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Electronic Commerce, vol. 1, no. 3 (2000). Durable Goods Monopoly with Network Externalitie

Forthcoming, Quarterly Journal of

Electronic Commerce, vol. 1, no. 3 (2000).

Durable Goods Monopoly with Network Externalities with Application to the PC Operating Systems Market1

Nicholas Economides

Abstract

We analyze a model of multi-period monopoly in durable goods. Taking into consideration the special conditions of software markets, we assume that there are no used software markets and that manufacturers stop selling older software when they introduce a replacement model. We show that nominal as well as discounted (real) prices decrease over time but are above cost, thereby violating the Coase conjecture. In contrast, when “new” durable goods are introduced by the monopolist which are only partially compatible with “old” durable goods, prices may increase over time. This occurs when the intensity of network externalities arising from weak partial forward compatibility (influencing the demand of the old good from sales of the new one) is low compared to the intensity of network externalities arising from partial backward compatibility (influencing the demand of the new good from sales of the old one). A new product introduced by an entrant is successful only when it has strong externalities arising from forward compatibility. In this case, the entrant and the incumbent have opposite incentives regarding the degree of forward compatibility of the new product (that defines the extent of network externalities of the old product on consumers of the new one).

Key words: durable goods, monopoly, network externalities

JEL classification numbers: L1, D4

1I thank Pino Lopomo and Andew Biehl for helpful comments on an earlier draft.

Durable Goods Monopoly with Network Externalities with Application to the PC Operating Systems Market

1. Introduction

During the last decade, the network externalities literature has grown considerably, but has paid relatively little attention to durable goods markets. However, often durable goods exhibit network externalities. In fact, very significant current litigation (US v. Microsoft) centers on the degree of competition in the market for operating systems, which are durable goods. Surprisingly, although everyone recognizes that software is a durable good, almost all the arguments and discussion in the US v. MS case were made as if the software were a perishable good.

Traditionally, economists have analyzed infinitely-lived durable goods. The debate has centered on the validity of the Coase conjecture, which states that the infinitely-lived durable goods monopolist prices every period at marginal cost. Much of the debate has centered on various technical details of the models, and the results on the validity of the Coase conjecture are mixed.2

Robin Mason (1998) introduces network externalities in the standard model of durable goods that last forever and are sold in every instant up to infinity.3 He finds that the perfectly competitive and the monopoly solutions coincide, since in both cases prices equal marginal cost. He also finds, as expected in his framework, that both the competitive market and the monopolist produce less than a planner who would fully internalize the externality.

For software markets, the model of durable goods that live and are traded forever and is not very useful. Of course, software is durable. But, if most of the value of an operating system comes from software applications that work with it (and the network externalities they imply), the durability of the operating system is not infinite, but rather depends on how many applications are written for it. The history of computer operating systems is littered with operating systems that were sometime successful and now are defunct. So, in modeling the operating systems market, it makes sense to consider durable goods that have a finite economic life. Even if software is assumed to have an infinite economic life, in modeling competitive interactions in the software market, it makes sense to allow the same product to be sold only during a few periods, to be replaced by another model later.

2See Morch von der Fehr and Kuehn (1997) for a recent re-examination of the Coase conjecture in models without network externalities.

3Because it utilizes the standard Bellman technique, Mason’s (1998) model has the limitation that network externalities are not allowed to vary over time with the size of the evolving network.

The second interesting feature of the operating systems market, and more generally of software markets, is the lack of a used goods or secondary market. This arises for three reasons. First, often software is pre-installed and not portable to another computer. Second, even when software is portable, it is often hard to uninstall it, so that the used software can be legally sold. Third, often the license of software is not transferable to another user. Thus, in a model of competition in operating systems, it makes sense to assume that there is no used goods market.4

The third interesting feature of the operating systems market, and more generally of software markets, is that it is very common for a company to stop selling an old product when it introduces a new one.5 So, given the absence of a market for used software, a new product competes with older products of the same company only across time periods.

The value of operating systems, even of very sophisticated operating systems, such as Windows or Unix is greatly enhanced by the existence of software applications that are compatible with the particular operating system. The higher the availability and sales of compatible applications, the higher the value of an operating system. Moreover, the higher the sales of an operating system, the more profitable are applications written for it. These positive feedback effects can be summarized by assuming that that every unit of sales of an operating system increases the willingness to pay for that system. This is commonly called the “network externality” or “network effect” of the sales of the operating system.

It is natural for competitors in software markets to try to capture and benefit from network externalities to the extent that it is possible. Thus, firms that design operating systems have strong incentives (i) to be compatible with existing applications, and run them better and faster if possible; and (ii) to promote the creation of applications compatible with their operating system. By now, it is common to have a release of hundreds of new applications simultaneously with the release of an operating system. Thus, it makes sense for network externalities associated with an operating system to be modeled as appearing immediately at the date of the operating system’s release, while, of course, externalities can grow as more applications are written.6

In a multi-good multi-period model, there are three types of compatibility, and each of these produces network externalities. First, there is full compatibility between

4Of course, there is a market for used personal computers which typically have some software installed. I only argue that there is a lack of a robust market for used operating system software that is disembodied from the hardware.

5Of course, software companies typically provide support for the installed base of earlier versions for some time.

6This is in contrast with the model of Bensaid and Lesne (1996), where externality effects are delayed.

the operating system and its applications. Second, when a new operating system is introduced in a future period, there is compatibility of the new operating system with existing (“old”) applications which we call “backward compatibility.” Clearly, new operating systems gain substantial value from being backwardly compatible. This may force the new product to be more similar to the old one, and therefore may intensify competition, if the older one is sold by a different company. Firms have to balance the benefits of extensive network externalities created by backward compatibility with the potential drawback of more intense competition. This is discussed in more detail in Economides and Flyer (1997) and in Jonard and Schenck (1998).

It is also worth noting that the cycles of introductions of new operating systems and applications software do not have to coincide. Moreover, depending on the technical differences between an old and a new operating system, new or upgraded applications software may be compatible under both the old and the new operating systems.

The third type of compatibility is the degree of compatibility with an older operating system with applications written primarily for a new operating system. We call this “forward compatibility.” To some extent, through design choices, the manufacturer of a new operating system can control the degree to which applications written primarily for the new operating system are compatible with applications written for the older one. If it is certain that an application will be written for the new operating system, the manufacturer of the new operating system has an incentive to make it less forwardly compatible, so that the old operating system is deprived of the positive externalities. On the other hand, if an application (or upgrade) compatible with the new operating system will be written only if some of its sales go to users of the old operating system, the manufacturer of the new operating system has an incentive to make it more forwardly compatible.

Taking into account these features of software markets, we model a durable goods monopolist selling goods with network externalities. We examine pricing and compatibility, as well as the incentive of a monopolist to introduce new goods. We also examine the possibility of entry in later periods, and its effect on the monopolist’s pricing.

2. The Benchmark Model

We first consider the benchmark model of durable goods monopoly with network externalities. The primary example we have in mind is a computer operating system. Let a durable good be sold during two periods. The good is durable and lasts indefinitely after the first two periods. Potential consumers are distributed uniformly in [0, 1] according to their willingness to pay for the good. Each consumer can buy up to one unit of the good. Each consumer has the choice of buying in period 1, buying in period 2, or not buying the durable good. In the second period, the market (number of potential

customers) grows by g percent.7 Consumers also benefit from network externalities that are proportional to the size of sales.

We assume that here is no resale (secondary) market for used operating system software. This is justified since often operating system software is pre-installed and not portable to another computer. Moreover, even when the operating system software is portable, it is often hard to uninstall from the original computer, so that the used software can be legally sold, and often there are legal restrictions to resale.8

Durable goods sold in every period create network externalities. In the back of our minds we have a model of complementary goods (software applications) that are more abundant and have higher sales as more of compatible durable goods are sold. For example, the software applications market may be modeled as monopolistic competition with free entry in a circular model of differentiated products as in Economides (1996b). For simplicity, we assume that network externalities are linear in sales. Moreover, when the same durable good is sold in every period, we assume that sales in either period contribute the same marginal network externality benefit.

A consumer of willingness to pay (type) a who buys in period 1 receives utility

u1 = a - p1 + k(d1 + d2b),

where d i, i= 1, 2, are the sales in the i th period, k > 0 is the degree of network externalities, 1 >b ≥ 0 is the discounting rate, and p i is the nominal price in period i. Similarly a consumer who buys in period 2 receives utility (discounted to the first period)

u2 = b[a – p2 + k(d1 + d2)].

Notice that a consumer in period 1 receives the extra network benefit k(1 - b)d1 compared to a consumer in period 2. This reflects consumption in period 1 of network benefits created in period 1. Period 2 buyers get network externalities benefits in period 2 from period 1 sales but can only receive them and consume them in period 2.

Consumers with u1 > u2 and u1 > 0 buy in period 1, while consumers with u2 > u1 and u2 > 0 buy in period 2. Defining as a12 (by u1 = u2) the consumer who is indifferent between buying the good in period 1 and 2, and as a20 (defined by u2 = 0) the consumer who is indifferent between buying the good in period 2 and not buying any good, we have the implicit definition of demand functions:9

7The buyers who appear in period 2 can only buy in period 2.

8We also assume no delayed effects of externalities since software applications are introduced together with the operating system.

9The marginal consumers are: a

= (p1 - p2b)/(1 – b) - k d1, a20 = p2 – k(d1 + d2).

d1 = 1 - a12(d1, d2),

d2 = a12(d1, d2) - a20(d1, d2) + g(1 - a20(d1, d2)),

where the last term in the second period demand arises from the growth of the market. Notice that sales of periods 1 and 2 appear on both sides of the demand system. This is natural for goods with network externalities. Expressing sales in each period as functions of prices only, we have:

d1 = (1 - b - p1 + bp2)/[(1 - b)(1 – k)],

d2 = [p1(1 – k – gk) - p2(1 + g – bg – k – gk) + g(1 - b)]/[(1 - b)(1 – k)(1 – k - kg)].

Without loss of generality, we assume that costs are zero. The monopolist’s profits,

ΠM = p1d1 + bp2d2,

are maximized at (nominal) prices

p1* = p2* = 1/2.10

Three observations are in order. First, the equilibrium prices do not depend on the extent of network externalities, or even on the existence of network externalities, since they are independent of k. This result generalizes to an n-period durable goods monopoly, as shown in the appendix. Second, price in period 1 is not lower than the discounted (real) price in period 2,

p1* ≥ bp2* .

This standard result in durable goods markets is valid in the presence of network externalities. Indeed, if price were higher in period 2, all period 2 customers would switch to buying in period 1 since they would be paying no more (since then bp2* - p1* > 0) as well as benefiting from consuming the good and the associated externalities in period 1 as well.11

Third, prices are above marginal cost. In fact, nominal prices are at the single-period monopoly level. Thus, the Coase conjecture, that predicts price equal to marginal cost, fails.

10Realized profits are :

ΠM* = [1 + bg – k(1 + g)]/[4(1 - k)(1 - k - gk)].

11For further discussion see Cabral, Salant, and Woroch (1999).

Also note that, in a market without growth, sales in the second period are zero, i.e., for g = 0,

d2* = 0.

That is, the monopolist, prefers to sell all his output in the first period.12 This result generalizes to n-periods. In an n-period model without market growth, the monopolist has positive sales only in the first period as shown in the appendix. The intuition of this result is as follows. Low prices in later periods interfere with the ability of the monopolist to extract surplus in earlier periods. Also, selling in an earlier period is preferable for the monopolist to selling in a later period because of discounting. Thus, when there is no market growth in later periods, the monopolist sells all output in the first period.

3. New good introduction in durable goods monopoly

We now consider the case when the second period good differs from the first period good. This case models the introduction of new operating system software. As is customary in software markets, we assume that the first period good is no longer sold in the second period.

We assume that the second period good is only partially compatible with the older one. Thus, same period demand externalities differ in intensity from demand externalities across periods. This is a natural assumption since demand externalities arise out of applications that are compatible with the operating system. In every period, a consumer enjoys externalities from applications that are fully compatible with his operating system, as well as from applications that are only partially compatible with his operating system. We assume that externalities from fully compatible applications are proportional to same period sales. Positive externalities to a consumer of operating system i from partially compatible applications are proportional to sales of operating system j since these applications were written for operating system j. Moreover, we expect that the intensity of network externalities from partially compatible applications will be lower than the intensity network externalities from fully compatible applications.

We define as backward compatibility the degree of compatibility of the second period operating system with first period applications. We define as forward compatibility the degree of compatibility of the first period good with second period applications.

A consumer of willingness to pay (type) a who buys in period i, i = 1, 2, receives utility

u1 = a - p1 + kd1 + md2b,

* = 1/[2(1 - k)].

12As the appendix shows, then sales in the first period are d

u2 = b(a - p2 + nd1 + kd2),

where k is the degree of network externalities from sales in the same good, m is the intensity of network externalities to a good 1 consumer from sales good 2 (arising from partial forward compatibility), and n is the intensity of network externalities to a good 2 consumer from sales of good 1 (arising from partial backward compatibility). As before, given marginal consumers a12, a20, we have the implicit definition of demand functions:

d1 = 1 - a12(d1, d2),

d2 = a12(d1, d2) - a20(d1, d2) + g(1 - a20(d1, d2)).

The fixed point of this mapping defines the demand functions in each period,13

d1(p1, p2), d2(p1, p2).

The monopolist’s profits, ΠM = p1d1 + p2d2, are maximized at prices p1* , p2*.14

Notice that, in contrast with the benchmark model where the good did not change across periods, in the present case of new good introduction, it is possible for the price to increase during the second period. This occurs when m is smaller than n,

m < n,

i.e., when the intensity of network externalities arising from weak partial forward compatibility is low compared to the intensity of network externalities arising from partial backward compatibility. This occurs when many of the applications written for the new operating system do not work (or work poorly) with the old operating system.15 13The demand functions are:

d1 = [1 + bgm – b(1 – m) – k(1 + g) - p1(1 – k -gk) + bp2(1 – m - gm)]/[1 - b – k(2 + g- bg) + k2(1 + g) + bm + bn – bmn(1 + g)],

d2 = [(n – k + g( 1 – b – k + n) + (1 – n - gn)p1 - (1 – k + g – bg - gk)p2)]/[1 - b – k(2 + g - bg) + k2(1 + g) + bm + bn – bmn(1 + g)].

14Equilibrium prices are:

p1* = (2 - 2b - 4k - 2gk + 2bgk + 2k2 + 2gk2 + 2bm + bgm - b2gm - bkm - bgkm + 2bn - bgn + b2gn + bkn + bgkn - bmn - bgmn - bn2 - bgn2)/(4 - 4b - 8k - 4gk + 4bgk + 4k2 + 4gk2 + 4bm – bm – bgm2 + 4bn -

2bmn - 2bgmn - bn2 - bgn2),

p2* = (2 - 2b - 4k - 2gk + 2bg k + 2k2 + 2gk2 - m + 3bm + km + gkm + bm2 + bgm2 + n + bn - kn - gkn - bmn - bgmn)/ )/(4 - 4b - 8k - 4gk + 4bgk + 4k2 + 4gk2 + 4bm – bm2 – bgm2 + 4bn - 2bmn - 2bgmn - bn2 - bgn2).

15It can be shown that the price difference, p

1* - p

*, has the same sign as m – n, so that p

* < p

m < n. The proof is available from the author upon request.

The monopolist has strong incentives to maximize both backward and forward compatibility. It can be shown that the incentive to increase compatibility is proportional to the equilibrium demands, and therefore is positive.

dΠM*/dn = dΠM*/dm = b(d1*)(d2*) > 0.

Note that the monopolist has no incentive to create incompatibilities to disadvantage the consumers of period 1, since he benefits from profits of both periods. This result is likely to be different when the market structure is not monopoly.

4. Duopoly in the second period

We now consider the evolution of monopoly to duopoly. We keep the market as a monopoly in the first period. We assume that in the second period, in addition to the existing durable good provided by the monopolist, a new durable good is introduced by an entrant. We assume that the new good is of a different quality level than the original one, and has only partial network externalities with the “old” durable good.

In the first period, only the monopolized good is sold. In the second period, there are two goods: the “old” durable good (good #2) provided by the old monopolist, and the “new” good introduced by the competitor (good #3). The monopolist’s good in period 2 is identical with the one in period 1. As earlier, we denote by k the degree of network externalities under full compatibility. Let m be the degree of network externalities realized to good 1 from the partial forward compatibility between the “new” good and the “old” good 2. Let n be the intensity of network externalities to a good 3 consumer from sales of good 1 or 2 (arising from partial backward compatibility). Figure 1 shows the operating systems and the degrees of compatibility. We also assume that the new good has a quality difference of q compared to the old one.

A consumer of willingness to pay (type) a who buys in period 1 receives utility

u1 = a - p1 + k(d1 + d2b) + md3b.

The respective utilities to a consumer of willingness to pay (type) a (discounted to period 1) who buys in period 2 from the monopolist (good 2) or the entrant (good 3) are

u2 = b[a - p2 + k(d1 + d2) + md3],

u3 = b[a(1 + q) – p3 + n(d1 + d2) + kd3)],

respectively.

We define the marginal consumer between goods 1 and 2 as a12,the marginal consumer between goods 2 and 3 as a23, and the consumer who is marginal between good 3 and not buying as a30. We define implicitly demand functions:

d1 = 1 - a12(d1, d2, d3),

d2 = a12(d1, d2, d3) - a23(d1, d2, d3),

d3 = a23(d1, d2, d3) - a30(d1, d2, d3).

As before, we find the fixed point of the above mapping to define the demand functions in each period:

d1 = d1(p1, p2), d2 = d2(p1, p2, p3), d3 = d3(p2, p3).

The monopolist maximizes profits, ΠM = p1d1 + p2d2, while the entrant maximizes ΠE = p3d3. Because the expressions are very complicated, we present here only the results for certain values of the parameters, that is, for n = k and as q tends to zero. That is, we present results for the case when the partial backward compatibility externality is the same for goods 2 and 3, and goods 2 and 3 do not have a significant quality difference. Nash equilibrium prices p1* , p2*, p3* and sales d1* , d2*, d3*are positive only when m > k, i.e., when the new product has very strong externalities arising from forward compatibility.16

We find that the entrant has strong incentives to maximize both backward and forward compatibility,

dΠE*/dn > 0, dΠE*/dm > 0.

In contrast, the monopolist has a divided view toward compatibility. We find that

dΠM*/dn < 0, dΠM*/dm > 0.

16Equilibrium prices and sales are:

p1* = (3 - 3b - 4k - 4gk + m + 3bm + gm + 3bgm)/[2(3 - 4k - 4gk + m + gm)],

p2* = 2(1 + g)(m - k)/(3 - 4k - 4gk + m + gm),

p3* = (1 + g) (m - k)/(3 - 4k - 4gk + m + gm),

d1* = 1/[2(1 - k)],

d2* = (1 + 4g - m – gm)/[2(1 - k)(3 - 4k - 4gk + m + gm)],

d3* = (1 + g)/(3 - 4k - 4gk + m + gm).

