高一第一册 unit 3

高一第一册

unit 3 A taste of travel

Reading:

1.taste: n.

1) 味道e.g. Sugar has a sweet taste.

2) 品味e.g. Mike has really bad taste in clothes.

3)short experience 经历(尝试，初次体验有限的成功，初次的经历)

a taste of success 成功的经历

v. taste: 尝起来感官性动词（无被动）

taste delicious/ sweet/ fresh

同类：smell, look, etc. 后面都是用形容词

2. twist：

vi. 1) 盘旋，蜿蜒

twist and turn: 迂回曲折

The rocky hills makes the building twist and turn around it. 多岩石的山丘使建筑扭转变形。vt. 1) 曲解，扭曲e.g. Don't twist my words, Larry. 不要曲解我的意思，拉里。

2)编织twist sth into/around sth e.g. She twist the wire into the shape of a star.

→adj. twisted 扭伤的，扭曲的 a twisted knee

3. northern China：华北地区

northern：adj：北方的

in the northern part of + 地点

比较north: 1)n. 北方in/to the north of 地点：不加part

2)adj. 朝向北面的e.g. The north side of the building does not get much sun.

3)adv. 在北方，向北方e.g. The bird fly north in the summer.

4. It is more than 4000 kilometers long. = ...4000 kilometers in length.

用英语表达人的身高或物的长宽高时，形容词往往放在计量单位后面。

e.g. 这个房间长5米，宽4米，高3米。

5.construction: n. 建造

→vt. construct 建造：be constructed of/from sth 由…建成的

e.g. This high building is constructed of concrete and glass.

→adj. constructive 建设性的

比较：build, construct

1) 解释为“建筑，建造”时：

Build: to make sth, esp. a building, by putting parts together

Construct: （often passive）to build or make sth such as a road, building or machine.

2) 各自都有的特殊含义：

Build: a. to create or develop sth 创建；开发

e.g. She’s built a new career for hersel

f. We want to build a better life.

This information will help us build a picture of his attacker.

b. (of a feeling) to become gradually stronger

e.g. The tension and excitement built gradually all day.

Build n. 体形，体格，身材

e.g. a man of average build 中等身材的人

construct: a. to form sth by putting different things together; put together

e.g. You must learn how to construct a logical argument.

to construct a theory, a well-constructed novel 构思巧妙的小说

b. （按照数学规则）编制，绘制 e.g. to construct a triangle.

6.take shape: 成形

e.g. 城市也大约在同时开始现出雏形，而这并非巧合。

7.north-west：

1) n. 西北, 西北方 e.g. There is a large hilly area in the northwest.

2）adj. 西北的, 在西北的, 来自西北的

The city is located in the northwest part of Canada.

The park is northwest from the city.

3）adv. 向西北 e.g. The tourists drove northwest.

8.design:vt. 设计

e.g. This house was designed by Jack.

Be designed for sth. 为…而设计

e.g. This book is designed for the middle school students.

Be designed to do sth 为做某事而设计的

e.g. These exercises are designed to strengthen muscles.

design: n. 设计，图案

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3617878283.html,plete：1)vt. 完成

e.g. 下个月底我们可以完成这个项目了。

2) adj.完全的

e.g. 警察完全掌控的局面。

10.The building is a magnificent structure with a square base and a round top.

这是一个带有正方形底座和圆顶的宏伟建筑。

with ：介词prep.

1.）与...一起,偕同,和... e.g. She lives with her son.

2.）带着...;有...的e.g. The girl with long hair is my classmate.

3.）以(手段、材料),用(工具) e.g. My American friend is learning to eat with chopsticks base：n.

1) 底座e.g. The lamp has a heavy base. 这盏灯的底座很沉。

2）根据，出发点 e.g. She used her family’s history as a base for her novel.

His arguments have a sound economic base.

3) (支持、收入、力量等的) 来源，源泉 e.g. The policies have a broad base of support.

4) 据点，总部，大本营e.g. The company has its base in New York, and branch offices all over the world.

5) 基地：a military/ naval base, an air base

v. 以…为基础be based on e.g. This passage is based on the vocabulary.

以...为基地base ... in , be based in...

Adj. 卑鄙的，不道德的 e.g. He acted from base motives. 他的行为动机卑鄙。

→basic adj. 基本的（~ to sth），初级的，基本需要的（basic human rights），基本的；没

有附加成分的（basic pay）

→basics n. 基本因素（或原理，规则等），基本设施；基本需要

比较：basis, foundation

Basis:

1)the reason why people take a particular action 原因；缘由

e.g. She was chosen for the job on the basis of her qualification.

Some videos have been banned on the basis that they are too violent.

2)准则，方式，基准

on a regular/ permanent/ part-time/ temporary basis以定期/永久/兼职/临时性的方式

on a daily/ day-to-day / weekly basis 按每天/每日/每周一次的标准

3）the important facts, ideas or events that support sth and that it can develop from基础，要素e.g. The basis of a good marriage is trust.

This article will form the basis for our discussion.

