英国文学史笔记

英国文学史笔记

The Anglo-Saxon period (the 11th~14th

centuries)

Beowulf : the most important piece ;forming period of English literature

Beowulf is the national epic(史诗) of Anglo-Saxon period, while Beowulf is the great warrior of …Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic in British literature. A rich fabric(结构) of fact and fancy.

“I shall perform the deeds of hero or I have passed my last day in this mead hall.”

The 14th century-the age of Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer, the writer of The Canterbury Tales. While most of his contemporaries are busy writing with French(the language of court) and Latin( the language of church), Chaucer is experimenting with the vernacular(本国的) English.

The Arthurian Legends

Geoffrey Chaucer: father of English literature and poetry, a great master of English language.

Anthology 诗选

The 15th century-the transitional period

The transitional period between the age of Chaucer and the age of Shakespeare with the popular ballad, Robin Hood Ballad, as the most representative form of literature.

Rabin Hood ballads are popular ballads dealing with the famous outlaw……

Thomas More

Thomas More – Utopia (written in 1515) This book contains (1) a realistic picture of early 16th century England: social evils are exposed and attacked (2) the first sketch of the ideal commonwealth by an English writer. Limitations of the book: Utopia

(1)His dream world did not have its sound

political, economic and social bases. (2)His indifferent attitude toward slavery

and his actual contempt for physical

labor.

(3)Contradictions in his world outlook.

The Elizabethan Age

Edmund Spenser – The Faerie Queen

English poet, born in London

Christopher Marlowe – Doctor Faustus

Playwright, greatest dramatist before Shakespeare

Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.

Ben Jonson

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

He is English playwright and poet, and is recognized in much of the world as the greatest dramatist.

Dramatic Works:

William Shakespeare has 37 plays to his credit. First built in 1935, then rebuilt in 1959, Ashland’s Elizabethan Theatre is one of several venues for plays in the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.

Love’s Labor’s Lost 爱的徒劳

The Merchant of Venice

The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧

Julius Caesar 凯撒

The Two Gentlemen of Verona

Period of Romantic Comedies (1595-1600) Four great comedies:

The Merchant of Venice – Portia

As You Like It – Rosalind

Much Ado About Nothing – Beatrice Twelfth Night – Viola

The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记

Merry Wives of Windsor

A Midsummer-Night’s Dream

Mature Period (1601-1609)

This is the period of tragedies. Four great tragedies:

Othello ; King Lear ; Hamlet ; Macbeth Shakespeare’s Contribution to Drama

(1)themes of progressive significance

(2)masterful character portrayal

(3)adroit plot construction

(4)great freedom and ease in the use of

language

The Jacobean Age

Ben Jonson (1573-1637)

The most important playwright among Shakespeare’s contemporaries

Every Man in His Humor“comedy of humors”

The Jacobean Prose:

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Francis Bacon was an important scientist, philosopher and essayist.

“Real founder of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general.”– Marx 唯物主义从他开始(1)New Instrument

In this work Bacon introduced the inductive method to the science.

(2)The New Atlantis

In this book Bacon described a utopian society – a fictitious land where his principles of collaborative research have been put into effect in a great agricultural and mechanical experimental station called Solomon’s House.

(3)Essays:

T hese essays reflect the author’s views on political, social and personal problems and in turn the bourgeois ideals and limitations of a man.

*Conciseness of expression and simplicity of dictions are the two chief characteristics of Bacon’s style. Bacon’s essays exerted important influence on the development of English prose. They are the first “essays”in English.

Of Studies

The English Revolution Period Metaphysical poets: 玄学派诗人

(1) John Donne

(2) John Milton

Milton is often considered the greatest English poet after William Shakespeare.

1)Paradise Lost : greatest epic poem of Milton

It deals with the fall of man, Satan’s revolt against God and man’s loss of Paradise. The first three lines of Paradise Lost:

Of Man’s first disobedience, and the first fruit

Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste

Brought death into the World, and all our woe

2)Paradise Regained :

Another epic dealing with the redemption of man by Christ

3)Samson Agonistes

(3)John Bunyan

Spoke for common people; “the Immortal Tinker”

Most famous one “Pilgrim’s Progress”天路历程has become a world classic.

