2012-2013-1艺术类大英读写一复习范围及考试类型
2012-2013-1艺术类大英读写一复习范围及考试类型一．复习范围
1.精读1-10单元课文课后作业
2.1-8单元测试1
3.听力1-12单元
二．出题类型
1. 听力(30%)
2. 阅读理解三篇，其中一篇为选词填空（30%）
3. 词汇（20%）
4. 英汉互译（20%）
Part I Listening Comprehension (每小题1 分，共30分) Section A: 8个短对话，听一遍，每个对话后一个选择题（8×1’=8’）
Section B: 3篇短故事，听一遍，每个对话后三或四个选择题（12×1’=12’）Section C: Spot dictation ，听一篇文章三遍，填所缺的单词或短语（10×1’=10’）（出自听力书12个单元）
Part II Vocabulary（20分）
1-12单元课后词汇题以及测试一中词汇题
Part III Reading comprehension (共30分)
Section A: 一篇选词填空: 从所给15个单词中选择10个填入文中，以选择的方式考察。（10×1’=10’）（课本1-12单元TextA部分）
Section B: 二篇仔细阅读理解，每篇后5道选择题，每题2分。（共20分）
（出自1-10单元TextA和TextB以及课外）
Part V: Translation (每小题2 分，共20分)
汉译英，共5个句子，翻译短语或短句子。（课本1-10单元后翻译练习）
英译汉，共5个句子，出自1-10单元课文。
2012-2013-1学期大学英语听说（1）期末复习内容考试由词汇20个（20分）、句子10个（40分）、段落1个（40分）三部分组成。
请各位同学认真准备！！！
一、音标：（期末考试将由以下词汇表中随机抽出20个单词进行考核）
1. summarize strategy decade foundation process
2. project minor previously opportunity dignity
3. occasion contract prosperous observation purchase
4. primary communicate qualification prohibit dissuade
5. proposal illustration reliable genius privilege
6. reluctantly Diligence2 typical string emotional
7. suppose catalogue rehearse recreation recommendation
8. reference philosophy overdue intoxicate technology
9. atmosphere physique reserved consult affirmation
10. biology blockbuster objective interpret elaborate
11. recite assistant editor dash enroll
12. minus astonishment sinister repetition complain
13. mum-numb pest-best rice-rise sip-zip light-right
14. eat-it foot-food cup-car breathe-breath fan-van
15.cap-gap putting-pudding choke-joke pressure-pleasure pearl-police
16. cheap-jeep yet-wet trip-drip bay-buy no-now
二：朗读以下句子（期末考试将由以下句子中随机抽出10个句子进行考核）
1. Do you know there is going to be a sports meet in our school next Saturday?
2. Do n’t you remember the final exam is around the corner?
3. Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all that was
left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding..
4. when you reach the peak you can see the sheep sleeping in the green field.
5.Jack’s black cat is catching t hat fat rat.
6. You will have a chance to learn how to commuciate, how to arrange an activity
and how to cooperate with your group member.
7. All regulations are printed on your library card. I’m afraid you have to pay a
fine.
8. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be
committed to memory, words that do not often occure in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance.
9. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as
you choose to look at it.
10. It is well known that many of our problems----everything, in fact, from the
gengeration gap to the high divorce rate to some forms of mental illness---are caused at least in part by failure to communicate..
11. Are you gonna the movie theater with me tonight?
12. I wanna see her more films.
13. Mr. Hobbs was worried that his plants was getting too big and inefficient, so
he asked me to come in on a short term basis as a consultant.
14. you kuna gone with me, if you’d told me in plenty of time.
15.Gimme all your money!
16.People ask what college I attended, what degree I have, and what qualifications I have to be a writer..
17. I think that French government should think over it cautiously. Wearing a veil is the identity of Muslim women. How could they give up their religious belief?
18. The best award for the actors is the affirmation from the audience.
19. China has played a very important role in international economy, which is inevitably to be influenced by it. So you’d better take an optimistic view.