Thus, the monopolist wants the competitors’ good to be compatible with its own, so it receives the network externalities (forward compatibility externalities) of the competitor’s good but does not want its own good to be compatible with that of the competitor, so that network externalities accruing to the competitor because of backward compatibility are minimized.

Remarks

5. Concluding

We find that a monopolist selling a durable good with network externalities, such as a computer operating system, in a finite period setting, is likely to set its price significantly above cost. Thus, we expect that the Coase conjecture will not hold in the operating systems market.

As is well known, the durable goods monopolist does not increase price over time. However, we find that introduction of new goods which have variable degrees of network externalities to older ones could lead the monopolist to increase price over time.

A monopolist facing the threat of future entry that would drive prices to marginal cost in future periods, will charge significantly less than a monopolist that does not face such threat. The extent of the threat depends on the degree of compatibility of the entrants’ products with the products of the incumbent monopolist.

The entry of one competitor is successful (in the sense of bring positive profits to the entrant) only if the entrant’s product has very strong externalities arising from forward compatibility. The entrant wishes to maximize both forward and backward compatibility, while the incumbent wants to maximize forward compatibility but minimize backward compatibility of the entrant’s product.

Economides, Nicholas, (1996a), “The Economics of Networks,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 675-699.

Economides, Nicholas, (1996b), “Network Externalities, Complementarities, and Invitations to Enter,” European Journal of Political Economy, vol. 12, (1996), pp. 211-232.

Cabral, Luis, David Salant and Glenn Woroch (1999), “Monopoly Pricing with Network Externalities,” International Journal of Industrial Organization.

Bensaid, Bernard and Jean-Philippe Lesne (1996), “Dynamic Monopoly Pricing with Network Externalities,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 14,

pp. 837-855.

Jonard, Nicolas and Eric Schenck (1998), “Open Standard Compatibility: Network Externalities Versus Product Differentiation,” mimeo.

Katz, Michael and Carl Shapiro, (1986), “Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities,” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 94, pp. 822-841.

Mason, Robin (1998), “Network Externalities and the Coase Conjecture,” mimeo.

Morch von der Fehr, Nils-Henrik and Kai-Uwe Kuehn, (1996), “Coase versus Pacman: Who Eats Whom in the Durable-Goods Monopoly,” Journal of Political

Economy, vol. 103, no. 4, pp.785-812.

Salant, Stephen, Mark Bagnoli and Joseph Swierzbinski, (1989), “Durable-Goods Monopoly with Discrete Demand,” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 97, no. 6, pp.

1459-1478.

n-Period Durable Goods Monopoly With Network Externalities Let a durable good be sold in each of n > 2 periods. A consumer who buys in period j, j = 1, …, n, receives utility

U j = b j-1(a – p j + k(d1 + d2 + … + d j) + k(b j d j+1 + … + b n-1d n).

The marginal consumer between goods j and j+1, a j,j+1 , is defined by

U j = U j+1 .

The solution of

U n = 0,

a n,0 ,defines the marginal consumer who is indifferent between buying good n and not buying at all.

Demand is defined by

d1 = 1 - a1,2

d j = a j-1,j - a j,j+1 , j = 2, …, n-1

d n = a n-1,n – a n,0 .

Using the definition of a j,j+1 , we have:

(1 – b) a j,j+1 = p j - bp j+1 – (1 - b)k (d1 + d2 + … + d j).

Since

d1 + d2 + … + d j = 1 – a j,j+1 ,

it follows that

a j,j+1 = [p j - bp j+1 – (1 - b)k]/[(1 - k)(1 - b)], j = 1, …, n-1

and

d1 = 1 - [(p1 – bp2) – k(1 – b)]/[(1 - k)(1 - b)] = 1/(1 - k) - (p1 – bp2)/[(1 - k)(1-b)],

d j = (p j-1 – (1 + b)p j + bp j+1)/[(1 - k)(1 - b)], j = 2, …, n-1,

d n = (p n-1 – p n)/[(1 - k)(1 - b)].

Maximizing profits

ΠM = ∑j b j-1 p j d j

with respect to p j requires

dΠM/dp1 = d1 + (bp2 - p1)/[(1 - k)(1 - b)] = 0,

dΠM/dp j = b j-1{d j + [p j-1- p j(1 + b) + bp j+1]/[(1 - k)(1 - b)]} = 0, j = 2, …, n-1, dΠM/dp n = b n-1{d n + (p n-1 – p n)/[(1 - k)(1 - b)]} = 0,

which is solved by

p j = ?, all j, d1 = 1/[2(1 - k)], d j = 0, j ≠ 1.