Foundation:

1)通常复数：地基，房基，基础lay the foundations

2)基本原理，基础，根据

e.g. Respect and friendship provide a solid foundation for marriage.

These stories have no foundation. 这些故事纯属虚构。

3）基金会

4）（机构或组织的）创建，创办

11. distance: n. 距离

at a distance: 在稍远处，不是离得很远e.g. The detective followed him at a distance. Keep sb at a distance: 与某人保持距离。E.g. She likes to keep people at a distance.

In the distance: 在远处 e.g. You can see the building in the distance over there.

→distant：adj 遥远的，冷漠的

e.g. Mary gazed at the distant hills.

After the quarrel, Susan remained cold and distant.

12.container: n. 容器

→v. contain 容纳，包含

He opened the bag, which contained a towel and a soap.

13. include: vt. 包括，（总的里面包括…）

e.g. Our tour party included several retired couples.

These books include English, Chinese and Maths ones.

反义词: exclude: v. 不包括，防止…进入

Including sth, sth included

14. historical: 与历史有关的

historical items: 历史文物

historic：具有重大历史意义的

e.g. A historic meeting between two parties

Song Jiang is a historical figure.

15.civilization: n. 文明，文化

→v. civilize 使文明

The Romans hoped to civilize all the tribes of Europe.

→Adj. civil 公民的civil rights 民权

16.admit：v.承认

admit that+从句e.g. I admit that I have made a mistake.

admit doing sth e.g. She admitted eating her sister’s cake.

sb be admitted to some place 被允许进入某地

e.g. 这个建筑物有历史意义并且很珍贵，所以每次只能允许100人进入。

→n. admittance （formal）入场权，进入

n. admission 准许加入，进入权(the admission to sth.), 承认，招供(the admission of sth) 入场费，门票费

17.scenery: n. 风景，景色

5个表示风景的词的辨析：

scene 多指一个地点的场景,比如犯罪现场crime scene

scenery 多说的是风景，指一个国家或某一地区的整体自然风景。I also like scenery of Swiss .

sight 表示眼所能及之处的场景和景象. 也可虚指人的观点，见解

She averted her eyes from the terrible sight.

view 多指从远处或高处所见的景色，从一点上看下去。如：the view on the top of the mountain

Landscape：风景，山水画

18. attract：vt. 吸引

Sth / sb attract sb to sth: 某物吸引某人→被动：be attracted to sth/sb 被某人某物吸引e.g. 吸引我做这份工作的是有旅游的机会。

→n. attraction: 吸引，吸引人的事/物，游乐场里的游乐设施

→adj. attractive 吸引人的

19. reflection：n. 1）映像，倒影2）深思，反思

v. reflect :1)反射

White clothes are cooler because they reflect the heat.

The moon reflects the sun’s rays.

2)反映e.g. Does this letter really reflect the students’ view?

reflect on sth 对…的反思,深思

e.g. Take some time to reflect on your future plans.

词组：

1. a taste of travel 旅游的经历

2.places of interest 名胜古迹（= tourist attractions, scenic spots, tourist spots）

3.twist and turn 迂回曲折

4.mountain chains 山脉

5.northern China 华北地区

6.take shape 成形

7.be designed to do sth 为做某事而设计的

8.be designed for sth. 为…而设计

9.at a distance 在稍远处

10.keep sb at a distance 与某人保持距离

11.in the distance 在较远处（有点距离）

12. preserve sb/sth from sth 保护某人某物以防…

13. admit doing sth 承认做某事

14. sb be admitted to some place 被允许进入某地

15. a beautiful landscape painting 一副美丽的山水画

16. reflect on sth 对…反思/深思

17. take mud baths 洗泥澡

18. be based on sth 以…为基础

More reading:

1. remains: n.

1)剩余物，残余 e.g. The remains of the meal 吃剩下的饭

2)古建筑的遗迹，遗址 e.g. The remains of ancient Rome 古罗马的遗迹

3)残骸，遗体 e.g. His body remains are buried in the churchyard.

v. remain: 1) 剩下，遗留

If you take 3 from 8, 5 remains.

2)留待以后说，以后做…

sth remains to be done 某事留待以后再做

It remains to be seen whether you are right or not.

3)逗留，停留，留下

I remained in London until May.

4) 仍然是，保持不变e.g. He remained silent.

Although they have quarreled, they remained the best of friends.

2. pride: n. 骄傲

→adj: proud 自豪的

take pride in sb/sth = be proud of 对某人某事感到自豪

e.g. He takes great pride in his children’s success.

3.abandon: v. 遗弃，抛弃

an abandoned car 一辆被遗弃的车He abandoned all hopes.

Abandon yourself to sth 陷入，沉湎于某种情感

e.g. He abandoned himself to despair.

→abandon n. 放任，放纵

e.g. He signed checks with careless abandon. 他无顾忌得乱开支票。

→abandoned adj. 被抛弃的，放纵的n. abandonment 放弃，抛弃

4. access：vt. 到达access：n. 进入

have access to 允许进入

e.g. The public don’t have access to the site.