Vanity Fair 名利场

The Life and Death of Mr. Badman

(4)John Dryden

The most prominent poet, dramatist, translator, literature critic of Revolution Period, the greatest neoclassicist of the Restoration Period, the age of Dryden

Introduced “heroic play”–drama in epic mode; grand, rhetorical and declamatory; its themes being love and honor

Best-known piece of literary criticism is

An Essay of Dramatic Poesy, written in the form of a dialogue.

Three Unities “三一律”

The Enlightenment

Two groups of English Enlighteners

(1)Those in favor of partial reform :

Pope, Defoe, Addison and Steele and Richardson

(2)The more radical wing :

Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Sheridan and Goldsmith

Alexander Pope

His most famous poem, “The Rape of the Lock”–夺发记

An ingenious mock

(1)Enlightener (2) neo-classicist (3) satirist (4) brilliant poet (5) had a great influence

Chief Works:

1. An Essay on Criticism:

A manifesto of neo-classicism

Ancient poets are highly praised and rules are laid down to be observed.

2. An Essay on Man:

The best known and the most quoted of all Pope’s works.

3. Moral Essays

A good style as “proper words in proper places” is define

The names of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele have always been linked with the literary periodicals –The Tattler and The Spectator.

.

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) English novelist and journalist

Prolific 多产的

Defoe’s first and most famous novel, “The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”–Alexander Selkirk (原型)

Poems: The True-Born Englishman; A Hymn to the Pillory

Picaresque Novel 流浪汉式小说

Earliest English picaresque novel is believed to have been The Unfortunate Traveler or, The Life of Jack Wilton (1594) by Thomas.

Jonathan Swift

Anglo-Irish satirist and political pamphleteer, considered one of the greatest masters of English prose. He was born in Dublin.

A Modest Proposal

Swift’s masterpiece Travel into Several Remote Nations of the World, more popularly titled Gulliver’s Travels. It was an instant success. It was an attack on human society. It is at once a fantasy and a realistic work of fiction.

Prose: The Battle of Book; A Tale of a Tub

Samuel Richardson

His novels are in epistolary form (a series of letters).A founder of the English modern novel and an outstanding novelist.

(1)Pamela

The first epistolary novel in the English language; sometimes called the first modern English novel because of its “penetrating”psychological analysis.

(2) Clarissa

It is the longest novel in Britain and generally considered Richardson’s masterpiece. Significance:

1.s ympathy for women

2.p sychological study *

3.e xposure of the moral hypocrisy

Henry Fielding

He has been considered the real founder of modern fiction.

Fielding’s masterpiece:

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)

1)one of the great English novels

2)is in the picaresque tradition

Tobias George Smollett

A versatile and prolific writer

The comic inventiveness of character and incident greatl y influenced the work of English novelist Charles Dickens.

He has three important novels:

1.R oderick Random:

The first sea novel in English literature, written more or less in the picaresque tradition and narrated in the first person.

2.P eregrine Pickle:

A picaresque novel

3. Humphrey Clinker

Written in the epistolary form

Laurence Sterne

1. Tristram Shandy

Meditation 沉思,冥想

The novel is considered a precursor to the modern novel and the technique of “stream of

consciousness.”

2. A Sentimental Journey:

Sterne enjoys a European fame. He not only has his far-reaching influence upon English writers of later days, especially on Byron and Thackeray, but also upon Diderot(狄德罗) and Rousseau(卢梭) and V oltaire(伏尔泰)

.

The Gothic Romances

The Castle of Otranto (1764)

Considered the first Gothic novel in English Mary Shelley 这一时期的代表Shelley’s wife 雪莱之妻

Frankenstein: the first and most important work

The Domestic Novels:

1)Fanny Burney: Evelina

2)Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice

The former described the fashionable society in London, while the latter the life of landed gentry in provincial England.

Richard Sheridan

Comedy: The Rivals and The School for Scandal

The 18th– Century Prose

Samuel Johnson

English writer and lexicographer,a major figure in 18th–century literature. In 1755, Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, which took him eight years to complete. The dictionary contains about 40,000 entries with vivid, idiosyncratic definitions and an extraordinary range of examples. The Dictionary of the English

Language is the first kind of English dictionary.

Thomas Gray

Best known poem: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

Robert Burns

He is Scottish poet and writer of traditional Scottish folk songs, whose works are known and loved wherever the English language is read.

He has been considered the greatest Scottish poet. His love songs are unsurpassed.