It is easy to show that this solution is unique.

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适应移动无线音乐业务需要的其他版权权利。申请公司拥有完整版权的音乐内容数量须达到100首，权利有效期从申请之日起达到3年以上。音乐基地鼓励合作伙伴申报优质音乐作品，优质音乐作品占比将作为评估规则之一。优质音乐作品范围：1、音乐基地计划引入曲目（详见CP引入管理平台首页公告），包括缺歌、新歌、热歌等。2、表演者为音乐基地咪咕指数艺人排行TOP300（含）中艺人（详见CP 引入管理平台首页公告），或国家一级演员。补充说明： A、CP引入后商务模式：成熟型音乐公司按照50%：50%分成比例合作；创业型音乐公司第一年基本分成比例按照音乐人模式（70%：30%），如一年期满合同续签考核前一月累计结算后总收入达到1万元，则可变更为50%：50%分成比例。成熟型音乐公司：注册时间至申报之日起两年以上（含两年）；经营范围与音乐文化行业相关，且具有两年以上音乐行业相关经营经历。创业型音乐公司：经营范围与音乐文化行业相关，但注册时间至申报之日起不足两年，或者音乐行业相关经营经历不足两年的普通音乐公司合作伙伴。 B、CP接入评审通过后，须在一个月内完成全部申报曲目的入库（中音曲库），若非中音平台技术因素（如系统故障等）而逾期未入库或入库歌曲信息（包括但不限于版权类型、时长等）与申报不符的则中止协议签署进程、暂停后续合作，当次评审结果作废。半年内不得再次申报。 C、如发现CP伪造歌曲等版权造假行为，一经认定，将从处罚之日起两年内禁止申报。 D、CP接入成功后，第一年合同期内不得变更法人代表，如有变更则视为主体资格变更将终止合作。 E、CP接入成功后，成熟型音乐公司如一年期满合同续签考核前一月累计结算后总收入未达到3万元，则终止合作。创业型音乐公司如一年期满合同续签考核前一月累计结算后总收入未达到1万元，则终止合作。二、内容合作流程简介 1.在线申请接入：

2020公司员工大会主持词

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今天说的最多的是感谢，让我想起一句话：只要拥有一颗感恩的心，我们的世界将变的更加美好。我想只要我们每位同事都保持一颗感恩的心，我们的生活也会更加温暖，我们会更加团结，我们的目标实现也是指日可待。 ...... 会议圆满结束! 会议很简单，我却很开心，前期没有准备，找到了久违的感觉。当开完会以后，大家久久不愿离去，让我满心的满足。那样的场景，那样的氛围，又回到了某个元旦，中秋，全院欢庆的日子，回到了在台上的那份自信与开怀。我喜欢那份感觉! 会议中也有很多不足，普通话讲的没有以前好，总结的内容不够精辟，会议的形式太过单调，语速可以再慢点，互动再多点...... 加油!你会做到更好的!

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公司员工大会主持词开场白各位同事，大家上午好! **公司20xx年第2季度员工大会即将开始，在会议开始之前，我先做个自我介绍。我是人力资源部的**。非常荣幸能担任本次会议的主持人。欢迎大家的准时参与!之前还没来得及签到的同事记得稍后到前台进行签到。本次会议，将由四部分的内容组成：(播放PPT)第一部分，**第二部分，**第三部分，**第四部分，** 接下来，会议正式开始。二、新晋升员工名单的公布及发言下面进行今天会议的第一项内容，部分新入职员工和晋升员工的发言。他们是： ABCDEF 首先有请A。感谢A，相信有了你的加入，咱们**部门的业绩一定会蒸蒸日上。下面有请我们的B。感谢B，下面有请C。感谢C 随着公司的发展壮大，越来越多优秀的年轻人加入”公司名称” 的大家庭。你们是”公司名称”新的血液，新的力量。公司因为你们，更加欣欣向荣。公司的发展离不开全体同事的共同努力，感谢大家的辛勤付出! 播种会有收获，付出会有回报。在上个季度，因为工作表现出色，许多同事得到了晋升。下面有请“新晋升员工”上台发言。感谢D!相信**部门的业绩会再创新高!接下来请E.

