工业设计外文文献及翻译

毕业设计（论文）

题目：工业设计外文文献翻译

学 院：机械工程学院

专 业：工业设计

班 级：2008级

学 号：0801360117

学生姓名：蔡华强

指导老师：蓝淑渊

The impact of “3r” principles to industrial design

Abstract

While industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources．Besides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings．Confront with this situation，the strategy of sustainable development，proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many people．Recycling economy and its key point，“3r” principle，were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture．By decoding the connotation of “3r” principle，the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over industrial design of “3r” principle．Furthermore，the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign，which is the extens ion of the “3r” principle in the area of industrial design，and explicates 4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at last.

1 Introduction

Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines，it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized：First，it services for industrial mass production，making industrial products enhance the value and value-added. Second，It leads the fashion，to effectively stimulate consumption，so that consumers not only use the product at the same time，but also enjoy the new technology and material；Third，it puts technology to link up with the market，making products enhance competitiveness；Last but not the least，it can bring the innovation into the enterprise. Therefore，the economic development needs industrial design which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .

However，along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds up the consumption of resources and energy. What’s more ，it dose harm to the ecological balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit，the implementation of "merchandise has plans to abolish the system" without taking into account production，use，process waste，such as the environment，the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life，the industrial design objectively becomes essential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume，which is countered to the essence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.

Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development，in the 20th century，people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry out a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ，the principle of circular economy is “3r” (ie Reduce，Reuse，Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability，sustainable development Against this background，the concept of sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design，based on this ongoing exploration and practice. “3r” principles intended to so rt out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role，and attempts to explore the “3r” principles of industrial design at the extension.

2 Cycle economic model and the principle of “3r”

Economy is engaged in production，consumption and reproduction activities，which is to meet human material needs of their own

material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy，the agricultural economy，industrial economy after the time of the post-industrial

economy，with the industrial economy is different between the resources and environment relationship.Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production，resource recycling and efficient recycling characterized eco-economic development patterns，also known as eco-economy，green economy.

2.1 The relationship between economic model，environment and the resources

Human survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment.On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system；on the other hand，it bears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited，even though it must have the ability to purify，however it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.

Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy，this openness has led to a global depletion of resources and waste，as well as the serious deterioration of the ecological environment.

Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources，one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process，this closed loop system，can maintain economic production of low，high-quality，low-waste，which will be economic activity of natural resources and environmental impacts to minimize damage.

2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode “3r” principle

“Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy，that is the source of control method，which requires the source of economic activity - the design stage，pay attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas，usually the energy-saving production processes，materials and conservation of resources，the products of small size and lightweight，and easy and simple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions；In the consumer area，reduction of the supremacy of the principle of a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy，that is，process control methods，with the aim to improve the products and resources use efficiency，it calls for product design to initial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design，to the use of standard-sized parts，repair and upgrade in order to replace，thus prolonging the service life of products；In the consumer area，to promote the purchase of durable consumer goods，to reduce the use of disposable products，such as after-sales service by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste.

"Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy，that is，terminal control method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated，through the "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product，put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products，sub-resource is the waste of resources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.

3 The impact of the “3r” principle of to industrial design

”3r” principle is not only on products from the design，production，sales，use，disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect，but also on the industrial design itself，a more extensive and profound changes：

3.1 The impact of design concept

In modern industrial economy，the product design is often to serve the people，just from the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point，and do not consider the follow-up products，use of resources and energy consumption and emissions on the environment and other ecological problems. “3r” principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design，while respecting the needs of people，but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept，put people and nature live in harmony and common development in the first place，the use of systems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design，from product design at the beginning of the macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here，the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points，through the design，efforts to improve and reduce the products in the production，use，recycling process，such as the adverse impact of the environment. So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature，the principle of human - machine system one considers the environment，a comprehensive optimization of the industrial design of a new concept.