20. You have to make more effort if you want to do better in the make-up exam.
21. Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results might be if such a proposal were accepted.
22. In August, 1966, at the age of nearly sixty-five, an age when many men retire, he began the greatest voyage of his life.
23. Those of us thirty-five and older can remember childhoods without television, spent partly with radio---which at least involved the listener’s imagination---but also with reading, learning, talking, playing games, inventing new activities.
24. After graduation I returned home to my small town in Indiana.
25. I suppose I can get on well somehow, if I start to study it now.
26. Have you heard the news that Barack Obama will pay an official visit to China?
27. I believe they will not give up their religious belief because of their unacceptable policy.
28. Maybe you should recommend something for the main course?
29. I’m told that you enjoy swimming, don’t you?
30.Are you his mother or his teacher?
31. I like to sing pop songs.
32. Listening is not a big problem for me.
33. A lot of traditional customs and practices are altering or disappearing.
34. In Switzerland, no matter in German—speaking areas, French—speaking areas or Italian—speaking areas, people all say “Enjoy the food” before dinner.
35. I love her so much that I don’t want the result will let her down.
36. They say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others.
37. He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him.
38. Have you ever dreamed of becoming a writer, only to be put off by fears that you lacked the ability?
39. When I was still in elementary school, I liked to keep my socks in the upper left-hand drawer of my bureau, my underwear in the upper right drawer, shirts in the middle drawer, and pants, neatly folded, in the bottom drawer.
40. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out.
41. In learning English, you must pay attention not only to the meaning of a word,
but also to the way native speakers use it in their daily lives.
42. This crisis was considered the worst financial crisis since the Great Pression. 三．朗读一下段落. （期末考试将由以下段落中随机抽出1个段落进行考核）Passage1：
Hello, glad to meet you all. My name is John Smith, an exchange student from America. I’v been studying Chinese in Beijing Univesity for almost three months. I’m going to be in China for two years. I enjoy being here, but I miss home at the same time.
I’m looking for new ways to get some Chinese practice. I’m thinking that if I could make some friends with some Chinese people who want to practice English. This might be a good way to get some language practice. I would be interested in exchangeing language learning experiences with you.
My major activity is basketball. Time permitting, I play every day. My game has been improved a lot. I hope we would have a chance to play a game together in the future. Thank you!
Passage 2:
Love it or hate it, English is very important from an examination point of view. You have to know the basics of this language quite well be it at the school level or any competitive exam you are given. The foundamentals of this language have to be taken care of very precisely because of the intricacies this language has in its store. So you might be wondering how to prepare for the English examination.
There is no shortcut to learning this language. Spoken English doesn’t help you master the basics of the art of writing. To prepare for the English exam, keep a check on your vocabulary. A good vocabulary is needed at every level. Try to learn new words every day. Make flash cards of some words along with their meanings and revise them. Read magazines, newspapers and novels daily to impove your comprehension skills. Add difficult words to your flash cards and learn them. Try to bring those words which are diffcult for you into regular use.
Passage 3:
It is ture that library is a traditional way to gain information and knowledge compared with the Internet which has been widely used by college students, but books in library are great treasure for us to study the diverse wisdom, the soul of an incredible amount of knowledge that our civilization has accumulated. Actually, to have an advanced library nearby is our great bliss. First and foremost, our major, the software engineering which is a popular field in China, requires us to read extensively since programming is a skill and “repeat is the mother of skill”. The material we are studying is far fom being enough. Our library where we can borrow books for nothing just provides us with the best source of various materials. Second, the innumberable journals there supply us with the latest information. We can choose to read them there or copy them back for further studying. These fresh ideas and new methods can
broaden our views and even change our minds. Last but not the least, our library is more than books, that is, you have numerous ways to access to information. Passage 4:
I prefer to do these things in my free time: listening to music, surfing the Internet, and doing sports. I think listening music can relax my mood and make me feel calm or excited. My favorite singers are Kelly Clarkson and Jay Chou. Surfing the Internet lets me know about the latest affairs and news in the whole world, and I can watch movies and chat with my friends. It is very convenient. Doing some sports can make me healthier and stronger. I usually play basketball and tennis with my friends. Sometimes I go hiking and climbing mountains, which are very funny and adventurous.