我知道E此前在**部门的业绩就非常优秀，每次看到她，我就在想：小小的身体，怎么能有那么大的能量?!现在去到了”新部门”，E 一定要继续加油哦~ 下面出场的这位，6月份以**的成绩位居第一名。让我们以雷鸣般的掌声有请F!感谢F的发言。下个*No.1会是谁呢?让我们拭目以待吧!三、第二季度优秀员工的宣布和证书奖品颁发接下来我们进入第二个环节，本季度优秀员工名单的公布和证书、奖品的颁发。他们分别是：(PPT) 首先有请A上台做分享，感谢A的分享，感谢你的永不放弃! 下面有请B，感谢B的精彩分享。准妈妈C今天有事不能前来，她特意录制了一段视频。请**帮我们播放一下。接下来上台的是哪一位呢?是我们可爱的D。感谢D的分享。前面都是清一色的美女，下面的这一位，是我们”公司名称”男同事的优秀代表，**部门，我们的帅哥E.掌声欢迎! 感谢E的分享。最后有请我们企业合作部的小美女F。感谢F的分享。今年3月份，F从A岗位调岗到B岗位。新的岗位，新的挑战，她不怕辛苦，认真学习，很快适应了新岗位的工作要求，得到了同事们的认可，完成了一次漂亮的转身。F，继续加油，相信你会做得更棒~ 1、以上是我们第2季度优秀员工的经验分享，接下来是颁奖仪式，掌声又请全体优秀员工上台，有请我们的总经理**，为他们颁发荣誉证书和奖品。

自我介绍开场白6篇

自我介绍开场白6篇导读：自我介绍开场白1 我是一个非常乐观的女孩，我认为我们应该分享每一分钟的快乐时光。当你快乐，你才会感到阳光是那么灿烂，蓝天是那么的明朗，我们是那么的富有活力。追求快乐的人是不断争取的。追求快乐的人是不会被困难击垮的，追求快乐的人是会勇敢地去面对每一件事的……因此，在老师和家长的教诲下，我才懂得了怎样感恩、乐观、坚持。我最大的特质就是执着，只要是我所选择的事情，我所选择的道路，我都会非常坚定地走下去。自我介绍开场白2 我叫李xx，xxxx年6月1日出生，xx岁，来自西安，我有着直爽的性格，但又不失稳重，不远千里来到怀化这座城市求学。来到中专学习的事实和我的理想有很大的出入，难免有些郁闷，但在一段时间后，我认清了事实，很看计算机应用专业。"21世纪是电脑的世纪。"这句话一点都不假，随着电脑的展，它为21世纪插上了腾飞的翅膀。后来在不断的培养兴趣过程中，我开始对电脑产生兴趣，今后的三年，我将在不断的学习进步中度过的。 “十年磨砺锋利出，宝剑只待君来识”。再苦再累，我都愿意一试，“吃得苦中苦，方为人上人”，在以后的学习生活中，我一定会是一位尽自己的努力、过一个充实而又意义的中专生活。自我介绍开场白3

我叫xx，1992年6月1日出生，xx岁，来自西安，我有着直爽的性格，但又不失稳重，不远千里来到怀化这座城市求学。来到中专学习的事实和我的理想有很大的出入，难免有些郁闷，但在一段时间后，我认清了事实，很看计算机应用专业。"21世纪是电脑的世纪。"这句话一点都不假，随着电脑的展，它为21世纪插上了腾飞的翅膀。后来在不断的培养兴趣过程中，我开始对电脑产生兴趣，今后的三年，我将在不断的学习进步中度过的。 “十年磨砺锋利出，宝剑只待君来识”。再苦再累，我都愿意一试，“吃得苦中苦，方为人上人”，在以后的学习生活中，我一定会是一位尽自己的努力、过一个充实而又意义的中专生活。自我介绍开场白4 我是一个活泼开朗的小女孩，我性格随和，下课后总能听到我愉快的笑声。我下课后有时会帮成绩不好的同学讲一下题，我还会帮助别人做我应该做的事。我觉得帮助别人自己也会觉得高兴的！我是一个班干部，在班上我管的纪律井井有条。我的组织能力很强，有时侯我会带着同学们开展一些有益的活动。我还把本班的少先队员的工作做得有声有色呢！我的特长是弹琴、跳舞、书法。我从小就学弹琴，现在弹得还是算好的哟！我还学过跳舞，我学了*年了。我还在重庆的艺校去考了舞蹈*级的证书。我的书法是最棒的，我在班上写的字是最好的呢！这就是我！一个大方开朗的小女孩！自我介绍开场白5

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3、全部录制、混音制作完成后，并通过甲方验收合格(甲方到公司来试听)在交付成品后叁个工作日内，甲方一次性付清本协议总金额30%的余款，即￥元给乙方。 4、全部款收到后乙方将成品交付给甲方并须开具发票。 5、以上金额的付款均以货币形式支付（电汇、现金或其他双方任何的支付形式均可）。五、甲方责权： 1、甲方提供企业精神、背景资料、经营理念、宣传口号及以往的广告用语和本项目所需的相关等材料（涉及商业秘密的乙方必须做好保密），作为乙方创作的参考依据。 2、甲方积极配合乙方要求，在本协议签订之后，甲方协助乙方创作企业歌词,最后由乙方完成作品的制作。 3、甲方在协议执行过程中，对乙方各阶段的工作计划安排，应给与支持和配合，对乙方的各类报告甲方应在叁个工作日给予反馈，如：歌词创作的意见回复等等，以确保创作如期完成。 4、甲方根据本协议第九条：验收与标准界定的条款，具有最终审核验收权。 5、甲方应按本协议付款方式，向乙方支付相关费用。六、乙方责权： 1、乙方负责歌曲创作制作的全部流程包括：企业文化调研、综合定位企划、作（填、改）词、作曲、编曲、配器、演唱、录音、整体合成、制成标准CD格式光碟。

