –120 472 2 46 2 (D) (D) 180 172 71 (D) 654 1 (D) (D) Japan.................................... 108,068 4 22,359 624 3,582 (D) 1,179 7,551 (D) 1,751 (D) 10,722 7,074 3,370 54,001 2,236 3,302 5,001 Korea, Republic of ................ 34,896 –31 13,642 980 1,561 258 –8 3,743 57 2,610 4,440 1,630 493 (D) 6,539 402 (D) 1,722 Malaysia ............................... 14,357 4,815 4,207 (D) 619 129 476 1,584 29 (D) 670 568 –13 487 1,793 818 432 1,251 New Zealand ........................ 7,760 145 2,043 (D) 174 7 111 136 12 6 (D) 509 294 (D) 1,828 423 1,396 (D) Philippines ............................ 5,071 21 1,877 (D) 366 (*) 38 526 267 –150 (D) 479 288 (D) 224 476 368 (D) Singapore ............................. 179,764 1,829 31,925 149 4,458 692 2,162 22,324 132 965 1,044 9,819 6,700 518 18,751 817 103,974 5,431 Taiwan .................................. 17,073 1 7,070 (D) 1,932 120 175 4,122 121 (D) 421 3,415 193 (D) 1,267 168 115 (D) Thailand................................ 11,729 282 7,463 715 2,248 (D) 457 –477 (D) 572 (D) 778 28 (D) 154 476 460 (D) Other .................................... 6,246 1,178 507 17 170 (D) 9 –179 1 70 (D) 251 36 (D) 359 40 (D) (D) Addenda:

European Union (28) 3 ......... 2,514,771 21,018 272,892 26,288 74,151 13,389 26,627 34,046 3,159 16,963 78,270 86,392 94,347 63,152 283,212 56,720 1,479,795 157,243 OPEC 4................................. 63,545 23,265 8,993 1,241 3,675 171 604 104 (D) 418 (D) 3,309 1,703 (D) 3,775 922 17,506 (D)

* A nonzero value between –$500,00 and $500,000. 3. The European Union (28) comprises Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark,

D Suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual companies. Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Nether-

1. In 2014, the euro area includes Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, lands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. For 2014, the U.S. direct investment 4. OPEC is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In 2014, its members were Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, position in the euro area was $1,856,142 million. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

2. The “United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean” includes British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and T urks and N OTE. Estimates by country and industry for 2014 are preliminary.

Caicos Islands.

14 Direct Investment Positions for 2014 July 2015

Table 2.1. Foreign Direct Investment Position in the United States on a Historical-Cost Basis, 2013

[Millions of dollars]

All industries

Manufacturing

Whole-

sale

trade

Retail

trade

Infor-

mation

Depository

institutions

Finance

(except

depository

institutions)

and

insurance

Real

estate

and

rental

and

leasing

Pro-

fessional,

scientific,

and

technical

services

Other

indus-

tries T otal Food Chemi-

cals

Primary

and

fabricated

metals

Machin-

ery

Computers

and

electronic

products

Electrical

equip-

ment,

appliances,

and

compo-

nents

T rans-

portation

equip-

ment

Other

manu-

facturing

All countries................ 2,754,704 935,098 74,608 263,531 55,095 84,178 47,254 38,962 105,583 265,888 330,349 55,523 172,425 215,864 334,187 52,169 100,132 558,957 Canada..................................... 235,247 52,858 2,111 17,602 3,995 –329 2,339 –282 12,008 15,413 6,015 6,953 702 41,114 46,377 5,174 2,990 73,064 Europe 1................................... 1,894,777 724,743 54,818 215,740 43,005 68,821 28,378 36,506 51,846 225,628 160,331 40,213 136,988 136,143 228,184 29,149 80,467 358,561 Austria .................................. 6,012 2,602 (D) 22 526 561 –6 3 74 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 1 32 –21 64 Belgium ................................ 92,197 49,916 1,141 21,633 4,150 1,894 75 (D) (D) (D) 25,431 (D) –2 (D) (D) 103 132 7,623 Denmark ............................... 10,084 1,719 224 622 115 1,009 (D) 3 4 (D) 4,711 2 6 0 2 25 (D) (D) Finland.................................. 7,251 2,111 (D) (D) (D) 1,709 18 (D) (D) 199 3,530 (*) (*) (D) (*) (*) 167 (D) France................................... 208,793 83,351 1,791 41,505 2,073 2,360 259 (D) 6,594 (D) 23,805 4,395 27,800 18,457 24,767 602 3,463 22,153 Germany............................... 207,131 68,810 285 15,493 7,691 13,334 913 1,010 20,172 9,912 19,699 (D) (D) 21,075 13,972 9,373 (D) 19,549 Ireland .................................. 17,067 1,377 (D) –2,137 (D) –230 (D) (D) 0 (D) (D) –12 691 –46 4,239 24 (D) (D) Italy ....................................... 24,843 5,741 402 650 307 886 (D) 83 283 (D) 2,185 4,339 169 (D) (D) 88 (D) 7,740 Luxembourg.......................... 221,999 70,519 3,136 25,947 4,688 (D) (D) (D) 807 8,519 9,484 2,665 (D) 0 37,659 1,730 (D) 62,565 Netherlands .......................... 261,358 128,212 (D) 26,244 1,709 (D) 10,732 (D) 2,382 35,191 10,275 3,517 9,709 (D) 50,017 6,661 23,874 (D) Norway ................................. 17,940 641 (*) (D) (D) (D) 1 (D) 15 (D) (D) –1 (D) (D) (D) 125 659 357 Spain .................................... 48,438 5,302 (D) (D) (D) (D) –7 3 444 231 43 (D) 24 29,861 3,022 308 152 (D) Sweden................................. 39,038 28,168 (D) (D) 657 4,518 (D) (D) 2,385 1,301 3,854 (D) 604 (D) 137 (D) (D) 2,289 Switzerland ........................... 202,703 93,610 (D) (D) 1,248 2,766 370 (D) 215 53,082 10,835 (D) 12,970 (D) 36,474 1,675 377 40,143 United Kingdom .................... 501,241 164,617 6,201 48,734 10,093 3,259 4,142 597 16,905 74,686 29,089 2,773 23,013 63,500 54,354 3,788 14,346 145,761 Other .................................... 28,684 18,044 4,693 3,458 7,153 31 71 104 559 1,975 (D) 58 (D) 529 27 (D) 70 (D) Latin America and Other