Passage 5:
I try to be very open, and not to judge any religion based solely on just a few people, but in living in a predominantly Christian area, I often have people try to force their religious views upon myself. Another thing that annoys me is than more wars have been fought over religion, and more people have died as a result. This leaves me wondering, are we any better off with it, especially considering those wasted centuries like the Middle Ages. If nothing else, I think that people need to do what helps them live their life. Some need an answer to what happens after death, past the decomposition of us; others have come to accept the fact that this is all we have, and we should cherish every moment of it.
管理学考试范围(答案)-简答题
管理学考试范围 三、简答题（每小题10分，共40分） 简答题要求问什么，就回答什么，只答要点，不须展开论述，要求先回答关键名词的定义。 1. 在组织的成长过程中要经历哪些阶段？ 组织是人们进行合作活动的必要条件，在管理学中组织是一种按照一定目的和程序而组成的一种权责角色结构。 在组织的成长过程中要经历4个主要阶段:创业阶段、集体化阶段、规范化阶段和精细阶段。 2. 什么是正式沟通和非正式沟通？它们各自的优缺点是什么？ 正式沟通是企业组织所设计和规范的沟通，以正式的职位关系为基础，管理者和员工之间的沟通。 非正式沟通是指通过非正式沟通渠道建立起来的联系。 正式沟通的优点有：传递信息的速度最快、解决简单问题的时效最高、集中化程度高、信息传递和解决问题的速度较快、解决问题的精度高、所有成员是平等的、各个沟通者之间全面开放、组织内士气高昂，合作气氛浓厚，个体有主动性…… 非正式沟通的优点有：沟通形式灵活，直接明了，速度快，省略许多烦琐的程序，容易及时了解到正式沟通难以提供的信息，真实地反映员工的思想、态度和动机；能够建立团体中良好的人际关系，对管理决策起到重要的作用。 3．什么是标杆管理，有什么作用？ 标杆管理又称基准管理，是指一个组织瞄准一个比其绩效更高的组织进行比较，以便取得更好的绩效，不断超越自己，超越标杆，追求卓越，组织创新和流程再造的过程。 标杆管理的主要作用如下：1）通过竞争对手的标杆分析，有助于确定和比较竞争对手经营战略的组织要素。2）通过对行业内外一流企业的标杆分析，可以从任何行业中的最佳企业、公司那里得到有价值的情报，用于改进本企业的内部经营，建立起相应的赶超目标。3）通过跨行业的技术性的标杆分析，有助于技术和工艺方面的跨行业渗透。 4. 非确定型决策常用的决策准则有哪些？它们的含义是什么？ 非确定型决策，是指在决策过程中提出各种备选方案，每个方案可能带来的后果并不明确，或者后果可以估计但每一结果发生的概率无法明显测算，在这样条件下，决策就是非确定型的决策。这类决策是人们对市场需求和技术技能等影响因素未来的变化规律认识不足，而增大了决策的不确定性程度。 在非确定决策中常用的决策准则有乐观准则、悲观准则、折中准则及最大后悔值最小化准则。
英语整理(大学英语考试复习范围)
Vocabulary： Alan was always：1.respectable 2.Agony 3.put…down 4.sequence5.Hold back 6.Distribute 7.Off and on 8.vivid 9.associate 10.Finally 11.turn in 12.tackle There was no wind：1.absolutely 2.available 3.every now and then 4.urge 5.destination 6.mostly 7.hangs out 8.right away 9.reunion 10.or something 11.estimated 12.going ahead It will only be：1.brief 2.in terms of 3.cut off 4.tend 5.anyway 6.precise 7.in the form of 8.initiative 9.convey 10.in two minds 11.concept 12.grasp It was already：1.wreck 2.balance 3.approaching 4.handle 5.discard 6.Above all 7.diet 8.do with 9.checked on 10.cleaned up 11.weekly 12.principles A monthly statement：1.monthly 2.acquaintances 3.classic 4.look; in the eye 5.manufactured 6.options 7.finance 8.replacement 9.survived 10. pick