3.2 The impact of design style

Simple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style，popular in the 20th century，in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model，the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people，then in the recycling economy mode，the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials，the most beautiful modeling，the most pristine appearance simplicity of product design，sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. “3r” Products doctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth，specific，practical significance.

First，the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled，such as biological materials，so less material on refined，appropriate；Second，to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"，the lightweight and pleasant form of products. Third，the design features of the object collation，evaluation，definition，must always focus on the merger，to simplify，optimize，and makes the core functions briefly products；Fourth，the product is intended to be simple and clear language；Fifth，the structure of simple，easy to create；Sixth，the choice of degradable material，the structure of easy solutions，such as withholding together.

3.3 The impact of design method

The impact of the “3r” principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are：modular design，removable design，recyclable design，long-life design.

Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance，different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis，and design into a series of functional modules，through the selection and combination of modules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of

modular design：First，make products with good performance Recycling demolition，settled design different types of products and waste of resources；Second，it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery，enhance the versatility of the components，once the end-of-life products，they can re-use or recycling；Third，improve the repair of products can extend the life of the product.

Product design is removable at the design stage，so that parts of the Products has a good performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials . The demolition of the design requirements，Product First，connect the various parts and components，as far as possible the use of detachable connection，such as threaded connections，unified type fasteners，reducing the number of fasteners，try not to use welding，riveting，bonding and other non-removable the connection；Second，in the selection and processing of raw materials，the demolition of the connection；to use and reuse of recyclable materials，the types of materials，such as less as possible.

Recyclable design refers to product design，to take full account of the various materials Product components the possibility of recycling，recovery treatment，recycling and product recovery of costs related to a series of questions，thus saving materials and reducing waste，minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products，value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following：First，improving product reliability and durability；Second，products are easy to repair and maintenance；Third，using standard，modular product structure.

”3r” principle in guidance and norms，product design，material selection should be taken into consideration：First of all，minimize the use of materials. Try using high quality materials to enhance the service life of products；the prohibition of the use of contaminated material against big，look for the

corresponding sound material substitution；reuse as much as possible the use of recyclable materials. Secondly，the preferred sound of the ecological environment of the material，after the preferred decomposition of waste and the natural world to absorb the material，preferred low power，low cost，

low-polluting materials，preferred easy processing，and processing of

non-polluting or less polluting materials，preferred materials recycling. Finally，to reduce the use of the types of materials in order to reduce the cost of Recycling Materials；maintain original material，as far as possible the use of simple materials，the use of alloy materials，to avoid material harm to the environment of the surface treatment；marked parts Products material composition for the materials to facilitate recyclingand so on.

4 From “3r” to 4R

In the recycling economy mode，the product life cycle from the previous end-of-life for the end product，after the extension to the end-of-life recycling. It should be noted that starting from the waste products for the consideration of a second use for them，so that the product design is no longer a product before，but the other products. Therefore，the design process we will call it

"re-engineering (Redesign)".

4.1 The concept of re-engineering

The so-called re-engineering，that is，through the product components as well as their overall utilization of the re-design method to save resources. Given the United Kingdom Environmental Design Alliance is defined as："Materials by Product，the structure of a meaningful way to re-use，in order to save resources for the purpose of the premise，to extend the product life cycle，and tap the potential ecological value of the design method." In short，the product

re-engineering refers to the product life cycle after the re-use design.

Whether they are re-engineering the design of a new trend，or the design of a self-activity changes，which are related to the sustainable development

strategy in line belong to the scope of green design. If it is said that green design is usually considered the entire product life-cycle environmental impact，and re-design considerations are at the end of product life-weeks to reduce the environmental impact of problem，it is the “3r” principle in the extension of the field of industrial design. Therefore，the re-engineering in conjunction with the “3r” principle，as a mode of circular economy 4R principles of industrial design.

4.2 The form of re-engineering

Product re-engineering is aimed at new products to effectively use the original parts and components products and materials. Product re-engineering have a variety of forms，for the same product re-engineering can have a variety of forms，can be divided into assimilation and alienation of the re-engineering re-engineering.

Assimilation refers to re-design is a before and after re-engineering products，have been recycling their own re-engineering of the parts not changed before and after. For example，before the re-design car audio，re-engineering the home was converted into sound.

Alienation refers to the re-engineering re-design before and after are different products，re-use of components was necessary in order to be used transformation. For example，re-engineering before the cell phone components，into a walkie-talkie after the re-engineering of an important part of；In another example，the re-engineering of old jeans before，by re-engineering can be turned into shorts，vest and so on.

5 Conclusion

Circular economy is to achieve sustainable human development of new economic development model，“3r” principle is the core substance of the economic cycle，the idea of circular economy is the fundamental expression.

"Re-design" are able to make the best of “3r” in the extension of the fi eld of industrial design and development，is a matter of deep study and practice the new task，it should be，together with the “3r” principle，become a model of circular economy are industrial 4R principles of design.

As the international chairman of the Federation of Societies of Industrial Design，Mr. Peter said "the design of human development as an important factor，with the exception of self-destruction might be the ruin of mankind，human arrival may also become a shortcut to a better world." Today，in the framework of national sustainable development strategies，the role of industrial design is changing，and actively looking for a new direction for the development of circular economy at all levels play a role. Industrial design will become a powerful for cycling of our country economic.

翻译：

?“3r”原则的影响为工业设计

摘要

在工业设计创造了现代生活和生活环境的人，也进一步加速用尽自然资源和能源资源。此外，对此状况它已经害生态平衡、受威胁的生存和人类的永续发展。面对可持续发展战略，提出了20世纪90年代，是可以得到许多人类。循环经济和重点，在这样的情况下“3r”原则诞生了，成为在各种各样的经济活动和在该地区的设计和制造的重要原则。通过解码“3r”原则的内涵，本文在分析其影响和引导工业设计原则。此外，“3r”，本文试图探讨重新设计的概念，这是延长“3r”原则在该地区的工业设计的原则，阐述了工业设计的各位朋友，循环经济的最后一次。

关键词：“3r”原则业设计循环经济反抗

1介绍

工业设计作为贯穿各领域的技术与艺术学科密切相关，以维持其经济和社会的发展和进步。它可以简要地概括为：第一，它服务于工业大规模生产，制造工业产品的价值和提高增值。第二，引领时尚，有效地刺激消费，这样消费者不仅经常使用产品同时，而且具有新技术和材料。第三，提出了技术与市场联系起来，使产品提升竞争力。最后一点，它能够带来的创新企业。因此，经济发展的需要工业设计已成为不可或缺的国家的经济建设。

然而，在进行传统的工业设计创优现代生活方式和居住环境，促进经济发展，加快能源消耗和精力。更重要的是，事实如此危害地球的生态平衡，并提出了一个严肃的极大的危害人类生存和可持续发展。特别是过度商业化的工业设计、功利的过度追求利润，实施“货物计划废除系统”而没有考虑生产、使用、过程浪费，如环境，影响的资源。可以这样说，人们在不适当的过度消费模式的生活，工业设计的客观地成为必要的控制中，鼓励人们消费的本质则是工业创造型设计一个科学健康的生活方式。

面对威胁人类生存和可持续发展，在20世纪，人们开始质疑人类的可持续发展，实施可持续发展深刻反思并提出了合适的模型循环经济的基本原理，发展循环经济是r(即减量化、再使用、再循环)具有重要的指导意义的推展社会经济稳定、可持续发展在此背景下，发展成为可持续的概念经济快速发展是密不可分的设计，在此基础上正在进行的探索和实践。”3r”原则要整理这一篇关于工业设计的各个方面的指导作用，并试图探讨”3r”原则在工业设计的扩展名。