Western Hemisphere .......... 116,031 17,821 13,531 (D) 1,168 25 –2,770 319 –233 (D) 9,189 (D) 506 5,329 3,969 7,651 4,819 (D) South and Central America 25,108 6,872 (D) –331 (D) –373 –72 (D) –470 4,347 1,839 (D) –212 4,746 1,089 996 –14 (D) Brazil ................................ 1,104 –770 –56 –437 –21 –163 –21 (D) 2 (D) 56 –1 –49 1,035 828 74 –48 –20 Mexico .............................. 17,036 4,135 3,173 86 760 –146 –61 –17 –363 703 1,559 22 –177 998 256 385 51 9,806 Panama ............................ 1,346 221 –1 (D) (D) 2 (*) (*) 16 (D) –39 9 (*) (D) 5 444 (*) (D) Venezuela ......................... 3,871 2,541 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 25 (*) 2 1,416 3 12 (*) –128 Other ................................ 1,751 746 –35 (D) 46 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 238 (D) 11 (D) –3 82 –17 –503 Other Western Hemisphere 90,923 10,950 (D) (D) (D) 397 –2,698 (D) 237 (D) 7,350 2,056 718 583 2,880 6,655 4,832 54,901 Bahamas .......................... 510 24 (D) 14 (D) 0 (*) 0 (*) (*) –37 0 (*) (D) –2 42 (D) (D) Bermuda ........................... –9,586 –3,402 –5 (D) (D) (D) (D) 0 0 520 –8,196 –1 144 0 –16,285 718 3,810 13,626 Curacao ............................ 5,162 (D) 1 8 0 (*) 1 0 1 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 986 (D) 697 United Kingdom Islands,

Caribbean 2 .................. 93,635 13,707 (D) 162 (D) (D) (D) (D) 236 742 12,712 2,079 545 (D) 18,679 4,504 599 (D) Other ................................ 1,203 (D) –3 (D) (*) 0 5 0 0 (D) (D) (D) (D) 4 (D) 404 (D) –244 Africa ....................................... 2,317 12 –3 (D) (D) (D) –8 (D) –9 (D) 492 (*) –20 (D) –4 129 (D) (D) South Africa .......................... 880 –246 –3 (D) (*) (D) (*) –1 –6 (D) (D) (*) –2 0 –10 (*) (D) 131 Other .................................... 1,437 258 0 –1 (D) –2 –8 (D) –3 (D) (D) 0 –18 (D) 6 129 23 (D) Middle East.............................. 22,073 6,630 94 5,590 (D) (D) 1,059 (D) 74 (D) 6,196 (D) 1,198 (D) 2,644 1,413 (D) 1,674 Israel ..................................... 10,052 6,772 98 5,571 (D) (D) 1,077 –1 (D) 24 (D) (D) (D) 1,746 (D) 344 –41 –127 Kuwait ................................... 1,050 4 0 0 0 (*) (*) (D) (D) (*) 0 0 (*) (D) (D) 1,063 0 –73 Lebanon ............................... (D) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (*) 0 0 0 0 –7 (*) (D) Saudi Arabia ......................... (D) –10 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) –2 0 –5 (D) (D) 2 (D) 0 21 (D) –21 United Arab Emirates ........... 2,253 –104 (D) (D) 2 –3 –6 (D) (D) –63 (D) (*) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 155 Other .................................... (D) –31 0 (D) 0 (*) (D) 0 0 (D) 58 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (*) (D) Asia and Pacific ...................... 484,259 133,034 4,058 24,920 6,954 15,977 18,256 2,435 41,897 18,537 148,127 5,696 33,051 31,440 53,018 8,652 11,324 59,918 Australia................................ 47,616 9,762 (D) (D) 1,504 (D) –22 3 –26 1,580 3,216 (D) 6 3,142 3,472 725 957 (D) China .................................... 8,451 561 –19 –217 116 36 157 26 441 20 –32 –16 221 (D) 55 5 –15 (D) Hong Kong............................ 7,135 875 (D) (D) –1 29 –35 (D) (D) –62 2,466 6 (D) 742 –1 193 125 (D) India...................................... 7,757 1,279 (D) 600 16 –4 123 (D) 32 (D) 173 0 –2 1,336 (D) (*) 2,268 (D) Japan .................................... 350,295 102,800 2,589 16,713 4,799 13,988 (D) 1,919 39,428 (D) 112,442 5,387 (D) 19,346 42,757 7,312 7,571 (D) Korea, Republic of ................ 31,800 4,560 (D) 263 536 (D) 24 –2 1,043 385 23,333 2 7 745 189 144 53 2,767 Malaysia ............................... 636 124 6 –4 7 10 101 –2 1 7 50 0 –2 (D) 1 (D) –9 370 New Zealand ........................ 1,011 343 5 (D) (D) 3 –3 –4 (D) –3 540 0 1 0 3 48 10 66 Singapore ............................. 19,283 9,990 228 36 17 –11 (D) 141 (D) (D) 3,446 (D) 55 415 (D) 85 362 (D) Taiwan .................................. 6,563 2,407 (*) 712 2 40 334 (D) 20 (D) 1,989 (D) 75 1,684 –37 25 –1 (D) Other .................................... 3,713 332 –4 –25 (D) –8 88 (D) 135 65 505 –2 4 (D) 32 (D) 4 2,597 Addenda:

European Union (28) 3.......... 1,661,393 623,013 38,939 198,927 36,894 66,035 27,993 (D) 51,563 (D) 133,613 33,304 123,875 134,788 191,599 26,686 79,385 315,128 OPEC 4 ................................. 15,660 2,354 (D) –19 –54 (D) 19 –21 –71 (D) (D) (D) (D) 1,643 2,378 1,026 –26 1,744

* A nonzero value between –$500,00 and $500,000.

D Suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual companies.

1. In 2013, the euro area includes Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Por t ugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. For 2013, the euro area direct investment position in the United States was $1,098,522 million.

2. The “United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean” includes British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and T urks and Caicos Islands.

3. The European Union (28) comprises Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Nether-lands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

4. OPEC is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In 2013, Its members were Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

N OTE. Estimates for 2013 are revised.

15 July 2015 S URVEY OF C URRENT B USINESS

Table 2.2. Foreign Direct Investment Position in the United States on a Historical-Cost Basis, 2014

[Millions of dollars]

All industries

Manufacturing

Whole-

sale

trade

Retail

trade

Infor-

mation

Depository

institutions

Finance

(except

depository

institutions)

and

insurance

Real

estate

and

rental

and

leasing

Pro-

fessional,

scientific,

and

technical

services

Other

indus-

ries Total Food Chemi-

cals

Primary

and

fabricated

metals

Machin-

ery

Computers

and

electronic

products

Electrical

equip-

ment,

appliances,

and

compo-

nents

T rans-

portation

equip-

ment

Other

manu-

facturing

All countries ............... 2,901,059 1,045,522 83,685 340,108 52,203 91,634 51,112 43,517 110,354 272,909 345,609 59,267 176,763 219,283 355,171 53,019 118,194 528,232 Canada .................................... 261,247 57,145 2,400 19,023 3,915 –421 2,332 –302 12,186 18,012 7,408 8,442 1,993 42,908 53,338 4,857 4,360 80,796 Europe 1 .................................. 1,977,215 813,484 61,474 290,002 39,513 74,171 31,533 41,288 54,776 220,726 168,801 42,456 141,309 136,418 236,156 30,792 94,232 313,568 Austria .................................. 6,887 3,232 (D) 22 549 543 –2 3 74 (D) (D) (D) 4 (D) 1 16 –18 64 Belgium ................................ 89,097 49,391 (D) 22,762 643 2,279 73 (D) (D) (D) 21,951 (D) (D) (D) (D) 129 152 8,566 Denmark ............................... 12,912 3,576 (D) 663 130 1,300 (D) 4 4 362 5,283 2 5 0 2 25 (D) (D) Finland.................................. 9,100 2,108 (D) (D) (D) 1,691 15 (D) (D) 177 5,250 (*) –1 (D) (*) (*) 221 (D) France .................................. 223,164 94,133 1,851 46,517 2,103 2,542 3,595 (D) 7,079 (D) 21,278 4,791 26,354 20,561 27,483 603 4,782 23,179 Germany............................... 224,114 72,962 303 16,968 6,367 14,494 755 987 22,543 10,546 21,647 (D) (D) 19,288 14,041 10,028 (D) 21,570 Ireland .................................. 16,195 –2,159 (D) –5,479 (D) –644 (D) (D) 0 (D) 696 –14 (D) –49 4,155 22 (D) 2,421 Italy ....................................... 21,824 5,998 441 890 319 965 (D) 60 143 (D) 2,207 4,884 177 (D) (D) 93 (D) 3,751 Luxembourg.......................... 242,862 109,352 3,593 64,886 3,947 (D) 7,276 (D) 779 (D) 9,805 1,012 20,776 0 29,454 1,664 21,653 49,146 Netherlands .......................... 304,848 147,243 (D) 42,995 695 (D) 13,163 (D) 2,112 34,382 11,061 4,161 11,846 (D) 54,910 6,942 25,167 (D) Norway ................................. 17,565 978 (*) (D) (D) 18 2 94 (D) (D) 14,443 (*) (D) (D) (D) 124 655 228 Spain .................................... 58,138 5,690 (D) 2,700 (D) (D) –7 1 472 275 (D) (D) 13 31,609 2,609 312 426 (D) Sweden ................................ 41,909 28,993 (D) (D) 1,305 3,927 (D) (D) 2,338 1,926 5,128 101 433 (D) 135 (D) (D) 3,101 Switzerland ........................... 224,021 100,890 (D) 15,612 1,530 3,584 476 (D) 206 54,841 18,067 (D) 12,730 (D) 45,775 1,773 305 37,670 United Kingdom .................... 448,548 167,135 7,195 60,327 13,418 3,597 3,696 1,683 17,462 59,756 30,498 4,063 22,564 59,692 53,914 4,611 12,518 93,555 Other .................................... 36,032 23,961 6,187 3,474 5,925 33 73 (D) 603 (D) (D) 26 (D) 619 24 (D) 57 (D) Latin America and Other