out 11.married 12.grabbed at Cloze Unit 1 1.Hold back 2.tedious 3.scanned 4.recall 5.vivid 6.Off and on 7.Turn out/in 8.career Unit 2 1.Choked up 2.Awful 3.Practically 4.Neighborhood 5.Correspondence 6.Available 7.Destination 8.Reunion 9. mostly 10. postponing 11. absolutely Unit 3 1)highly 2)bring about 3)evident 4)rate 5)sufficient 6)put across 7)proportion 8)Hence 9)ensure Unit 4 1)sponsored 2)determination 3) turned away 4) assumed 5) capacity 6)skilled 7)loan 8) character 9) hunting 10) for sale 11) send for Unit 5 1) died of 2) instantly 3) classic 4)ask around 5) surviving 6) retire 7)executive 8) replacement 9) stock 10) look…in the eye
英语期末考试复习范围
期末考试复习范围 （一）题型： 1．阅读理解（4篇短文，20各小题，每小题2分，共40分）2．词汇与结构（10小题，每个1分，共10分） 3．完型填空（15小题，每空1分，共15分） 4．汉语译成英语（5小题，每小题4分，共20分） 5．作文（1篇，共15分） （二）范围： 1．完型填空：Unit 3课后练习中的完型填空 2．汉译英： （1）. 如果你真想学好英语，你就必须投入大量的时间和精力，否则你就不会有任何进步。对于其他课程也可以这么说。 （2）. 这些玫瑰的美丽怎么评价也不过分。他们以各种方式吸引住了所有的游客。 （3）. 横向思维帮助他提出了原来似乎已走进死胡同的新理论。 （4）. 有些年轻人宁可通过自己的努力来渡过生活中的困难，也不愿意带着负罪感求助于他们的父母。 （5）. 正如你可以想象到的，阅读为我打开了一个新的天地并永远改变了我的人生道路。 （6）．为什么有人拥有天才级智商却被智商平平但很刻苦的人丢在后面？承认除了智商外，还有很多别的因素与一个人的成就有着很大的关系。 （7）．每次收到我的礼物，不管多少，我的朋友比尔决不忘记表示感谢。 （8）．爱德华在思想上陷入了僵局，但后来他改变了观察角度，以一种完全意想不到的方式解决了问题。 （9）．这个班由40名学生组成，他们中大部分按英语水平过去常被归在中等之列。 （10）几乎没有什么关于中国的东西是他不感到好奇的。为了满足自己的好奇心他已决定亲自到那儿去尽量多看一些。
3．作文：The Qualities We Need to Achieve Success. （1）. 说明获得成功所需的几种品质。 （2）. 具体说明上述几种品质在人生中的必要性。 （3）. 你的观点。 4．阅读理解（举例一篇）： Passage Four Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage The greatest recent social changes have been in the lives of women. During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the proportion of a woman’s life spent in caring for children. A woman marryi ng at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. Today women marry younger and have fewer children. Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and can be expected to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty. Even while she has the care of children, her work is lightened appliances and convenience foods. This important change in women’s life pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’s economic position. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age, and though women tend to marry younger, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. Very many more afterwards return to full or part-time work. Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running home, according to the abilities and interests of each of them.