2循环经济模型和”3r”原则

经济是从事生产、消费和生殖的活动，是满足人类的物质需要自己的资料。循环经济考虑过跟踪原经济、农业经济发展，工业经济工业时间后的经济，在工业经济差异资源与环境的关系。随着全球经济周期是指自然生态系统的物质循环和能量流动的经济重建系统以便它的自然生态系统的和谐的

物质能量回收过程清洁生产，产品具有高效回收资源循环经济发展模式，也称为生态经济，绿色经济。

2.1经济模式之间的关系，环境和资源

人类的生存和经济活动依赖的资源和环境。一方面，它是源泉的人类资料系统：另一方面，它有经济活动所产生的人类废弃物的各种角色。地球能提供资源是有限的，即使它必须有能力净化、然而在人类经济活动主体的能力限制温室气体排放。工业经济发展模式是一种资源产品从“单向型流量造成污染的材料和开放经济，该开放导致了全球消耗资源和浪费，以及生态环境严重恶化。

循环经济发展模式是从“可再生资源，资源的绿色的产品”所构成的物质能量的闭环反馈回路的过程，在这个闭环系统，能保持经济生产的低、优质、低消耗，将经济活动的自然资源和环境的影响来减少损伤。

2.2解释”3r”原则循环经济模式

“3r”原则是基本的体现经济周期，具体内容如下：

“减少”原则是第一的原则，发展循环经济，那是源泉的控制方式，使要求来源的经济活动-设计阶段，注重资源节约型的使用要求和减少污染的用更少的资源，完成所建立的目的的生产、消费的生产区域，通常是节能的生产工艺、材料和节约资源，产品体积小、重量轻、操作简单，方便包装要求以达到减少制造废物排放的目的；在消费者面积、还原至上的原则，改变生活方式和主适度消费的消费者和绿色消费。“再利用原则”是循环经济的第二个原则，即的过程控制方式，目的是提高产品和资源利用效率的，它要求在初始产品设计的形式对多个项目包装避免早熟变为荒凉。在设计时，使用标准尺寸的部分，修理和升级为了取代，从而延长使用寿命产品；而在消费区，促进购买耐用消费品，减少使用一次性产品，如售后服务通过强化手段延长产品寿命可能不浪费。“循环”的原则是循环经济的第三原则，即终端控制生产方法和消费所产生的废物过程中，通过“资源”的核燃料的回收的手段可以重复使用的原材料或产品，把它放回消费。资源所谓的一类资源通常包括原文和二次资源。原来的一类资源是资源浪费的形成后也用原有产品，子资源是资源浪费在各种新产品。促进经济的发展将废弃物回收的来源相结合的原件及子类要充分实现资源循环利用资源。

3 “3r”原则的影响为工业设计的

“3r”原则不仅在产品从设计、生产、销售、使用、处置等整个生命周期的各个方面产生影响，而且还对工业设计本身，更广泛而深刻的变化：

3.1概念设计的影响

在现代工业经济，产品设计经常是为人民服务，就从人们满足需求和解决这个问题为出发点，并没有考虑到后续产品，利用资源和能源消耗和污染物排放减少对环境和其它生态问题。”3r”原则在设计理念的影响下对“以人为本”在“天人合一”的绿色设计的，尊重人们日益增长的需求，还要考虑生态系统的安全。循环经济模式下的工业设计的设计理念，把人与自然和谐共处，共同发展首先，使用和校准理论的系统所有行为的工业设计，从产品设计之初得到优先考虑宏观环境，注重产品的协调运行的各种要素的过程中为了达到系统优化。在这里，环境因素的出发点是全部的设计和终点，经过设计，努力地提高和降低产品的生产、使用、循环工艺，如造成不良影响环境。所以绿色设计的产品是在“天人合一”思想的指导下达到人与自然和谐发展的基本原理，机械系统的人——你认为环境，一个综合优化的工业设计的新概念。