公司员工晚会主持词

公司员工晚会主持词【篇一：【经典】xx公司员工大会流程及主持词】 xx公司员工大会流程及主持词（开场白）尊敬的x总、各位亲爱的伙伴们：大家下午好！在本次员工大会开始之前，首先提醒大家，请将手机调至震动。时间匆匆而过！自我公司xx年x月x日正式成立以来，到现在已经运营半年有余了，在座的各位也伴随我们公司一起成长、奋斗了200多天了。自我们的团队组建以来，大家表现出了肯吃苦、肯付出、肯学习的精神，在x总的强有力的领导下，在各位伙伴的共同努力下，我们的流程在不断完善、我们品牌影响力在不断扩大、同时我们的业绩在一步一步提升，xx公司的今天有我们在座每一位的汗水，请大家先为我们自己鼓掌！今天我们在此召开员工大会，旨在通过工作回顾、工作部署、员工表彰及互动团队游戏，来与各位明确接下来的工作方向、鼓舞大家的士气，能让大家好好放松一下的同时，更加激情高涨的投入到接下来的工作中。因此本次员工大会的主题是“激情澎湃携手共进”！接下来我宣布一下本次大会的会议流程：第一项：全体员工共唱企业之歌（伴奏带）xx:xx-xx:xx 第二项：x总讲话xx:xx-xx:xx 第三项：各部门负责人x月月度工作汇报（每部门准备ppt，时间5分钟）xx:xx-xx:xx 第四项：表彰月度先进员工xx:xx-xx:xxx月优秀销售顾问xxx、技术标兵xxx 有请x总上台，为x月优秀员工发放证书、奖品（提前打印、准备好）

第五项：新员工欢迎仪式及才艺展示xx:xx-xx:xxx月份新入职：xxx、xxx、xxx、xxx（请至前台）新员工自我介绍及才艺表演：可发表入职感想，可表演节目（会议前提前沟通好）第六项：团队拓展游戏xx:xx-xx:xx团队游戏目的：1、培养团队合作精神； 2、增进团队沟通； 3、提现协同工作在解决问题中的作用； 4、克服困难和障碍，分析问题，解决问题。游戏一、无敌风火轮（宣读游戏规则）目的：团队合作竞技型团队拓展游戏，主要目的是培养学员团结一致，密切合作，克服困难的团队精神；培养计划、组织、协调能力；培养服从指挥、一丝不苟的工作态度；增强队员间的相互信任及理解。时间：10分钟左右材料：报纸、胶带（一片空旷的大场地）内容：10-15人一组，利用报纸和胶带制作一个可以容纳全体团队成员的封闭式大圆环，将圆环立起来全队成员站到圆环上边走边滚动大圆环，完整连续走完一个循环的队胜出。游戏二、指点迷津（宣读游戏规则）目的：组员互相合作及彼此信任时间：5－10分钟材料：多个眼罩及4至5张椅子（这游戏需要较大空间）内容：1. 组长预先将椅子分散在房内，制造障碍。 2. 两人一组。其中一人戴上眼罩，听从伙伴的指示。

主持人开场白自我介绍

这天，能不能得上奖并不重要，重要的是我给了自己一次展示自我、认识自我、锻炼自我的机会，也给我一次向大家学习、提高自我的机会。电视是一扇窗，当你打开着扇窗时，你我之间就开始了真诚的交流，主持对我来说是一个无限广阔的魅力空间，我心甘愿为他付出，为他去奉献。谢谢评委老师，谢谢大家，更谢谢值得尊敬的对手。这天能站在这个舞台上讲这些话，我就战胜了自已，我能够告诉自已，我赢了。谢谢！这是我帮忙一位朋友参加主持人大赛的自我说词，这位朋友获得了一等奖。有需要的朋友能够采用，不需要的不必大加鞭斥。主持人开场白自我介绍（二）大家好! 我是来自溜滨小学六年1班的时红霞，一个可爱的“蓝精灵”，上天赋予了我智慧、灵性和从容的气质。我虽然不是很漂亮，但却有着一颗善良真诚的心灵，我个头虽然不高，但却有着一股执着向上的追求。我勤奋好学、乐观向上，入校三年来在老师和父母的教育下，在自己的发奋下，年年被学校评为“三好学生”。我的性格有点猴气。猴儿聪明伶俐。我呢也带着几分灵气。我的明白潜质、分析潜质、综合潜质很强，因此各

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