资料安全工程专业英语部分翻译
Unit 1 safety management system
Accident causation models 事故致因理论
Safety management 安全管理
Physical conditions 物质条件
Machine guarding 机械保护装置
House-keeping 工作场所管理
Top management 高层管理人员
Human errors 人因失误
Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型
Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效
Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员
Safety committee 安全委员会
Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄
Local culture 当地文化
Absenteeism rate 缺勤率
Power relations 权力关系
Status review 状态
审查
Lower-level management 低层管理者
Business performance 组织绩效
Most senior executive 高级主管
Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则
Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识
Safety performance 安全性能
One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions –invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration – that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题及内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可，因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员，让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部及整合内部的过程中的问题]。
The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management.
译文：组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成：个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任，以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。
Unit 2 System Safety Engineering
System safety engineering 系统安全工程
By-product 附带产生的结果
Engineering practice 工程实践
Safety problem 安全问题
Accelerating technology 快速发展的技术Safety effort 安全投入
System’s life cycle 系统的生命周期
System effectiveness 系统有效性
Logical reasoning 逻辑推理
Potential accident 潜在事故
Accident cause 事故原因Logical programming 合理的规划
System hazard 系统危害Safety input 安全投入Inherently safe system 本质安全系统
Schedule delays 进度拖延Concept phase 初步计划阶段Safety criteria 安全标准Government regulations 政府管制
System operation 系统运行System analysis 系统分析System design 系统设计
Aid in 有助于
Equipment specifications 设备说明
Maintenance plans 维护计划
Safety problems 安全问题Development phase 发展阶段Operation phase 运行阶段Performance reviews 绩效评估
Disposal phase 处理阶段Intuitive process 直觉过程Make decisions 做决定Hazard control 危险控制Protective apparel 防护服Engineering solutions 工程方法/手段
Protective devices 保护装置
Warning devices 报警装置Incorrect interpretation 误解
Hazardous material 危险物质
Work area layout 工业区布局Educational solutions 教育方法/手段
Training sessions 培训会议Safety promotion programs
安全促进项目Administrative solutions 行政方法/手段
Personnel selection 人员选择
Safety shoes 安全鞋Safety belt 安全带
Safety glasses 防护眼镜Accident prevention 事故预防
Technical system 技术系统Responsible official 负责人
Hazard analysis is not an intuitive process. For an analysis to be meaningful, it must be logical, accurate, descriptive of the system, and based on valid assumptions. Its success largely depends on the skill and knowledge of those conducting the analysis. Anyone who has a thorough, working knowledge of both the system under consideration and the analysis technique to be used may perform a hazard analysis. In practice, the efforts of several persons with varying backgrounds are usually required to assure that meaningful and comprehensive hazard information is obtained.
译文：危险分析过程不是凭直觉就能完成的。对于一个有意义的分析，必须在有效的假设基础上对系统进行合理的、准确的描述。它的成功主要取决于进行分析的人所具有的技能及知识。只要对被研究的系统和用于分析的技术有全面的了解，任何人都可以进行危险分析。在实践过程中，要想获得全面而有价值的危险信息，必须要一些具有不同知识背景的人共同努力才行。
System safety engineering is a relatively new approach to accident prevention. Its concepts and techniques have evolved from efforts to improve the safety of the complex technical systems that are common in today’s society. It is based on the ideas that accidents result from a number of interacting causes within a system, and that each cause and interaction can be logically identified, evaluated, and controlled. Through the logical application of scientific and management principles over the life cycle of a system, system safety engineering attempts to achieve an optimum degree of safety.
译文：安全系统工程是一个相对较新的预防事故的方法。它的概念和相关技术是在人们提高当今普遍存在的复杂技术系统安全性的各种努力过程中逐渐发展而来的。它基于这样一个思想，即所有的事故都是系统内大量相互作用的原因造成的，理论上，各种原因及相互作用都能被识别、评估，并得到控制。通过在系统的生命周期内合理的应用科学的管理原则，系统安全工程就有望获得最佳的安全程度。
The efforts necessary to achieve the desired degree of safety are usually organized into formal programs. The objective of such programs is to assure that system hazards are eliminated or otherwise controlled as early in the life cycle as possible. Most of the detail work involved in a system safety program is in the performance of hazard analyses. With the information
provided by analysis, responsible officials can determine the safest, most efficient means of controlling the hazards identified.
译文：要想获得所期望的安全程度，所有必须做的工作都应编制成正式的计划。这些计划的目标就是确保系统里的危险被消除，或者使危险在系统生命周期内尽早的得到控制。系统安全计划中的大量具体工作在危险分析的过程中得以执行。通过分析提供的信息，负责人就能选择最安全、最有效的方式来控制被识别出来的危险。
Unit 3 The ergonomics Process
ergonomics process 人机工程过程
MSDs （are injuries and illnesses of the safe tissue and nervous system that affect your body’s: Muscles, Nerves, Tendons(经脉), Ligaments(韧带 ), Joints）由肌肉组织或神经系统引起的伤害或疾病
Upper echelons 上层、高层hourly employee 钟点工
Job sites 工地
Ergonomics committee 人机工程委员会
Medical management 医疗管
理
Musculoskeletal stressors 肌肉骨骼紧张性刺激
Ergonomics input 人机工程投
入
Management commitment 管理
承诺/行为
Manufacturing engineers 制造
业工程师
Plant manager 工厂经理Process engineer 生产工程师
Human resource manager 人力资源经理
Safety manager 安全经理
Sub-committee 分委员会Overseeing body 监督主体low back disorder 腰部疾病Active and passive surveillance 主动和被动监督Job stressors 工作压力源Follow-up 后续工作Ergonomics awareness 人机工程意识
Follows through 实现，把…进行到底
Chain of command 指挥链
Hit list 黑名单
You must assess the outcome of the hazard identification process and determine if immediate action is necessary or if, in fact, there is an actual hazard involved. When you do not view a reported hazard as an actual hazard, it is critical to the ongoing process to inform the worker that you do not view it as a true hazard and explain why. This will insure the continued cooperation of workers in hazard identification.
你必须对危险辨识过程中得到的结果进行评估，并决定在实际危险存在时是否需要立刻采取措施。当你不把一个已被报告的危险当做一个实际存在的危险时，你必须在工作过程中告诉工人你没把这个被报告的危险当做一个真正的危险，并解释原因。这将确保工人们在危险识别过程中进行持续合作。
Unit 4 Hazard identification
Hazard identification 危险识别
Outcome 后果
Ongoing process 正在进行的过程
Place on 重视
Exposure limit 暴露极限Ventilation system 通风系统
Budgetary constraint 预算约束
Jobsite safety inspection 工作场所安全检查
Accident investigation 事故调查
Labor management committee
劳动管理委员会
Accident incidence 事故发生率
Severity rate 严重事故率Industrial accident 工业事故
Work procedure 工作/操作程序Walk-round inspection 巡视Overexertion 用力过度Carpal tunnel syndrome 腕管综合症
Extreme temperature 极限温度
Worker-oriented 以人为本的Mitigate 减轻/缓和Abatement 降低/消除
This approach to hazard identification does not require that someone with special training conduct it. It can usually be accomplished by the use of a short fill-in-the-blank questionnaire. This hazard identification technique works well where management is open and genuinely concerned about the safety and health of its workforce. The most time-consuming
portion of this process is analyzing the assessment and response regarding potential hazards identified. Empowering workers to identify hazards, make recommendations on abatement of the hazards, and then suggest how management can respond to these potential hazards is essential.
这种危险辨识的方法不需要经过特需训练的人来执行。通常经过一个简短的问卷调查就能完成。在一些管理比较开放、真心关心工人安全和健康的地方，这种危险辨识方法能起到很好的作用。这个过程中最耗时的部分就是对识别的潜在的危险进行分析评估和反馈。赋予工人识别危险、对减小危险提出建议并提出如何对这些潜在的危险进行管理的权利是必须的。
Unit 5 What is an OHSMS
OHSMS 职业健康安全管理体系Legacy 遗产，留给后人的东西In practice 在实践中
Allow for 考虑到Regulatory system 监管体系Review phase 审查阶段Specific objective 特殊目标
Corrective action 纠正措施Be central to 极为重要Systematic approach 系统方法
Systemic linkage 体系联动Inter-linked 相互链接Feedback loop 反馈环Specific program element 详细计划
Mandatory 强制的
Arise from 由。。。引起Strategic objective 战略目
标
Commercial pressure 商业压力
Principal contractor 总承包商
Hybrid method 混合方法Market-based 基于市场的Formalised prescription 正式的法规/规定
Mandated principle 明文规定的原则
Stem from 起源于，来自于Regulatory framework 规章制度
European Union Framework Directive 欧盟框架指令
All-encompassing approach 包罗万象的方法
Sparingly 少量的
Home grown 国产的/自己制定Chamber of Commerce and Industry 工商会/工商联Framing 编制/制定Emergency planning 应急计划
Planning and accountability 计划及职责
Managerialist and participative models 经理主导模式和参及模式
bureaucratic model 官僚模式
Top down 由上而下
Trace to 追溯到
Empirical test 经验实验Mutually exclusive 相互排斥的
Quality levels 质量标准Expand upon 详述/进一步阐述Level of achievement 成就水平
Performance level 执行标准Graduating up 逐渐变化
At the behest of 在。。。命令/
要求下Set out 阐述、陈列Conversely, an alternative participative model of “management systems” can be traced to socio-technical systems theory, which emphasises organisational interventions based on analysis of the inter-relationships of technology, environment, the orientation of participants, and organisational structure.相反，一个可选择来使用的“管理系统”模型可以追溯到社会-技术系统理论，该理论强调组织干预，这种组织干预是建立在对技术、环境、参及者的定位及组织结构之间的相互关系进行分析的基础上的。So far, we have shown that OHSMS can vary upon a number of dimensions relating to method of implementation, system characteristics, and degree of implementation. Such variance is important because it affects evaluation and measurement of OHSMS performance. Measures appropriate for one dimension of a system will be irrelevant to another. Evaluation of OHSMS effectiveness may need to take account of what systems are expected to do. Are they to meet complex system or simple design standards? Are they implemented at the behest of management or external OHS authorities? Are objectives the simple ones such as reducing direct lost-time injuries or do they include satisfying multiple stakeholders? Are they at an early or
翻译期末作业
浅谈中国菜名的翻译 我国悠久的历史和广袤的国土孕育了中国独特的烹饪艺术和丰富的饮食文化。我们国家也以几千年的饮食文化文明于世。随着我国经济飞速发展，与国外交流日益增多，餐饮业也面临着走向世界的机遇和挑战。中国菜名是汉语语汇中承载中国文化最多的语汇之一, 不仅承载着几千年来的中国饮食文化, 还承载着大量的非饮食文化, 如神话、民俗、历史、文学、宗教信仰等等, 在菜名所传达的表层语义背后有着更为深厚复杂的多元文化元素。同时由于饮食与文化的密切联系，这些都大大增大了翻译的难度。 1.首先我们来看一下一些我们常见的错误翻译 长期以来，菜名的翻译没有统一的标准，加上译者水平有限和地域差异，并不了解菜式的内涵，致使很多菜名的翻译让人感到不知所云。比如口水鸡slobbering chicken、童子鸡chicken without sexual life、夫妻肺片the couple’s lung 等，这翻译让外国人看了都吓跑了，哪里还有食欲吃饭呢？再如东坡肉poet Dongpo’s braised pork，东坡肉是用蒸的方法做出来的，所以这里应该为Poet Dongpo’s steamed pork 而不是用braised；“鱼香肉丝”较常见的有两种译法，另外也有人译为shredded pork with garlic sauce，前者译法为直译，后者加了简单的解释，虽然看似简单易懂，很直观，但是译者没有弄清楚此菜的配料，川菜口味浓重，很多菜肴的配料都是少不了“川菜之魂”郫县豆瓣酱，鱼香肉丝正是用到此配料，是不用所谓的大蒜酱，所以后者翻译存在误的地方；水煮鱼，也是川菜中的代表作，又麻又辣，有译者翻译为tender stewed fish，这个译法不够全面，应该在后面加上in chili sauce；夫妻肺片译为pork lungs in chili sauce，这个译法的译者应该不明白此菜的来历和主料，夫妻肺片根本不是用猪肺做成的，而且和肺一点都不沾边，此菜的主料都是用牛内脏，所以这个译发讲不通。对于以上的翻译错误我们不能只是一笑而过，我们应该感受到菜名翻译的难度，从而思考怎样才能更好的翻译来达到最佳的效果。
自动化专业英语课文重点句子翻译(精)
In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. 就电阻来说, 电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的 电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。 2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. 或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。 Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。 At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 在功率因数为 1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 It should be noted that if the polarity of point Awith respect to N ( is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180? out of phase with, . 应该注意,如果把 A 点相对于 N 的极性(定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为 180? One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. 对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益 AU 或者 AI ,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。
土木专业英语翻译作业
桂林理工大学土木与建筑工程学院 土木工程专业英语外文翻译，中文翻译 姓名：马凤志 专业：土木应用 班级：10级9班 学号：3100510939
原文
中文翻译 The Influence of Concrete Compaction on the Strength of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes 压实混凝土对混凝土强度的影响 Lin-Hai Han School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Haihe Road 202, PO Box 689, Harbin 150090, P.R. China 韩林海，哈尔滨建筑大学，土木与建筑工程学院，海河路202号，邮政信箱，689，哈尔滨，150090 中国 ABSTRACT: Tests on twenty-one concrete filled steel tubes to investigate the influence of compaction methods on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members are reported. 摘要：测试二十一钢管混凝土试验，研究了钢管对混凝土构件强度压实方法的影响报告。 Two parameters were investigated, including slenderness ratio and load eccentricity. 对两个参数进行研究，包括长细比和荷载偏心。 It was found that better compaction of concrete resulted in higher values of the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
英语专业 综合英语翻译句子答案
1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.
专业英语大作业
专业英语大作业 一：英译汉 翻译范围TCP/IP Illustrated, V olume 1: The Protocols 5.1~5.5 15.1~15.2 第5章RARP：逆地址解析协议 5.1简介 5.2 RARP报文格式 5.3 RARP示例 5.4 RARP服务的设计 5.5小结 练习 5.1简介 一个拥有本地磁盘的系统通常是从磁盘文件读取配置文件中获取其IP地址。但一个没有磁盘的系统，如X终端或无盘工作站，需要一些其它方式去获得其IP地址。 每个系统在网络上都有一个唯一的硬件地址，由网络接口的制造商分配。 RARP的原则是无盘系统从接口卡上读取其独特的硬件地址，并发送RARP请求（网络上的广播帧）要求别人对无盘系统的IP地址（使用RARP回应）进行应答。 虽然这个概念很简单，执行往往比ARP更难，在本章后面会描述其原因。 RARP的正式规范是RFC 903。 5.2 RARP报文格式 RARP报文的格式几乎与ARP报文是相同的（图4.3）。唯一的区别是，RARP 的请求或应答帧类型为0×8035，并且在操作层RARP请求值为3、RARP应答值为4。 图4-3 ARP在网络上请求与应答报文的格式 与ARP一样，RARP服务器请求是广播和RARP应答通常是单播。 5.3 RARP示例 在我们的网络，我们可以强制sun主机从网络引导，而不是它的本地磁盘。 如果我们在主机bsdi上运行RARP服务器和tcpdump，我们得到如图5.1所示的输出。我们使用-e参数去标记tcpdump的打印硬件地址：
图5.1 RARP请求和应答。 该RARP请求是广播（1号线）的，第2行的RARP应答是单播的。第2行的输出，“at sun”,意味着RARP应答包含了主机sun（140.252.13.33）的IP地址。 在第3行，我们看到，一旦sun接收其IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP读请求（RRQ）的文件8CFCOD21.SUN4C。（TFTP是简单文件传输协议，我们在第15章进行详细描述）。在文件名中的8个十六进制数字是sun主机的IP地址140.252.13.33的十六进制表示形式。这是在RARP应答中返回的IP地址。该文件名的其余部分，后缀SUN4C表示系统正在引导的类型。 Tcpdump表示第3行是一个长度为65的IP数据报，而不是一个UDP数据报（实际上它确实是），因为我们运行tcpdump命令使用-e参数，看硬件级别的地址。另一点，在图5.1要注意的是在第2行的以太网帧的长度似乎比最小较短（我们所说的是在4.5节60字节）。原因是我们的系统，该系统上运行的tcpdump 发送该以太网帧（BSDI）。该应用程序rarpd，写42字节到BSD分组过滤器装置（14字节的以太网报头和28字节的RARP应答），这是什么的tcpdump收到的副本。但以太网设备驱动程序垫这个短帧的最小尺寸为传输（60 ）。如果我们在另一个系统上已经运行的tcpdump ，长度会是60。 我们可以看到在这个例子，当这种无盘系统接收在RARP应答它的IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP请求来读取一个引导映像。在这一点上，我们不会进入其他详细介绍无盘系统是如何引导自己。（第16章介绍了使用RARP ，BOOTP和TFTP无盘X终端的引导顺序。） 图5.2表示出了如果有在网络上没有RARP服务器所得到的数据包。每个数据包的目的地址为以太网的广播地址。以太网地址跟随的是目标硬件地址，并按照发送端的硬件地址发送。
《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译
Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings. 模拟计算机是模拟设备。也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。 A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit( including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units( the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). 一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。 CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC. CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。 Lesson 2 Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). 超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。 It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously. 它是一个中型计算机。在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。 Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. 工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。