《管理学基础》考试大纲
《管理学基础》考试大纲 知识及能力要点考试要求程度 情境1 认知管理 前导知识 管理的定义S 管理的必然性L 管理的重要性L 子情境1.1 认知管理工作 管理者S 管理对象L 管理职能L 子情境1.2 认知管理理论 管理活动与管理理论S 科学管理理论Y 一般管理理论Y 行政组织理论Y 人际关系理论Y 现代管理理论L 情境2 组建创业公司 前导知识 公司的定义S 公司的特征S 公司的分类S 有限责任公司L 股份有限公司L 子情境2.1 公司设立 公司设立定义L 公司设立要件S 公司设立程序Y 子情境2.2 公司运作 公司运作概念L 办理税务登记S 设置顶层组织结构Y 人员招聘Y 公司形象设计Y 情境3 制订公司经营计划
前导知识 计划的定义L 计划的类型S 计划工作的内容S 计划工作原理Y 子情境3.1 分析经营环境 经营环境内容Y 经营环境分析H 子情境3.2 制定公司经营目标 目标和目标体系S 目标的制定Y 目标管理N 子情境3.3 抉择公司经营方案 决策的定义和重要性L 决策的类型S 决策的程序Y 定性决策方法H 定量决策方法H 情境4 架构公司组织结构 前导知识 组织工作的涵义L 组织工作原理Y 子情境4.1 设置公司职能部门 部门设置S 人员配置Y 子情境4.2 划分公司管理层次 管理幅度Y 管理层次Y 集权与分权H 子情境4.3 设计公司结构形式 公司结构的涵义L 公司结构形式Y 情境5 领导公司员工 前导知识 领导工作涵义L 领导工作原理S
人性假设与领导方式L 领导理论Y 子情境5.1 指挥公司员工 指挥的基础L 指挥及其内容S 指挥的方式S 领导艺术H 子情境5.2 激励公司员工 激励及其实质L 激励过程L 员工激励与强化N 子情境5.3 沟通公司员工 沟通及其过程L 沟通的类型S 领导沟通的作用L 领导沟通的原则L 领导沟通的障碍Y 领导演讲与倾听H 情境6 控制公司活动及资源 前导知识 控制工作的涵义L 控制工作的原理Y 子情境6.1 控制公司质量 质量控制及其重要性L 质量控制类型S 质量控制要领Y 质量控制方法H 子情境6.2 控制公司成本 成本控制及其重要性L 成本控制过程S 成本控制方法H 子情境6.3 控制公司员工 员工控制的实质及其重要性L 绩效及特性L 绩效考核及内容Y 绩效考核程序Y
《管理学》期末考试复习范围(简答OK)
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2011-2012教学法考试题型和复习范围 - 副本
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大全． 实用文档 3.1mol373K，标准压力下的水，经下列两个不同过程变成373K，标准压力下的水气，(1) 等温、等压可逆蒸发(2) 真空蒸发 这两个过程中功和热的关系为：(ΔU= Q+ W)：（） A．W1
英语考试复习题 (2)
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817管理学考试大纲
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目标管理，滚动计划法，网络计划技术。 （四）组织 1.组织设计 组织设计概述，组织设计的影响因素分析，集权与分权。 2.人员配备 人员配备的任务、程序和原则，管理人员的选聘、考评与培训。 3.组织力量的整合 正式组织与非正式组织，直线与参谋。 （五）领导 1.领导与领导者（主要是论述） 领导的性质与作用，理想的领导者与领导集体，领导方式及其理论，领导艺术。 2.激励 激励性质，激励理论，激励实务。 3.沟通 组织中的沟通，沟通的障碍及其克服，冲突与谈判。 （六）控制 1.控制与控制过程 控制的原理，控制的要求与过程。 2.控制方法 预算控制、非预算控制，成本控制。 （七）创新 1.管理的创新职能 创新及其作用，创新职能的基本内容，创新的过程和组织。 2.企业技术创新 技术创新的内涵和贡献，技术创新的战略及其选择。 3.企业组织创新 企业制度创新，企业层级的结构创新，企业文化创新。 二、考试要求 （一）总论 1.管理与管理学 （1）了解人类活动的特点； （2）理解管理的必要性； （3）熟悉周三多等人认为一切管理活动的基本职能论； （4）掌握法约尔的五种职能论，赫伯特.西蒙的管理就是决策论。
英语考试具体复习范围
