跨文化交际
跨文化交际
Unit1:
Economic globalization:the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. Barter system:farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.
Global village: all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.
Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Culture:a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.
Cultural diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
Communication:meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication event (p.9-10).
Components of Communication
Source: The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.
Message: The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting object.
Channel:The term channel is used technical to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
Noise: The term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodes. Receiver: The receiver is the person who attends to the message.
Decoding: The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
Receiver response: It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.
Feedback: Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
Context: The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.
思考题
1 What are the four trends that make our world more interdependent? (p13)
2 What are the three ingredients of culture?
1.Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)
2.Behavior (what they do)
3.Concepts(beliefs, values, world, views…)(what they think)
注：文学、手势…：The aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught.
看法、友谊…：The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.
3 How to understand cultural iceberg?
1.Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a large invisible
section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others
that can only be suspected and imaged.
2.Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much
bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(p7)
4 What are the characteristic of culture?
1.Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.
2.Culture is learned.Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social
environment, not from one’s ge nes.
Enculturation (文化习得):all the activities of learning one’s culture are called
enculturation.
3.Culture is dynamic.(p6) culture is subject to change.It’s dynamic rather than static,
constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with
other cultures.
Acculturation (文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by
another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
4.Culture is ethnocentric (=ethnocentrism 文化中心主义).Ethnocentrism is the belief
that your own cultural background is superior.
5 What are the characteristic of communication?
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d16061620.html,munication is dynamic.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d16061620.html,munication is irreversible.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d16061620.html,munication is symbolic.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d16061620.html,munication is systematic.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d16061620.html,munication is transactional.(p8)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d16061620.html,munication is contextual.(p8)
Unit 2-4:
Pragmatics: the study of effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics: the study of the meaning of words.
Denotation:the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word. the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.
Taboo:some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.
Euphemism:the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
精讲案例：
case 1,case 2(p17); case 4(p19); case 2(p43); case 3(p45); case 1(p67); case 3(p69)
思考题：
How is chinese addressing different from American addressing? (p33)
What are the social functions of compoliments? (p60)(答案p50第一段)
Unit 5:
Chronemic: the study of how people perceive and use time.
Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
Polychromic time: being involved with many things at once.
Proxemics: the perception and use of space.
Kinetics: the study of body language.
Paralanguage:involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.
精讲案例：
Case 1(p85); case 3(p87); case 5, 6(p90); case 7(p91)
思考题：
What are the different features of M-time and P –time?(p97)
P114 ( E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English )
Unit 6:
精讲案例：
Case 1(p115); case 2(p116); p124-p126中的小案例
思考题：