研究生专业英语第一到第六单元句子翻译修改版
Unit 1 1. 他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2. 一架波音747 飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn 't gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3. 学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4. 当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5. 每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6. 他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣，再也不说话了，而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候，他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1. 有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2. 不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但他却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4. 穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access.
电子商务专业英语作业翻译
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business, are often used interchangably. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is sometimes used. 电子商务（电子商务或电子商务）是购买和出售的商品和服务在互联网，特别是万维网上的。在实践中，这项和一个新的术语，电子商务，往往交替使用。网上零售，电子零售的术语有时用。 E-tailing or The Virtual Storefront and the Virtual Mall 网上或虚拟商店和虚拟商店 As a place for direct retail shopping, with its 24-hour availability, a global reach, the ability to interact and provide custom information and ordering, and multimedia prospects, the Web is rapidly becoming a multibillion dollar source of revenue for the world's businesses. A number of businesses already report considerable success. As early as the middle of 1997, Dell Computers reported orders of a million dollars a day. By early 1999, projected e-commerce revenues for business were in the billions of dollars and the stocks of companies deemed most adept at e-commerce were skyrocketing. Although many so-called dotcom retailers disappeared in the economic shakeout of 2000, Web retailing at sites such as https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3a3923507.html,, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3a3923507.html,, and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3a3923507.html, continues to grow. 作为一个直接的零售购物，其24小时供应，全球性的，互动的能力，并提供自定义信息和订购，和多媒体，网络正在迅速成为一个数十亿美元的收入来源，为全球的企业。一些企业已报告了相当大的成功。早在1997年年中，戴尔电脑报告的订单一百万美元一天。1999年初，预计的电子商务业务收入都在数十亿美元的股票和公司认为最善于电子商务暴涨。虽然许多所谓的互联网零售商消失在经济衰退2000，网上零售网站如https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3a3923507.html,，https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3a3923507.html,，和https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3a3923507.html,继续增长 Market Research 市场研究 In early 1999, it was widely recognized that because of the interactive nature of the Internet, companies could gather data about prospects and customers in unprecedented amounts -through site registration, questionnaires, and as part of taking orders. The issue of whether data was being collected with the knowledge and permission of market subjects had been raised. (Microsoft referred to its policy of data collection as "profiling" and a proposed standard has been developed that allows Internet users to decide who can have what personal information.) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)
Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） (14) Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识GPS） (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)