Western Hemisphere .......... 127,032 22,820 15,187 –227 1,542 14 –1,782 25 –115 8,177 6,566 (D) 750 5,623 4,737 7,974 4,746 (D) South and Central America 27,123 9,240 3,089 –271 1,119 –279 –99 (D) –514 (D) 1,017 (D) –508 5,025 1,111 1,028 –75 (D) Brazil ................................ 616 –444 –70 –359 221 –100 –43 –33 –23 –37 –992 (*) –51 1,173 848 76 –73 80 Mexico .............................. 17,710 4,852 3,227 213 845 –127 –60 –11 –452 1,218 1,449 24 –478 1,126 258 398 29 10,053 Panama ............................ 1,185 31 0 36 (D) 2 (*) –1 16 (D) –32 9 1 (D) 5 460 –1 (D) Venezuela......................... 5,127 (D) (D) (D) –5 (D) (D) –6 (D) (D) 25 (*) 3 1,337 1 12 –3 (D) Other ................................ 2,485 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 568 (D) 19 (D) (*) 82 –27 –381 Other Western Hemisphere 99,909 13,580 12,098 43 423 293 –1,684 (D) 399 (D) 5,549 1,666 1,258 598 3,626 6,946 4,821 61,867 Bahamas .......................... 597 28 (D) 17 (D) 0 (*) 0 (*) (*) –46 0 (*) (D) –2 49 (D) (D) Bermuda........................... –4,757 –2,094 –5 (D) (D) (D) (D) 0 0 617 –8,028 –1 (D) 0 –15,905 708 3,807 (D) Curacao ............................ 2,779 509 1 (D) 0 (*) 1 0 1 (D) 26 (D) (*) (D) 32 1,040 (D) 710 United Kingdom Islands,

Caribbean 2 .................. 100,000 14,936 12,100 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 398 804 12,904 1,554 1,100 (D) 19,501 4,737 610 (D) Other ................................ 1,291 202 (D) (D) 0 0 (D) 0 0 (D) 693 (D) (D) 3 (*) 412 (D) –219 Africa ....................................... 2,321 –9 –5 –20 (D) (D) –6 (D) –37 (D) 660 (*) 1 (D) –6 122 409 (D) South Africa.......................... 765 –206 –4 –12 1 (D) –2 –1 (D) –11 (D) (*) (D) 0 –10 (*) (D) 157 Other .................................... 1,556 197 –1 –8 (D) –1 –4 (D) (D) (D) (D) 0 (D) (D) 4 122 (D) (D) Middle East ............................. 20,338 5,814 97 4,907 (D) (D) 917 (D) 73 (D) 5,079 (D) 1,196 (D) 2,563 1,395 –52 1,930 Israel..................................... 8,982 5,896 96 (D) (D) (D) 935 –1 (D) 28 (D) (D) (D) 1,759 (D) 289 –44 –143 Kuwait ................................... 1,070 4 0 0 0 0 (*) (D) (D) (*) 0 0 (*) (D) (D) 1,083 0 –79 Lebanon ............................... –27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (*) 0 0 0 (*) (D) (*) (D) Saudi Arabia ......................... (D) 30 (*) (D) (D) (*) (D) –2 0 –5 (D) (D) 2 (D) 0 21 (D) –71 United Arab Emirates ........... 2,700 –70 0 –4 –1 (D) –7 (D) (D) –42 (D) (*) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 453 Other .................................... (D) –47 0 0 0 –1 (D) 0 0 (D) 64 (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (*) (D) Asia and Pacific ...................... 512,906 146,269 4,532 26,423 7,265 18,125 18,118 2,523 43,470 25,811 157,095 6,087 31,514 32,460 58,383 7,879 14,499 58,718 Australia................................ 47,340 9,324 862 (D) 1,396 (D) –21 1 –90 1,559 3,558 (D) 31 1,829 4,881 487 1,045 (D) China .................................... 9,465 1,049 –18 –134 187 260 161 33 519 42 –116 –15 235 4,279 (D) 26 –57 (D) Hong Kong............................ 7,604 1,044 (D) (D) –4 27 47 (D) 29 –46 1,965 6 (D) 707 (*) 200 133 (D) India...................................... 7,823 717 (D) 685 18 6 (D) (D) 43 (D) 185 0 –12 1,403 (D) (*) 2,696 (D) Japan.................................... 372,800 115,427 2,940 18,215 5,172 15,656 8,917 1,981 40,812 21,734 118,331 5,784 30,242 20,906 46,178 6,869 10,216 18,847 Korea, Republic of ................ 36,056 4,996 (D) (D) 498 (D) 18 –3 1,216 405 26,740 2 (*) 817 140 143 66 3,153 Malaysia ............................... 809 213 6 1 (D) 8 (D) 2 2 6 63 0 (*) (D) (*) (D) 24 390 New Zealand ........................ 1,011 275 –2 (D) (D) 2 –1 –4 (D) –2 602 0 2 0 1 48 13 70 Singapore ............................. 20,609 10,110 (D) 22 20 –17 (D) 144 (D) 292 4,577 (D) (D) 476 (D) –37 353 (D) Taiwan .................................. 5,676 2,761 –1 (D) 7 48 349 (D) 23 (D) 803 (D) 87 1,780 –29 24 –3 (D) Other .................................... 3,711 352 –10 –18 (D) –11 62 (D) 175 69 387 –2 8 (D) 30 (D) 13 2,659 Addenda:

European Union (28) 3 ......... 1,723,599 705,520 43,105 271,584 34,287 70,569 31,044 (D) 54,496 (D) 135,539 35,341 128,452 134,875 190,272 28,298 93,222 272,081 OPEC 4................................. 16,204 3,697 (D) 31 (D) –21 (D) –21 –45 (D) (D) (D) (D) 1,536 2,458 1,044 –21 2,068

* A nonzero value between –$500,00 and $500,000.

D Suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual companies.

1. In 2014, the euro area included Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, M alta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. For 2014, the euro area direct investment position in the United States was $1,200,203 million.

2. The “United Kingdom Islands, Caribbean” includes British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and T urks and Caicos Islands.

3. The European Union (28) comprises Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Nether-lands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

4. OPEC is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In 2014, Its members were Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

N OTE. Estimates by country and industry for 2014 are preliminary.

集团公司对外投资管理办法

****公司 对外投资管理办法 第一章总则 第一条为规范**公司(以下简称集团或公司)及下属各子公司的对外投资管理,防范和控制投资风险,保障对外投资资金的安全和保值增值,根据《中华人民共和国公司法》、《中华人民共和国证券法》和《公司章程》以及有关法规的规定,制订本办法。 第二条本办法适用于公司(含所属子公司)对子公司、联营公司和合营公司的对外投资管理,即对能单独控制、与其他合营方共同控制或能施加重大影响的权益性投资项目的管理。 第三条股东大会、董事会、各子公司是公司对外投资的决策机构,按照《公司章程》授予的权限进行投资决策。 第四条公司对外投资和股权处置应遵循的原则: 1、符合国家有关法律、法规和产业政策的规定; 2、符合公司的发展战略,有利于加快公司整体持续较快协调发展,提高核心竞争力和整体实力; 3、有利于防范经营风险,提高投资收益,维护出资人资本安全; 4、有利于依法规范运作,提高工作效率,落实管理责

任。 第二章对外投资方向 第五条对外投资的方向 1、具备相当规模,适合整体经营,对公司主营业务发展有重大战略意义的投资。 2、与公司主营业务相关,且对所属子公司有重大影响的投资。 3、市场前景较好,与主营业务关联度不大的社会通用性业务,鼓励引入外部增量资金,利用企业现有存量资产的投资。 4、利用社会资源,发挥企业优势,预期投资回报率高的收益性投资。 第三章对外投资权限与审批决策程序第六条集团作为对外投资主体。集团所属子公司原则上不得进行对外投资。依据《公司法》设立的公司制企业,必须建立健全内部风险控制体系,其对外投资权限要按照经《公司章程》的规定权限执行。 第七条以集团为主体的投资项目和以所属子公司为主体的投项目不论规模大小,一律由集团董事会审议,并报来宾市国资委审批。 第八条追加投资项目要按照项目建议书——可行性研究报告的程序由资产管理部同有关部门审查后,提交董事