选词填空 UNIT1(第一单元） 1. I heard his scream and felt my blood freeze with fear. 我听到了他的尖叫并且感觉我的血液都要凝固了 2. Some teachers tend to stereotype students who are from rural areas. 一些教师趋向对于来自乡下地区的学生抱有成见 3. His frist instinct was to call 911 when he realized there was a burglar in his house. 当他发现他家里有一个窃贼他的第一本能是拨打911 4. The building collapsed during the earthquke . It went all to pieces. 地震期间房屋倒塌变成一片废墟 5. We promise that the products will be delivered on time. 我们承诺产品会在第一时间送达 6. The ship hit the rock in the deep ocean and all passengers aboard fell into the river. 轮船深海触礁所有在甲板上的乘客都掉到海里 7. These plants consume carbon dioxide,and release oxgen. 这些植物吸收二氧化碳，释放氧气 8. Money and wealth trap people into various obligations. 金钱和财富使人们困入各种各样的义务中去 9. The uncertainty has left traders confused as to what course of action will be taken. 不确定性让商人陷入困惑并且考虑下一步做什么 10. His bid to take over the company falied. 他竞标接管公司失败 UNITT2(第二单元） 1. Emergency personnel are on site attempting to rescue workers exposed to the poisonous gas. 急救人员在现场尝试营救被暴露有毒气体感染的人员 2. Recently,the police conduceed a sting operaton in the country targeting unlicensed electrical appliance repair shops. 最近，警察设计了一个圈套靶向没有正规执照的修理店铺 3. Her experince in the hotel was terible: the room rates were expensive,the food was poor,the room attendants were rude,and the bad weather was the last straw. 她在旅店的经历很糟糕：房间价格很贵，食物很差，侍者的态度很粗鲁，最让他忍无可忍（最后一根稻草）的是坏天气 4. The real estate broker requied a 10% down payment for the purchase of this house. 房地产经纪人下降10%房子的首付 5. He lost all his wealth in the econmic crisis: he killed himself in desoeration. 在经济危机中，他失去了他所有的财富在绝望中他自杀了 6. She embraced his offer to help her with her English. 她欣然接受他在英语方面对她的帮助 7. The defendant protested that he had never been near the scene of the crime. 被告抗议表示自己从来没去过犯罪现场附近 8. The jail is surrounded with the high walls. 监狱被高墙围绕 9. Last night a burglar broke into the old couple”s house and robbed them of all their possession.
《管理学考试大纲》word版
考试大纲: 第一章概述 [学习目标及重点] 通过本章的学习，理解管理、管理者及管理学的含义，了解管理者的角色定位和技能结构；掌握管理的职能、性质和管理学的特点，为后续各章的学习打下理论基础。 本章的重点是管理者的定义，管理的职能与性质及管理学的特点等内容。 一、管理的定义 1、管理的含义 2、管理的效率与效果 二、管理者 1、管理者的定义 2、管理者的角色 3、管理技能 三、管理的职能与性质 1、管理职能 2、管理性质 四、管理系统 五、管理学 1、管理学含义 2、管理学的特点 思考和练习： 1、管理的含义是什么？何谓管理者？ 2、“管理既是科学又是艺术，而且是文化。”你赞成这种说法吗？为什么？