He is a many-sided genius:

Poet: A Red, Red Rose

William Blake

He is an important English poet at the turn of the 19th century.

Blake should be remembered chiefly for his bitter social criticism, for his fight for freedom, and for his lyricism.

The Songs of Experience is certainly the most important of all Blake’s poetry.

Poem: The Chimney Sweeper

London

The Tiger

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

1. English poet, one of the most accomplished and influential of England’s romantic poets.

2. Themes: freedom, folk, mature

3. The Daffodils

I wandered lonely as a cloud,

That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd,

A host of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

Byron was notorious for his love affairs and unconventional lifestyle

?H e died while working to secure Greek independence from the Turks.

?T he “Byronic hero”— lonely, rebellious, and brooding—first appeared in Manfred (1817).

Among his other works are Childe Harold (1812-1818), The Prisoner of Chillon (1816), and the epic satire Don Juan (1819-1824).

?S ince the 1920s, his poetry has exerted considerable influence upon the Chinese poets, and with the translation of some of his poems into the Chinese language, his name has become well known to the general reading public in China.

●I n 1822, shortly before his 30th birthday, Shelley was drowned in a storm while sailing.

●I n the final stanza—which ends with the now famous line “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”—Shelley appeals to the wind to help him spread the moral and political messages of his work.

●A Defense of Poetry lays emphasis on the

social educative role of poetry

●

. Byron only attacked political tyranny, but Shelley also saw the cruel relations of economic exploitation in the feudal-bourgeois world.

Shelley had faith in the collective strength of the people and worked for the interests of the masses while Byron thought more of one’s personal happiness and sorrow and he believed chiefly in the might of individual heroes but had contempt for the common people.

●M arx once said, “The real difference

between Byron and Shelley is this: those who understand them and love them rejoice that Byron died at 36, because if he had lived he would become a reactionary bourgeois, they grieve that Shelley died at 29, because he was essentially a revolutionist and he would always have been one of the advanced guard of socialism.”

?John Keats (1795-1821), English poet, and an influential figure of the romantic movement.

Ode to a Nightingale is possibly one of the most poignant expressions of Keats’ intense

personal yearning for freedom from human misery as he fell under the magic of the nightingale’s song.

?John Keats is remembered for his melodious, rich verse, and is considered one of the greatest English poets.

Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott is considered the first major European historical novelist.

●Scott’s historical novels may be

conveniently divided into three main groups which coincided with the three periods in his creative career:

●(1) The history of Scotland

●(2) English history

●(3) European history

●Novels on English history

● e.g. Ivanhoe: the struggle of

Anglo-Saxon peasantry against their oppressors the Norman lords, in the last part of the 12th century.

●Jane Austen (1775-1817), major

English novelist, whose brilliantly witty, elegantly structured satirical fiction marks the transition in English literature from 18th-century neoclassicism to 19th-century romanticism. Austen was born near Basingstoke.

●In her first period, from 1796 to

1798, she wrote Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice(1813), and Northanger Abbey(1818); these novels

did not find a publisher for several years after their composition.

●Austen's second period of productivity began in 1811 after the publication of Sense and Sensibility.

●She produced in quick succession her last three novels: Mansfield Park(1814), Emma(1816), and Persuasion (1818).

It is a truth universally acknowledged that

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

英国文学史期中论文

An Analysis of the Design of the First Assembly in Pride and Prejudice [Abstract] In Pride and Prejudice, the first assembly is the stage of the debut of hero, Darcy and the heroine, Elizabeth. Therefore, the design of this assembly, including which part of the assembly should be narrated directly in the description of the assembly, how to do with other things happened during the party, how to shape the characteristics and personality of the two main characters as well as other important role on the assembly, is essentially significant to the character portrait for the whole novel. Mainly employing description of language and technique of comparative description, the plot about this assembly is well-designed as three parts, before, during and after the assembly, which is efficient to the character figuring of the novel. [Keywords] character figuring, design, description of language, comparative description The novel introduces the first assembly in Chapter 3, using only half of a chapter to directly describe things happened on the party while two other whole chapter to show people’s discussion on it. By the delicate design, vivid language description and useful comparative description, the description of this party is highly efficient to the chapter portrait of this novel. Before the party, Mrs. Bennet’s worry about Mr. Bingley’s going into the town is showed, which totally reveals the purpose of Mrs. Bennet’s participating in the dinner, again echoing the description of Mrs. Bennet’s saying "If I can but see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield, and all the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for." (Austen, 2001: 2) at former plot. In the case, the assembly is platform to looking for sweetheart, love and even possible marriage (Yang, 91). At the end of this paragraph, Mr. Bingley’s invitating his sisters and Darcy leads to the appearance of these important characters. For the description of things happened during the party, instead of using scene description to the setting of the ball or psychological description to the participators, language description organized by comparative technique is mainly employed to mould different personality of different participant. First of all, It can be directly seen that the description of Mr. Hurst’s and Mr. Darcy’s first appearance is put in the same paragraph and connected by the conjunction “but”,