经济全球化与美国对外直接投资的变化.pdf

90年代美国对外直接投资规模的迅速扩大,是与80年代末以来经济全球化的加速推进密不可分的。 (一)贸易全球化的发展为美国跨国公司扩大对外直接投资带来了新的动力 首先,贸易自由化的发展使跨国公司能更好地将其所有权优势与东道国的区位优势相结合,为跨国公司调整其对外直接投资的地区分布和增加对外直接投资带来了动力。随着各国关税水平不断降低,非关税壁垒不断减少,跨国公司海外子公司在东道国的中间投入品进口也越来越自由。这一方面,使跨国公司能通过内部贸易,为一些子公司解决因东道国难以提供足够符合其要求的中间投入品而带来的质量控制问题;另一方面,公司内部贸易的发展还可以使跨国公司根据不同东道国的区位优势,通过直接投资实行区域性专业化生产,从而获取规模经济利益。此外,公司内部贸易的发展还为跨国公司通过转移定价获取额外收益提供了方便。其次,贸易自由化的发展加剧了东道国国内市场竞争,促进了东道国整体市场环境的改善和劳动力市场弹性的增强,为子公司降低在东道国的生产成本、提高经营效益创造了更好的条件。最后,贸易自由化的发展,特别是服务贸易自由化的发展为跨国公司对外直接投资提供了更广阔的空间。 (二)金融全球化为美国跨国公司扩大对外直接投资创造了更有利的条件 首先,金融市场全球化从两个方面降低了美国跨国公司的筹资成本。第一,随着金融市场全球化的发展,套汇、套利活动加剧,全球利率水平进一步趋同,并趋于下降,这降低了跨国公司间接融资的利息成本。第二,金融市场全球化降低了企业在金融市场上进行直接融资的成本。这主要是由于以下几个原因:其一,金融市场全球化大大改变了资本供应人和企业之间的关系。金融市场全球化的发展使企业的潜在投资者大大增加,而潜在投资者之间的竞争以及金融中介机构(主要是投资银行)之间的竞争,大大降低了企业进行直接融资的利息成本和交易成本。其二,金融市场全球化使争夺企业控制权的竞争更加激烈,从而强化了对企业管理人员的监督,降低了企业直接融资的利息成本。金融市场的全球化给企业管理人员带来了强大压力:如果他们经营管理不善,企业就很可能成为被兼并的目标。相反,企业经营状况良好就会使企业现有投资者受益,潜在的投资者也会随之增加,这有利于企业降低进一步融资的成本。其三,金融市场全球化降低了证券交易的成本,直接和间接地降低了企业直接融资的成本。在金融全球化不断发展的背景下,证券经纪人、投资银行的内部竞争及彼此之间的竞争日趋激烈,它们为争夺客户而不得不降低服务价格,从而降低了企业在国际金融市场上的证券交易成本。同时,企业也可通过选择效率高的证券交易所,降低证券交易的成本,进而降低筹资成本。另外,进入国际金融市场融资的企业对信息的披露必须遵循严格的规定,因而通过得到有价值的内部消息进行内部交易的可能性大大降低,这样,从事该企业证券交易的投资人和证券经纪人将会增加,该企业证券的流动性也会增强,从而筹资成本降低。其四,金融全球化使企业能有效利用各种不同的筹资工具,特别是一些新的金融工具和金融技术,以降低风险和筹资成本。 金融全球化的发展所带来的筹资成本降低正是美国跨国公司增加从国际资本市场筹资以扩大其对外直接投资规模的动力和基础。 其次,由于金融全球化的不断发展,各国金融市场有机地联系在一起,金融市场连续24小时运营,这大大便利了美国跨国公司在全球范围内管理其公司体系的筹资和资金分配,促进了美国跨国公司对外直接投资规模的迅速扩大。 最后,金融市场全球化为美国跨国公司更好地规避金融风险提供了更好的条件。 (三)投资全球化的发展为美国跨国公司扩大对外直接投资创造了必要条件 从本质上讲,投资全球化是资本及其相关要素(技术、管理技能等)在全球范围内的自由、合理地流动,它主要表现为投资自由化、规范化以及资本大规模跨国流动。投资自由化和规范化的发展,一方面扩大了美国跨国公司对外直接投资的空间,另一方面也减少了其对外直接投资所面临的不确定因素,大大促进了美国跨国公司对外直接投资的发展。 经济全球化与美国对外直接投资区位的变化 长期以来,通过对外直接投资占领国际市场一直是美国跨国公司对外直接投资的战略目标,因此,东道国市场的规模和开放程度是美国对外直接投资区位选择的两个最重要的决定因素。美国对外直接投资从20世纪50年代初开始向发达国家倾斜,此后,美国对发展中国家的直接投资占其对外直接投资总额的比重不断下降。60年代后半期、70年代和80年代,这一比重都保持在25%左右的较低水平。虽然美国对发达国家投资占主导地位的对外直接投资区位格局在90年代没有发生根本变化,但90年代美国对发展中国家直接投资的力度明显加大。1990~1999年,美国对发展中国家的直接投资总额约2625.7亿美元,相当于80年代的5.7倍,约占90年代其对外直接投资总额的33.1%,比80年代高近7个百分点。 90年代美国对发展中国家直接投资的较大幅度增长,与80年代末以来经济全球化的大规模、全方位推进有着紧密的联系。 (一)贸易全球化的迅速发展为美国跨国公司调整其对外直接投资区位带来了压力 贸易全球化的不断发展,一方面使国际贸易渠道越来越通畅,但另一方面也使国际市场竞争越来越激烈。由于国际贸易环境越来越自由,突破市场壁垒,就地生产、就地销售作为传统的影响美国对外直接投资区位的因素,其重要性大大减弱。而降低生产和研发成本,提高企业的技术实力和产品的竞争力,以适应经济全球化背景下更激烈的国际竞争显得更重要。获取发展中国家廉价的自然资源、劳动力以及知识、技术、技术人才等“创造资产”(Created Assets),正是90年代美国跨国公司对发展中国家直接投资大量增加的重要原因。从90年代美国跨国公司海外子公司雇