第二章管理理论的演进 [学习目标及重点]通过本章的学习，了解管理理论的发展历史，明确各管理理论的代表人物及其理论对管理的贡献，总结经验教训，为今天的管理学研究打下理论基础。 本章的重点是科学管理理论，一般行政管理理论、行为科学理论、权变理论、系统理论、决策理论等内容。 一、管理的历史背景 二、传统管理理论（20世纪初——20世纪50年代） （一）古典管理理论 1、科学管理理论 2、一般行政管理理论 3、古典组织理论 （二）行为科学理论 1、人际关系学说阶段（霍桑试验） 2、现代行为科学研究的内容 （三）定量管理理论（管理科学理论） 三、现代管理理论（20世纪50年代——今） 1、管理过程理论 2、系统理论 3、权变理论 4、决策理论 5、其它理论派别 四、未来管理学要研究的主要问题 1、全球化 2、劳动力多元化 3、创业精神 4、电子商务
5、管理创新与弹性 6、质量管理 7、学习型组织与知识管理 8、工作场所精神境界 思考和练习： 1、管理理论经历了哪三个发展阶段？请就每个阶段加以简单说明。 2、未来管理学要研究的主要问题包括哪些？ 第三章组织文化与环境 [学习目标与重点]通过本章的学习，了解对管理者的行为产生影响的内外约束力量——组织文化（内部约束）与管理环境（外部约束）的基本内容和影响程度及方式，理解组织文化与环境在管理中的重要性。 本章的重点是组织文化与环境的内含及其对管理产生的影响等内容。 一、管理万能论与管理象征论 二、组织文化 1、组织文化的定义及维度 2、组织文化的内容与特征 3、强文化与弱文化 4、文化的来源及文化对管理者的影响 三、管理环境 1、外部环境的定义 2、外部环境的分类 3、环境对管理者的影响 4、利益相关者关系的管理 四、全球环境中的管理
管理学考试复习范围分析
《管理学》考试复习范围 一、名词解释 1、管理 管理就是通过计划、组织、领导和控制资源，以高效的方式实现组织目标的过程。在这个定义中，包括以下几层意思：管理的职能是计划、组织、领导与控制；管理的对象是资源，包括人、财、物、信息等；管理绩效的衡量标准是高效，包括高效率和高效果；管理的目的是实现组织的目标。 2．激励 是加强和激发人的动机，使人产生一股内在的动力，朝所期望的目标前进的心理活动和行为过程；其要素是需求、动机和目标。 3．组织文化 是组织成员的共同价值观，行为准则、制度规范以及相应的物质表现的总称。它包括精神层、行为层、制度层和物质层四个层次。 4．控制 就一般意义而言，就是引导一个动态系统达成预定状态，并监视各项活动以保证它们按计划进行并纠正各种重要偏差的过程。在管理上，就是检查、监督组织活动的进展情况，及时发现偏差、分析原因并纠正，确保组织目标顺利实现的过程 5．计划 计划职能是指管理者制定组织的目标和决定为实现目标所要采取的行动。计划就是确定组织做什么和怎么做的过程。 6．领导 从管理学的角度看，领导是一种职能活动，是管理者利用组织所赋予的职权和自身拥有的影响力而对被管理者施加影响，使其愿意接受管理者所赋予的目标或任务，并积极去实现或完成的过程。 7．管理幅度 是指一名管理人员直接有效的指挥和协调人员的数量 8．职权 是指管理职位所固有的发布命令和希望命令得到执行的一种权利。
9．组织变革 指为了提高组织的有效性而对现有组织进行改造的过程。 10．沟通 是通过信息交换达到相互理解的过程，它包含两层含义，即信息的传递和理解。 11．决策 狭义的决策是指在备选方案中选择一个实施的方案。广义的决策是管理者识别并解决问题的过程或者管理者利用机会的过程。 12．组织 组织具有两种含义，一是作为名词的组织，是为了达到某些特定目标，在分工合作基础上构成的人的集合体；二是作为动词的组织，是指发挥管理功能，为了组织目标的实现，决定对组织的活动和资源进行组合的过程。 二、简答题 1．不同层次管理者所要求的技能有何不同？ 答： 管理者需要具备的技能是概念技能、人际关系技能和技术技能；对于不同层次的管理者来说，各种技能的相对重要性是不同的，越高层次的管理者对概念技能的要求就越高，这是因为他们是决策的主体，他们的战略思想和眼光关系着组织的生死存亡；越基层的管理者越要求有较强的技术技能，这样他们才能给予下属帮助和指导，及时地避免业务上的错误。而人际关系技能对于所有管理者来说都很重要，因为任何管理活动都离不开人。 2．简述泰勒“科学管理理论”的主要内容； 答：（1）、科学管理的中心是提高劳动生产率 （2）、工作定额原理 （3）、挑选“第一流的工人” （4）、标准化原理 （5）、差别的计件工资制 （6）、计划和执行相分离 （7）、实行职能工长制