3.2设计的影响，风格

简单的是一种审美追求的极端分子很好搭配的设计，流行在20世纪，在美国80岁时。我们若说在工业的经济模式，简单的产品款式设计美学是主观的追求的人，然后又在循环经济模式，结构的最简单、最吝啬的材料，最美丽的建模、最原始外观简朴的产品设计、可持续发展理念是产品的具体体现。”3r”原则风格简约的意义，具体，更深入的现实意义。

第一次的前提下，保证功能到材料的选择可以回收再用，如生物物质，因此更少的原材料高雅，宜；其次，提升。小是美丽的”。少即是多”，重量轻，愉快的形式的产品。第三，设计特点的物体的整理、评估、定义、必须总是关注合并、简化，优化，使核心职能简要产品；第四，本产品专简单

易懂的语言；五、结构简单、容易产生；其六，选择不同的可降解材料、结构简单的解决方案，例如保留在一起。

3．3 设计的影响的方法

“3r”原则的影响的指导下，绿色设计的实施方法有：模块化设计的，可移动的设计，可回收的设计、长寿命设计。模块化的设计是在一定的范围内不同的功能或不同功能、不同规格表演同样的产品的泛函分析的基础上，设计成一系列功能模块，通过模块的选择、组合能构成不同的产品来设计来满足不同需求的来。模块化设计的好处：第一，使产品具有良好的性能回收爆破、解决不同类型的产品设计和资源浪费；第二，它可以是易于使用或复制功能的恢复，提高独立成分的多功能性，一旦特重用产品，可以回收；第三，提高产品的维修延长使用寿命的产物。

产品设计为可移动的在设计阶段，使部分产品，性能优良的破坏。有利于使用的内容组件或再生材料拯救既可保护环境和材料。拆除设计要求，产品第一，连各零部件、尽可能的利用可分离的连接，例如螺纹连接、统一型紧固件，数量的减少紧固件，不要用焊接、铆钉、纽带和其他固定的连接；第二，在选择和加工原料、拆除连接；使用和重用，可回收材料，可在各种材料，尽可能少。

可回收的设计是指产品设计，充分考虑产品组件的各种材料的可能性，回收处理回收，恢复循环和产品的成本相关了一系列的问题，从而节约材料和减少废物污染环境、最小为目的的设计方法。长寿命设计产品的设计基于经济指标的生活为确保产品、价值、环保要求同时努力使我们的产品达到延长使用寿命缓慢的资源消耗的设计方法。具体包括以下设备：首先，提高产品的可靠性和耐用性；第二，产品便于维修，维修；第三，使用标准的、模块化的产品结构。

3．4设计的影响，材料

在”3r”原则指导和规范、产品设计、材料的选择，应考虑：首先，尽量减少使用的材料。尝试采用优质材料使用寿命的提高产品，禁止使用受污

染的材料与大，寻找相应的吸声材料替代，重复使用尽可能多的可回收材料的使用。其次，首选的声音的生态环境的首选材料，经过分解的废气和自然界来吸收资料，优先考虑低功耗、低成本、低污染材料、优先加工容易，及加工无污染或更少的污染材料、优先材料回收。最后，减少使用的各种类型的物质，以降低成本费用的回收材料；保持原资料，尽量使用简单材料外，使用合金材料，避免资料对环境有危害的表面处理；成品件标记材料组成为材料，便于循环利用等等。

4 4R来自“3r”

4.1概念的重组

所谓的重建，即通过产品元件以及他们的综合设计方法，利用节省资源。给英国环境设计联盟是定义为：“产品，材料的结构，有意义的方式再次使用，为了节省资源的前提下的目的，延长产品生命周期、发掘潜力生态价值的设计方法。”简而言之，产品重建是指在整个产品生命周期重用的设计。

他们是否再造设计的新趋势，或者设计的改变，这自我活动与可持续发展战略中的线属于绿色设计的范围。如果据说绿色设计通常被认为是整个产品生命周期环境的影响，和设计考虑产品生命周期结束时减少环境影响的问题，这是”3r”原则推广工业领域的设计。因此，用结合”3r”原则，作为一种循环经济的原则各位工业设计。

4.2形式的重组

产品重建是针对新产品有效使用原配件产品和材料。产品重建有多种形式，为同类产品重建可以有多种形式，可分为同化与异化重建重组。设计是指同化之前和之后，重组产品回收自己的重建的零件之前和之后没有改变。例如，在设计汽车音响，重组家庭被改成了声音。

异化是指之前和之后重新再造是不同的产品，是必要的组件的重用以便将来使用的转变。例如，重组在手机零件，在对讲机中的重新整合后的重要组成部分；又如，在旧牛仔裤的重新整合，以重建可变成短裤、背心等等。

5结论

循环经济是实现可持续人类发展的新经济发展模式、”3r”原则为核心的实质经济周期循环经济的理念的根本体现。“设计”是能够充分利用”3r”推广工业领域的设计和开发，是一种深入的研究和实践的新任务，它应该，连同”3r”原则，成为一名模特各位是工业循环经济的原则设计的.

为国际联合会的主席与社会的工业设计、先生彼得说“人类发展的设计作为一种重要的因素，除了可能是自我毁灭，人类的毁灭人类的到来也可能成为一个更美好的世界的捷径。”今天，在国家可持续发展战略框架的角色，工业设计在发生变化，积极寻找新方向循环经济的发展中扮演的角色各级。工业设计将变成一个强大的对我国经济的循环。

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(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1

工业设计专业英语第三版部分翻译

艺术装饰风格 被宣告是“唯一一个总体设计”，艺术装饰必然是在众多消费者中间找到观众的最高产的设计之一。虽然它起源于19世纪20年代高度专有的法国手工裁剪装潢艺术，但它通过利用廉价的新金属材料，塑料和玻璃而发展迅速，找到了便宜，短期利用，并可以大批生产的装饰用品，如香烟盒，香水瓶，家庭用的陶瓷和玻璃，流行纺织品及各种装饰物，还有可以像鸡尾般甩动的物品。作为一种装饰风格它可以运用于无数物品的形状和表面装饰，因而赋予它们全部以相同质量的瞬间的现代性和时尚性。 就像许多这个世纪其它的流行风格一样，艺术装饰风格扎根于高雅文化，例如，立体主义、俄国芭蕾、美洲印第安风格和欧洲纯粹主义，但是相对其他文化而言，艺术装饰风格取长补短，装饰特征表现得更为折衷一些。结合艺术装饰风格在1930年代流行的因素，大规模批量生产使用新材料是商品价格相对低廉的必要条件。但这些是远远不够的，更深层次的原因是艺术装饰风格具有典型的适应性。在那段经济萧条的时期，豪华奢侈的装饰风格所带来的美感让当时的消费者有了逃避现实的放松心情。艺术装饰风格的宣传方式也促进了它的流行，艺术风格被好莱坞应用于多种流行电影中。通过影片媒体使大量观众接触到装饰风格，除此之外，艺术装饰风格也运用在广告和包装上，使其有效的影响了大量的环境之外，艺术装饰风格也影响到了建筑领域，许多新场所也运用了这种风格，美化建筑的外表，那些新商业的

娱乐楼房，例如商场电影院，工厂，甚至于新的豪华游轮，它也被利用于在1933年芝加哥展览之中。艺术装饰风格开始象征着高效率的现代化生活和新的生活理念，这种动人的方式随着人们对时尚性和社会地位的追求与渴望，艺术装饰风格得到了大量消费者的高度喜爱地位。 艺术装饰的大量应用伴随着消费产品的需求。但是，从不好的方而来看，艺术装饰风格只是作为一种中档的艺术手法，来装饰非常廉价的商品甚至留有一种杂乱的感觉。在英国有一群针对低端市场开发产品的地毯制造商，他们意识到了这个新潮流里的商业潜力。 但是，这些地毯制造商也很注意他们消费群里的保守心理，因此，即使是在一块地毯里的花紋也会出现那些很传统的1案象是老式的叶子造型和较灰暗的颜色。这种设计的消费市场不同于那些要不就是现代型或是完全传统的设计方案。1920年代到30年代，英国都铎王室的一些新居住者和新建筑的到来，使工艺美术运动和现代风格可以较为自由的发展和合理的被采用.这些各异的艺术风格也被按照使用者的喜好不同加入到地毯的设计之中。在20世纪30年代的中期，改良过的艺术装饰风格在数不清的家居装饰里都可以看到"在花园门饰上，无线电机的面板装饰上，阿芝台克寺庙的壁炉上和那些扶手椅和沙发的几何形体上。"

模具设计外文翻译---模具的发展

毕业设计论文外文翻译

模具的发展 1模具在工业生产中的地位 模具是大批量生产同形产品的工具，是工业生产的主要工艺装备。 采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。现代经济的基础工业。现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。1989年3月国务院颁布的《关于当前产业政策要点的决定》中，把模具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位(仅次于大型发电设备及相应的输变电设备)，确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。1997年以来，又相继把模具及其加工技术和设备列入了《当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录》和《鼓励外商投资产业目录》。经国务院批准，从1997年到2000年，对80多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还70%的优惠政策，以扶植模具工业的发展。所有这些，都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发展模具工业的重视和支持。目前全世界模具年产值约为600亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从1997年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。 据统计，在家电、玩具等轻工行业，近90％的零件是综筷具生产的；在飞机、汽车、农机和无线电行业，这个比例也超过60％。例如飞机制造业，某型战斗机模具使用量超过三万套，其中主机八千套、发动机二千套、辅机二万套。从产值看，80年代以来，美、日等工业发达国家模具行业的产值已超过机床行业，并又有继续增长的趋势。据国际生产技术协会预测，到2000年，产品尽件粗加工的75%、精加工的50％将由模具完成；金属、塑料、陶瓷、橡胶、建材等工业制品大部分将由模具完成，50％以上的金属板材、80％以上的塑料都特通过模具转化成制品。

工业设计外文翻译---中国要有自己的创新之道

1.Creative China must find its ownPath 网站截图： https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3b14034796.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4 %CE%C4%CF%D7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文： Creative China must find its own Path Justin 0'Connor It is commonly said that China needs to ‘catch-up’ with `the west' or the `developed world'. This phrase implies a singular path; there may be short cuts and `late-comer advantages' but the destination一a modern, developed country一is the same. But just when it seems China is within touching distance, the `developed world' changes the definition of what it is to be `developed' and puts more obstacles in the path of those trying to catch-up. In English we call this `moving the goal-posts'. After manufacturing, services and high-technology seemed to present clear goals for China, the cultural creative industries arrive as the new `value-added' product and service sector, posing yet more problems for the country's policy-makers. Many in the West have argued that China will take a long time to catch-up in these areas and that this provides a new source of competitive advantage to the West. Indeed, for some, the absence of a competitive cultural creative industries sector is evidence that China is not, and maybe can never be, fully `developed'. Much of this can be dismissed as another example of the West's superiority complex; however, there can be no doubt that the cultural creative industries present great possibilities but also great challenges for China. These industries一from visual and performing arts, to recorded music, film and TV, to digital animation and new media services, through to fashion, design and architecture一are highly creative and innovative products and services, relying on complex flows of knowledge and intellectual property. They are also cultural or symbolic products that reflect and influence our pleasures and ambitions, and our individual and collective sense of meaning and identity. For these reasons all nations have sought to protect and develop their own national culture and traditions by investing in cultural infrastructure and expertise. In the second half of the twentieth century this was expanded beyond `the arts，一galleries,