国有企业对外投资法律问题

国有企业对外投资法律问题 河南文丰律师事务所王登巍 一、国有企业的范围 语境不同范围不同,但在国资监管层面尤其资产处置和产权转让层面包括了:国有独资(法定性),国有全资(包括全民所有制),国有控股。法律管制不同。 二、国有企业对外投资行为管制的123 1、保值增值是底限:任期责任审计,国有资本保值增值结果确认。 2、程序和实体双重审查: 3、合法合规合理三个评价标准:公有性(国有和集体)与公共性(资本市场)。 (1)违背法律文件是违法甚至涉嫌犯罪,违背规范性文件、政策性文件是违规(2)业务主管部门(与国资监管的并行)报批报备的违反;目标公司的增资或股权收购价格确定(净资产而非PE法)(3)单方股东提供借款(某城中村改造项目);非对称增资的净资产确定(审计还是评估,某医药项目)。对合理性的违反可能也是涉嫌犯罪的线索(某光电公司增资项目),或者构成资本市场的实质性障碍(如党的纪律文件)。 三、国有企业对外投资的路径和形式 1、股权投资 并购:收购股权,吸收合并,换股;评估,交易行为;尽调,涉税(先分红后交易)。 增资:溢价功能、利益封闭功能;评估,非交易;不涉税但尽调;等比例、非等比例。【某合资项目的增资、收购、关联交易路径的简化】 新设:非交易,无实物不评估。债权债务的屏蔽。【某仓储项目,合作开发变实物出资】【某两路一桥项目,新设项目公司实现轻资产】 股权出资的价值: 资本的再资本化(用股权出资是报表直接放大,不同于对股权增资的收益间接放大);

节约现金流实现重组和架构搭建【兄弟公司变母子公司,母子、兄弟公司之间再重组,以及非关联企业的任意关联化,某保税项目】;产权交易变非货币投资【从交易中心到工商局,平顶山某国有企业的资产保全】;可用于投资前的内部重组【某石化项目】;税收利益(一般是5年分摊,国有企业为了上市重组免税)。 2、债权投资:借款,委贷,名股实债【回购的问题:单方减资】。 3、其他投资:基金份额【LP】,金融产品。 四、国有企业对外投资的程序管控 1、内部程序 公司法下一般程序:董事会,股东会。公司控制权的问题。 三重一大特殊程序:2010年,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅颁布《关于进一步推进国有企业贯彻落实“三重一大”决策制度的意见》,“重大事项、重要干部任免、重要项目安排、大额资金的使用,必须经集体讨论做出决定”。 2、外部程序 国资监管程序:报批、报备(事前、事后)、核准。批准主体包括国资监管机构和人民政府。 行业监管程序:按权限。 其他一般性企业监管程序:发改委、商务、外汇…… 3、准外部程序 集团管控程序。委派董监高的履职管控【事先报告,事后报备】。 4、法律程序与国资监管程序的关系:【某一级开发项目的控制权之争】国有及国有控股均 应属于国资监管的范畴,特别法与普通法的关系,如国有资产处置程序、三重一大程序、经济责任审计、对外再投资的管控等。如国有独资和控股的未经批准董事长不得担任总经理,重要的国有控股重大事项报经人民政府批准,国有控股企业改为非国有控股公司的属于改制等。 国有控股企业中提出(委派人员)、推荐(董事长、副董事长、监事会主席)、建议(总经理、副总经理、总会计师人选)的区别,董监高的五年(造成国资重大损失被免职的)及终身禁入(特别重大损失或贪腐犯罪、破坏社会主义市场经济秩序被判刑的)制度。 5、投资效力与违规投资的关系:法律和行政法规中的强行性效力性规范才导致无效,否则 民商事行为有效,但不影响追究国资监管责任甚至是刑事犯罪的责任,但投资行为本身是犯罪的除外。【某集团的房地产合作项目,代持股权、连环交易】 五、国有企业对外投资流程及风险管控 除了国家的一般性规定外,更多的是要遵循河南省的特别性规定: 作废:《河南省省属企业重大投资事项备案程序(试行)》豫国资文【2005】162号;2011年1月,省国资委《关于进一步加强省管企业投资管理工作的通知》。 1、《河南省省管企业投资监督管理暂行办法》

汕头超声电子公司对外投资管理规定

汕头超声电子公司对外投资管理规定 文件管理序列号:[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

汕头超声电子公司对外投资管理制度 【最新资料,WORD文档,可编辑】汕头超声电子公司对外投资管理制度 目录

第一章总则 第一条为规范公司对外投资项目审批程序,加强对外投资项目的实施管理和评估,以便化解投资风险,减少投资损失,维护公司投资权益,提高投资效益,实现投资回报最大化,根据《公司法》、《企业财务通则》、《企业会计准则》和公司章程等有关规定的要求,制定本制度。 第二条本制度适用于股份公司总部、事业部(包括其下属子公司,下同)、子公司、分公司。

第二章对外投资的界定 第三条对外投资的定义 本制度所指的对外投资是按照国家有关政策和法规,股份公司系统内的法人(事业部下属子公司由事业部统一管理)用货币资金、有价证券、房屋、设备、存货等实物资产和土地使用权、专有技术、专利技术、商标使用权等无形资产以及其他资产形式,对该法人之外的自然人、法人所进行的投资。 第四条对外投资主体及其管理 本制度所称投资主体是指股份公司及其系统内的法人单位。对外投资主体根据《公司法》等有关法规以其出资额为限承担有限责任。 对外投资管理的范围是:投资主体对股份公司内外进行股权或产业项目投资并为之提供经营、管理服务以期获取资本增值收益的全部活动。 第五条对外投资管理原则 股份公司对外投资实行集中决策,统一管理,授权经营,讲求效益的原则。 第六条对外投资及其方式 (一)对外投资内容分为: 1、股份公司以及其控股子公司,对股份公司系统内法人所进行的股权投资和产业项目投资; 2、股份公司以及其控股子公司对股份公司系统外自然人、法人所进行的股权投资和产业项目投资; 3、其他投资。指购买企业债券、金融债券或国库券以及特种国债等。

对外投资管理制度

对外投资管理制度 (一)目的 为保证会计核算的真实性,保护对外投资的安全完整,最大限度利用公司资源,维护财经纪律,贯彻执行企业财务制度及会计准则,促使公司加强投资管理和科学投资决策,特制定投资管理制度,请XX集团所属子/分公司遵照执行。 (二)内容: 投资的内部管理制度主要包括下列几个方面: 1.合理的职责分工 对于合法的投资业务,应在业务的授权、业务的执行、业务的会 计记录以及投资资产的保管等方面都有明确的分工,不得由一人同时负责上述任何两项工作。投资业务在公司高层管理机构核准后,可由高层负责人员授权签字批准由财务经理办理具体的股票或债券等的买卖业务,由会计部门负责进行会计记录和财务处理,并由专人保管股票或债券。 职责分工应达到: 投资计划的编制人不能同时掌握该计划的审批权。 负责证券购入与出售业务的职员不能届时担任会计的记录工作。证券的保管人必须同负责投资交易账务处理的职员在职责上分离。 参与投资交易活动的职员不能同时负责有价证券的盘点工作。 2.财务分析制度 公司设立有效的财务分析制度,帮助减少投资风险和选择最佳的投资对象和时机。财务分析工作应由熟悉整个公司生产经营活动过程和情况和公司未来发展规

划,同时具备投资分析技能的人员担任。公司也可以根据实际情况,聘请证券分析专家、市场分析专家或其他投资咨询公司来进行。财务分析制度应当规定: (1)分析正常生产经营和计划中扩大生产经营情况下所需的营运资本额,检查公司的资金存量。 (2)根据生产经营计划,编制和调整资本预算。 (3)了解分析本行业或其他行业中赢利较高公司的经营政策和财务状况。 (4)及时跟踪了解证券市场的相关政策和上市公司的资料。 (5)编制财务分析报告,定期向公司最高管理者或董事会送交。 3.投资审批制度 公司对外投资以前,应编制详细的投资计划。投资计划的编制应以财务分析的结果为依据,详细说明准备投资的对象及其投资理由;投资的性质和目的;影响投资收益的潜在因素分析;投资回收期分析等。 目前规定:集团公司各分、子公司没有对外投资权。条件成熟后,方可进行适当的投资活动。 投资计划在正式执行前必须进行严格的审批。公司应根据投资的性质和金额建立授权审批制度。如果投资行为属于少量的闲置资金进行临时性的短期投资,投资计划可由董事会授权的一位高级职员(一般是财务经理)来负责审批;如果投资金额较大或属长期投资性质, 审批一般由公司董事会进行。

国有企业投资管理试行办法

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Abstract As the economy globalization goes deeply, and foreign direct investment (FDI) has become the important link which connects the economy of different countries. Our country should not only absorb the foreign capital but encourage the enterprise of our country which has advantages to invest in another country. We should develop the multinational enterprises of our own. In a long sight, it has momentous current significance and long-term strategy significance. This thesis selects one of the most important parts of China’s foreign direct investment as topic--China’s foreign direct investment to America.Through analysis the theory of foreign direct investment, especially the theory of foreign direct investment in developing countries and the current situation of China’s foreign direct investment, this thesis analyzes the current situation of China’s direct investment to America, the problem existed in the China’s Direct investment to America and the purpose of investment. At last the thesis sums up a few suggestion on China’s foreign investment to America. 【Key Words】Economy Globalization Foreign Direct Investment Multinational Enterprises

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奥康集团有限公司对外投资管理制度 北大纵横管理咨询公司 二零零二年十二月

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