英语特殊句式

英语特殊句式

一、祈使句

祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、建议或劝告等句子。祈使句一般用降调；为使其听起来比较婉转，可用低升调。句末用句号或感叹号。

（1）.肯定的祈使句

Close the door. 关上门

Be quiet, please! 请安静！

（2）有时为了加强语气，可以在动词之前加上do，表示“务必，一定”

Do come on time.一定要按时来

Do look out! 一下要小心！

2.否定的祈使句

祈使句的否定形式一般是在句首加don’t或never构成。

Don’t be late.不要迟到

Never do things by halves.做事不可马虎。

3.其他形式的祈使句。

（1）以let开头的祈使句

Let’s have a rest.咱们休息一会

Let’s not speak loudly. 我们不要大声说话。

（2）以no开始的禁止性祈使句

No parking. 禁止停车

No smoking. 禁止吸烟

二、感叹句

感叹句是用为表达人的特殊情感的句子，可以表达人的喜、怒、哀、乐等感情色彩。感叹句常由what或how引导，句末常用感叹号。

1．What引导的感叹句

(1)what+ a(n)+形容词+可数名词的单数（+其他）！

What a beautiful girl she is! 她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀！

(2)what+形容词+可数名词复数（+其他）

what important jobs they have done! 他们做了多么重要的工作呀！

(3)what+形容词+不可数名字（+其他）

what fine weather it is! 多好的天气呀！

2．How引导的感叹句

(1)how+形容词或副词（+其他）

How interesting the dog is ! 多么有趣的狗呀！

(2)how+形容词+a(an)+可数名词单数（+其他）！

How useful a subject they are learning! 他们正在学的科目多么有用呀！

(4)how+ 主语+谓语（+其他）

How time flies! 时间过得真快呀！

3. 有时一个陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，甚至一个词或词组，都可以成为感叹句来表示强烈的感情，这时句末用感叹号。

They are so hardworking! 他们真勤劳！

Have you heard of such a thing! 你听说过这样的事吗？

Stop talking! 不要说了！

Wonderful! 好极了！

Good idea! 好主意！

三、反意疑问句

反意疑问句是附在陈述句之后，对所陈述的事实或观点提出疑问的句子。附加问句部分要与前面的陈述部分用逗号分隔开，句末用问号。如果陈述部分是肯定结构，附加问句部分就用否定结构，反之亦然。

以下几种特殊的反意疑问句要特别记忆。

1.陈述部分含有few, never, little, nothing, nobody, no, seldom, hardly, none, too……to,等表示

否定意义的词时，其附加问句部分应用肯定形式。

She hardly writes to you, does she? 她很少给你写信，是吗？

2.陈述部分是there be 结构时，附加问句部分用be (not )there.

There is a tree in front of the building, isn’t there? 大楼前面有一棵树，不是吗？

3.当陈述部分的主语为指事或物的不定代词something, anything, everything等时，附加问

句部分的主语应用it。

Something is wrong with your computer, isn’t it? 你的电脑出毛病了，不是吗？

4.当陈述部分的主语为this, that等时，附加问句部分的主语应用it。类似地，当陈述部分

的主语为he 或they ，但不可用it来代替。

Somebody wants to see you, doesn’t he/don’t they? 有人要见你，不是吗？

5.当陈述部分的主语为this, that等时，附加问句部分的主语应用it。类似地，当陈述部分

的主语为these, those 等时，附加问句部分的主语应用they。

This is a beautiful picture, isn’t it ? 这是一幅美丽的图画，不是吗？

Those aren’t apple trees, are they？那些不是苹果树，是吗？

6.had better 表示“最好”之意，当其用在陈述部分时，附加问句部分的谓语动词应用had。We’d better stop talking，hadn’t we? 我们最好停止说话，不好吗？

7. 当陈述部分含有un-, dis- ,-less等表示否定意义的前缀或后缀时，附加问句部分仍用否定形式。

It is unfair, isn’t it ? 这不公平，不是吗？

You dislike her, don’t you ? 你不喜欢她，不是吗？

8.当陈述部分含有情态动词must时，附加句部分的谓语动词的确定分为下列几种情况：(1)表示“必须，禁止”时，附加问句部分的谓语动词用must。

You must send for a doctor immediately, mustn’t you? 你必须去找个医生来，好不好？

You mustn’t walk on the grass, must you? 不允许践踏草坪，知不知道？

(2)表示“有必要“时，附加问句部分的谓语动词用needn’t

We must have a discussion this evening, needn’t we? 我们今晚需要开个讨论会，是不是? (3)表示推测时，附加问句部分谓语动词应根据句意是对什么情况的推测及must后面的动

词来确定。

That man must be Mr. Wang ,isn’t he ? 那个人想必是王先生，不是吗?

It must have rained last night, didn’t it? 昨晚准是下雨了，是不是？

He have studied English for many years, hasn’t he? 他学英语一定很多年了，是不是？

9.当陈述部分为I am 形式时，附加问句部分应该用aren’t I

I’m right, aren’t I ? 我是对的，不是吗？

10.肯定祈使句的附加问句部分可以用will/ won’t you，否定祈使句的附加问句部分用will

you

Listen to me carefully, will/won’t y ou?仔细听我说，好吗？

Don’t play with fire, will you? 不要玩火，好吗？

11.以le t’s 开头的祈使句，附加问句部分应用shall we；而以let us开头的祈使句，附加问

句部分应用will you。

Let’s go to the park, shall we？让我们去公园，好吗？

Let’s help you，will you？让我们来帮你，好吗？

12.陈述部分若为主从复合句，附加问句部分的主语通常与主句的主语一致。

She said he would come tomorrow, didn’t she? 她说他明天会来，不是吗？

He told us how to get to the farm, didn't he ? 他告诉我们怎样到农场了，不是吗?

｛注意｝若陈述部分主句的主语是第一人称I /we ，谓语动词又是think , suppose, expect, believe, imagine等时，附加疑问部分的主语一般应与陈述部分从句的主语一致，并应特别注意否定转移。

I think he is a good student, isn’t he ? 我认为他是一个好学生，不是吗？

We don’t suppose you are right, are you? 我们认为你不对，是吗？

四、there be 句型

there be 句型是英语中陈述事物客观存在的句型，表示“有”，其确切含义是“存在”。There 作为引导词，本身没有意义，用动词be的某些形式作为谓语动词，它的主语是一些表示泛指或不定特指的名词词组，动词be和第一个主事的数保持一致。句子最后通常为表示地点和时间状语。因此，要表达“某个地方或某个时间存在什么事物或人”的时候，常用there be+名词+地点（时间）”这一句型，而不用have句型。

There is a library in our scool. 我们学校有一个图书馆

There is some water on the ground。地面上有些水

There are 50 students in the classroom. 教室里面有五十名学生。

{注意}there be 的位置和用法口诀：

说明何时何地有，

There be 在主语前。

随着主语第一个，

Be的形式做变换

1.there be句型中的主谓一致

动词be的单复数形式要跟there be之后的主语保持一致，如果是几个并列名词作主语，动词be和最靠近它的那个名词保持数的一致。

There is a pen and two books on the desk.桌子上有一支钢笔和两本书

There are two books and a pen on the desk。桌子上有两本书和一支钢笔。

2.there be 句型中的谓语形式

(1)there be 句型有各种时态。其中一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时和完成时比较常见。There was a knock at the door. 有人敲门。

There is going to be a meeting tonight. 今晚会有个会议。

There has been a girl waiting for you. 有个女孩一直在等你。

(2)there be 可以与情态动词连用

There may be a cigarette in the box. 那个盒子里或许有支烟。

There must be some cakes on the table. 桌子上一定有些蛋糕

(3)there be 句型可以和这些短语连用：used to, happen to , seem to , be likely to 等

there used to be a temple there before the war. 战前那里曾经有一会寺庙

There happened to be a bus nearby. 碰巧附近有辆公共汽车。

There is likely to be a storm. 可能有一场暴风雨

(4)there be 句型除可以用be外，还可以用其他动词：live, sit, stand, lie, exist等

Once upon a time there lived a king in china. 从前中国有一个国王

There stands a tree in front of the house. 房子前面有一棵树。

3.there be 句型的其他构成

(1)否定句

There be句型的否定句有两种构成形式，一是将not 放在be之后；二是在主语前加no. There aren’t any pens on the desk.. 桌子上没有钢笔

There is no water in the bottle. 瓶子里没有水

(2)一般疑问句

There be 句型的一般疑问句要将be放在there之前；回答时用yes或no，后接简单答语。Is there a cake on the table? 桌子上有蛋糕吗？

Yes ,there is 是的，有/ no, there isn’t 不，没有

(3)特殊疑问句

There be 句型的特殊疑问句主要由how many 和how much 提问

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