英国文学史笔记(刘炳善著 河南人民出版社)part7-8

Part 7 prose-writers and poets of the mid and late 19th century Chapter 1 Thomas Carlyle He was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University He is a literary critic Sartor Resartus The French Revolution Heroes and Hero-Worship Past and Present Chapter 2 Ruskin and some other prose-writers 1 John Ruskin He is a critic. Art criticism and social criticism He is a social thinker and a master of English. His prescription for the contemporary social problems was faulty, but he sincerely sympathized with the people and exposed with holy wrath the evils Modern Painters 2 Matthew Arnold 3 Macaulay Chapter 3 Alfred Tennyson1809~1892 （维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人） Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） ① < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend ② < Break, Break, Break>冲击、冲击、冲击 ③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗 Chapter 4 Robert Browning罗伯特?白朗宁1812~1889 A follower of Shelley ①< My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 ②< Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思 ③Pippa Passes Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ①葡萄牙十四行诗 He introduced to English poetry a new form ,the dramatic monologue He has been praised as a "a genius in courageous and high- hearted figure", well-known for buoyant optimism. Chapter 5 the Rossettis and Swinburne 1 Dante Gabriel Rossetti Poem: The Blessed Damozel 2 Christina Georgina Rossetti Poem: Goblin Market

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》(重排版)笔记和考研真题详解-盎格鲁-诺曼底时期【圣才出品】

第2章盎格鲁-诺曼底时期 2.1复习笔记 I.Background Knowledge(1066-1350)(背景知识) 1.The Norman Conquest(诺曼征服) A.Brief Introduction(简介) The French-speaking Normans began their conquest of Anglo-Saxon England under William, Duke of Normandy,with the battle of Hastings in1066. 说法语的诺曼底人在威廉公爵的带领下，在1066年的黑斯廷斯战役中打败了英国人，开始了对英国的统治。 B.Chief Influences(主要影响) (1)The bringing of Roman civilization to England; (2)The growth of nationality,i.e.a strong centralized government,instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes; (3)The birth of new English language and literature due to the integration with French vocabulary. （1）将罗曼文化带到英格兰； （2）促进了国家的发展，强大的中央集权政府代替了散乱的撒克逊部落联盟；（3）和法国语言的融合产生了新的英语语言和文学。 II.Features of the New Literature(新文学特征) (1)The new literature is a combination of French and Anglo-Saxon elements. (2)There are three classes of new literature: ①Matter of France(tales about Charlemagne and his peers); ②Matter of Greece and Rome(tales about Alexander and the fall of Troy); ③Matter of Britain(tales about King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table).

大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)

英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪

百年中国的英国文学史书写研究

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英国文学史笔记

Index The Sixteenth Century

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1. Background 2. William Wordsworth: I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud （重点） 3. Byron: She Walks in Beauty 4. Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice（重点） Unit 8 The Victoria Period（4学时） 1. Background 2. Charles Dickens 3. Bronte Sisters: Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights Unit 9 Twentieth Century Literature（5学时） 1. Background 2. Thomas Hardy: Tess of D’Urberville s（重点） 3. D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers 参考书目 1．《英国文学史（1-4册）》，陈嘉著，商务印书馆，1999年。2．《英国文学新编》，郭群英著，外语教学与研究出版社，2001年。 3．《英国文学通史》，侯维瑞著，上海外语教育出版社，1999年。4．《英国文学简史》，刘炳善著，河南人民出版社，1993年。5．《英国文学漫话》，刘炳善著，河南大学出版社，1999年。6．《英国文学选读》，王守仁著，高等教育出版社，2001年。7．Drabble, Margaret. The Oxford Companion to English

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