How is gender different from sex? (p129)(答案p119/120)
What has influenced the gender socialization?(答案p121)
What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?(p129)(答案p127-128)
P129 ( B. what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively)
Unit 7:
精讲案例：
Case 1(p137); case 3(p139)
思考题：
Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (p153)(结合最后一个单元，了解high-context culture 和low-context culture)
Unit 9:
A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.
Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.
思考题：
Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze
the case(案例分析)
What are the American / Chinese cultural values like in terms of cultural orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?(补充内容)
Chinese culture values
As far as the human culture is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.
America culture values
As far as the human culture is concerned, America culture holds that it is evil but perfectible though hard work. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.
考试题型：
PartⅠtrue or false 30%(√A，×B)15*2
Part Ⅱmultiple choices 20% 20*1
Part Ⅲcultural puzzles 10%(与课后习题中cultural puzzles类似，范围为cultural puzzles和每个单元重点案例) 5*2
Part Ⅳshort-answer question 15% 5*3
Part Ⅴcase study 10% （课外案例分析：阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题）
注：深入研究unit5、2、4（cultural-loaded words），每个单元的重点案例以及单元后面的练习A、B（划过的问答题），C（euphemism understanding），以及E（cultural puzzles）
以上内容由刘祥和秦天朋手打整理，部分内容可能有误，大家自行查找改错，最后祝大家考试通过。
跨文化交际论文题目
1.英文原声电影赏析与跨文化交际能力的培养 2."跨文化非语言交际语用失误研究 3."公示语翻译中的语用失误探析 4.国内广告语言语用失误研究现状与分析 5."全球化语境下跨文化交际失误语用归因 6."跨文化交际中的语用失误类型及对策研究 7."基于礼貌原则的跨文化语用失误分析 8."跨文化言语交际中的语用负迁移 9."浅析化妆品广告中的语用预设 10."中西方饮食文化的比较研究 11."中美时间观之对比 1 2."浅析汉英问候语中的文化差异 13."英汉词汇的文化内涵差异探析 14."英语身体语的交际功能研究 1 5."浅谈英汉身势语的表意功能之差异 16."目标语文化的理解与跨文化交际 1 7."中西文化差异对中国学生英语学生的影响 18."跨文化交际中的文化误读
9."浅析文化差异对商务谈判的影响 20."英语禁忌语的文化内涵异同研究 21."英语学习中的文化习得 2 2."英汉思维模式的差异对跨文化交际的影响 23."外语学习者的思辨能力与跨文化交际之成效 24."培养英语学习者跨文化交际能力之策略 25."英汉道歉语差异及原因 26."中西跨文化礼貌语差异探析 27."英汉语言中礼貌表达法之比较 28."英汉习惯用语的文化内涵探源 29."英语称赞语及其回应的异同研究 3 0."中美（西）家庭教育理念的差异及其对孩子的影响 31."中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的主要障碍研究 32."试析跨文化交际中角色互动的作用 3 3."本土文化与异国文化的冲突对跨文化交际的影响 34."跨文化交际中的时间观差异 35."论跨文化交际中的中西餐桌礼仪
6."关于提升英语专业学生跨文化交际能力的培养 37."涉外婚姻中的中西文化冲突 38."论跨文化广告传播中食品商标的翻译439."多媒体教学与跨文化交际能力的培养40."中西方儿童文学的差异 4 1."中西体育文化的差异及其受全球化发展的影响 42."中西传统休闲文化及其价值观的对比分析 43."简爱与林黛玉不同命运的文化透析 44."国际商务活动中礼貌原则的应用 4 5."论文化背景知识在外语阅读教学中的作用 46."国际商务交际活动中的非语言交际 47."浅析英汉汽车商标的特点及其翻译 48."英汉隐喻差异的文化阐释 49."文化语境下的英汉植物词 50."文化语境下的英汉动物词 51."从体态语探析中西文化差异 52."浅析英汉颜色词的文化内涵 53."文化视野下英语谚语的比较
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture
新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力 中宁五中张永宏 摘要：本文通过分析我国英语教学现状，探索英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性，具体分析“跨文化交际能力”的三大组成，思考培养英语跨文化交际能力的具体方法。 关键词：跨文化交际语义文化语用文化 多年来，我国的英语教学主要采用传统的教学方法，即传统的听说法“with its end less and mind-numbing repetitive drills”和古老的以教师为中心的语法—翻译法。教师往往只注重学生语言形式的正确与否或使用是否流畅，而较少注重结合语言使用的场合来培养学生综合运用的能力。学生在这种教学模式下，经过十几年的英语学习，即使是有些成绩很好的学生也不能用所学的英语同外国人进行有效地交流。为了改变这种现状，人们必然对英语教学提出新的要求。而跨文化交际能力的培养却能在一定程度上弥补传统教学的这种缺陷。 首先，何为跨文化交际呢？“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“intercultural communication”或“cross-cultural communication”，它既指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和社会文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质社会及宗教等环境的不同，因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的社会文化、风土人情和语言习惯等诸语境因素，造成人们不同的说话方式或习惯话语。这就可能使交际双方对对方的话语做出不准确地推论，从而产生冲突、误会或交际的故障。 跨文化交际能力就是针对文化冲突提出来的，它是一种在理解、掌握外国文化知识与交际技能的基础上，灵活处理跨文化交际中出现的实际问题的能力。 一、英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性。 1、近年来, 随着改革开放步伐的加快, 对外交往日益频繁, 国与国之间的交流也越来越 广泛, 特别是社会信息化提高, 国际互联网的开通使更多的人足不出户便涉及到跨 文化交际。中国成功地加入WTO后，国际市场对能用英语熟练有效地交际的复合型人才的大量需求给外语教学提出了新的挑战，所以培养跨文化交际能力有其现实意义。 2、培养跨文化交际能力有助于我们要打破以往“就语言教语言”的模式，把交际因素引 进到英语教学中来，在英语教学过程中揭示那些隐伏在语言背后的，易引起误会和冲突的文化因素。掌握语言不只是掌握语法、音位和语义规则，还必须考虑到外国社会文化背景造成的语言之外的规则。 3、培养跨文化交际能力有利于处理好语言和文化的关系。语言和文化是不可分割的，二 者相互依存、相互影响。语言是文化的载体，又是文化的重要组成部分，也是文化的
《跨文化交际》_名词解释
1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。 2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。 3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities. 熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。 4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微观文化：文化中的文化 5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。 Chapter 1 6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。 7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。 8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。 9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亚群体:与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。 10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。 11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。 Chapter 2 12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。 13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and