→Adj. accessible 可以进入的，可以到达的sth be accessible to sb/ sth

e.g. The cove is only accessible by boat.

5. fall into ruin: 破败不堪

ruin：v. to spoil or destroy sth completely 完全破坏，摧毁，毁灭

e.g. The rain ruined our holiday.

e.g. It will ruin nations and in their ruin they will strike out.

ruin：n. 破产

Lead to one’s ruin 导致某人破产 e.g. Joe’s rashness led to his ruin.

6.imagine: v. 想象

1)imagine that…

e.g. Try to imagine that you are a tourist arriving in London for the first time.

2)Imagine( sb )doing sth.

It’s hard to imagine working in a place like that.

3) Imagine sb/sth as 把…想象成…

I never knew my grandmother but I always imagine her as a kind, gentle person.

→adj. imaginative 富有想象力的,有创造力的

a imaginative child 富有想象力的孩子imaginative writing 创新的写作

→adj. imaginable 可想象的

→adj. imaginary 虚构的

e.g. All the characters in this book are imaginary.

→n. imagination 想象力 e.g. Children often have vivid imaginations.

7.overlook: v.

1）俯瞰

e.g. My room overlook Hyde park.

We can overlook the sea from here.

2）忽视

e.g. It is easy to overlook a small detail like that.

3)忽略

e.g. I’ll overlook your mistake this time.

8.be made of sth: 由…制成的（材料看的到的）

be made from sth 由…制成的(经过化学变化的，材料看不到的）

e.g. The containers should be made of dark glass.

Paper can be made from wood

词组：

1.sth remains to be done 某事留待以后再做

2.take pride in = be proud of 感到自豪

3.have access to sth 允许进入

4.fall into ruin 残破不堪

5.imagine doing sth 想象做某事

6.imagine sb/sth as 把…想象成…

7.be made of 由…制成（材料看的到的）

8.be made from 由…制成（材料看不见的，需化学变化）

高中英语语法：被动

一、被动语态的构成形式

1. 被动语态的基本时态变化

被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：

1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时

2）has /have been done 现在完成时

3）am/is /are being done 现在进行时

4）was/were done 一般过去时

5）had been done 过去完成时

6）was/were being done 过去进行时

7）shall/will be done 一般将来时

8）should/would be done 过去将来时

9）shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）

10）should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）

2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式

1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。

例The baby should/ ought to be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语

例His mother gave him a present for his birthday.

可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

或者：His mother gave a present to him for his birthday.

A present was given to him for his birthday by his mother.

类似的词：tell sb sth/ tell sth to sb, write sb sth/ write sth to sb, bring, ask, teach, lend, send

Buy/ make/ draw 通常用介词for

3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

Hear sb doing sth 变成被动，sb be heard doing sth

5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

3. 非谓语动词的被动语态

v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。

例I don't like being laughed at in the public.

二、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义

1.英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。

例This kind of cloth washes well.

注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。

试比较：The door won't lock．（指门本身有毛病）

The door won't be locked．（指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）

2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。

例How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？

3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel

等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。

例Your reason sounds reasonable.

三、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义

在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。

1．在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。

2．形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。

例The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）

3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

例I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)

试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)

4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.

5．在too…to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。

例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.

6. 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。

例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁lost time不明确。）

7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。

例Who is to blame for starting the fire?

四、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义

表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。

1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction （在施工中）。

例The building is under construction( is being constructed).

2．“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond our hope．我们的成功始料不及。

例The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．

3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”。

例His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．

4．“for+名

词”结构，表示“适于……、为着……”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。

例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).

5．“in+名词”结构，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。

例The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)

6．“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事……中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。

例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).

7．“out of+名词”结构；表示“超出……之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出视线之外），out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。

例The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)．。

8．“within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。

例He took two days off within the teacher's permission．

五、被动语态与系表结构的区别

当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。

例The glass is broken．（系表结构）

The glass was broken by the boy．（被动语态）

2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。

例The door is locked．（系表结构）

The door hasalready/just been locked．（被动语态）

3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。

例The machine is being repaired．

巩固1~3翻译

1. _____________________________（每天晨读一刻钟）is very important in learning English.

2. It’s no use ____________（叹气）.

3. Debbie enjoys _____________________________________________（微笑着与客户交流）.

4. John has just given up _______________（吸烟）.

5. I _______________________（一直盼望着访问）China again.

6. He run off to avoid _________________（看见）by his class teacher.

7. This machine is for _________________（切纸）.

8. This book is well worth __________（读）.

9. __________________（挥动拳头）is a sign of anger.

10. Mr. Yang suggested/advised ______________________ （看着顾客的眼睛）to make a good impression on him.

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2. 在护理头发时，请不要用过多的护发素。(be sure to, care for)

3. 听到她儿子打破世界纪录的消息，她高兴极了。(on top of the world)

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5. 机器人能够保证八人类从繁重的家务中解脱出来。(guarantee, free)

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