跨文化交际答案1
大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（一） I. Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points each) Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement. 1.In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants移民each year and has referred to as a melting-pot大熔炉society. This trend can reflect the theory of ___A__. A. macroculture B. microculture C. globalization D. modernization 2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. This case reflects the ___A____ characteristic of subgroup. A. deviant label B. temporality C. wanna-be behavior D. unexamined 3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ___B___ perspective. A. anthropological人类学 B. intellectual有才智的 C. social D. psychological心理 4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed __B_______. A. interracial communication B. interethnic communication C. international communication D. interpersonal communication 5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similar habits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that____C___. A. Human nature is evil but perfectible B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil C. Human nature is good but corruptible容易 堕落的 D. None of the above 6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called__C___. A. separation and segregation隔离 B. integration整合一体化 C. assimilation吸收同化 D. marginalization边缘化 7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S., he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in__A___ stage of culture shock. A. honeymoon蜜月 B. crisis危机 C. reintegration再整合 D. gradual adjustment逐渐适应 8. ___C__ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. A. Decoding B. Channel C. Encoding D. Source 9.___A__ refers to anything that distorts歪曲曲解the message the source encodes. A. Noise B. Message C. Source D. Context 10.___D__ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
跨文化交际期末试题[完整]
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
跨文化交际研究现状
跨文化交际研究现状 中国跨文化外语教学的研究有近 60年的历史，近些年来有了更快的发展。如今，外语教学中有关跨文化交际能力的培养已经引起了许多教育家，语言学家的极大关注。外语教学应当结合相关文化来进行，这一点似乎已经成为当今外语教学界的共识。近年来，文化成了热门话题，文章和论著都有不少。无论是讨论教学还是教材，教学大纲还是课程设计，几乎无一不强调外语教学中的文化导入，强调在习得语言的同时习得相关的文化。而我们的英语教学侧重于语言教学，对文化方面涉及不多致使学生一开口常常是“汉语思维，英语形式”。在跨文化交际中，交际双方若不能进入同一文化背景之中，就容易产生不解或误解，导致交际失败。正如托马斯(Thomas)指出:“语法错误从表层上能看出，受话者很容易发现这种错误，这种错误一旦发现，受话者便会认为说话者缺乏足够的语言知识，因此可以谅解。语用失误却不会被像语法错误一样看待。如果一个能说出一口流利英语的人出现语用失误，他可能会被认为缺乏礼貌或不友好，他在交际中的失误便不会被归咎于语言能力的缺乏，而会被归咎于他的粗鲁或敌意。” 跨文化交际能力的培养需要在外语教学中进行文化教学。现在外语教学中对跨文化交际能力的培养以及文化教学很多只停留在文化知识层面，这就要求教师在教学中必须加大文化信息量的导入，引导学生主动发觉文化差异方面的信息。只有这样，教师才能从根本上提高英语教学的质量，学生也才能有掌握实际运用语言的能力。如今跨文化交际能力的培养是勿庸置疑的，关键问题是在于如何培养。高一虹教授指出，新的跨文化交际能力的培养模式应该有以下特点:1.它以文化意识的培养为中心，有对文化多元性的意识和对差异的宽容态度，对异文化共情能力，以及对自身文化价值观念及行为方式的觉察和反省。2 .注重态度和情感层面，也包括认知层面，特别是批判性的反思能力。3. 不限于目的语文化，而是通用于与任何
跨文化交际
【知识点归纳】 1.重点概念： （1）文化：culture，涉及内容十分广泛，不同研究者有不同定义。 广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。 狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式；自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。 总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。 其特性是：人类独有；来自后天习得；大部分存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动态，与一定历史时期相联系。 （2）交际：就是人与人之间的往来交际活动，文化在交际中得到发展与传播。跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。 （3）编码与解码 交际是一个编码和解码的过程；编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程，解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。 （4）言语交际与非言语交际言语交际是指使用语言作为交际媒介； 非言语交际是指使用除语言以外的交际工具作为交际媒介，例如：文字、盲文、手语、手势、旗语、号语等。 （5）跨文化交际 广义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动。 狭义：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的口语交际。 影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段；阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面。（6）文化模式分为特殊的文化模式和普遍的文化模式两类。 特殊的文化模式是指各民族或国家具有的独特的文化体系。 普遍的文化模式是指一切文化都是由各个不同的部分组成的，这种文化构造适用于任何一个民族的文化。美国人类学家C．威斯勒尔认为，普遍的文化模式包括：①语言；②物质特质；③美术；④神话与科学知识；⑤宗教习惯；⑥家庭与社会体制；⑦财产；⑧政府；⑨战争。 （7）文化深层结构 亦称为“文化潜意识”，相对于文化表层结构而言。指一个民族族体在历史的积淀中形成的固定心态，在一种文化中既不产生律动也不产生突变的心理层次。有些学者认为，西方文化的深层结构是“不断地追求变动，渴望不断地超越”；而中国文化，乃至东方文化则具有静态的目的性，寻求天下太平，维持整个结构的平稳和不变 （8）文化定势 “定势”的概念，最先是由美国政治评论家Lippmann 在1922 年出版的《公
(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元
1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature