英语语法【句子组成和词法】

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。

顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。

1、主语

主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。

2、谓语

谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。

一般可分为两类：

1)，简单谓语

由动词(或短语动词)构成。

可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。

2)，复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式

Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。

3、表语

表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。

4、宾语

宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。

有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。

Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。

有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：

Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。

5、定语

在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。

用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。

但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。

6、状语

修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。

HelivesinLon'don.他住在伦敦。英语句子成分分析

句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。

1）主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。如：

Students study. (学生学习。)

We are friends.(我们是朋友)

这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。

2）谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。如：

Students study. (学生学习。)

We are friends. (我们是朋友)

这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。

3）宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：

They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。)

I play with him. (我和他一起玩。)

这两句话中单词teachers是名词，单词him是带词，它们在句中作宾语。

4）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如：

This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)

He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。）

这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词，它们作定语。

５）状语是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如：

The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。)

I often write to him. (我常给他写信。)

The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。)

这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词，第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词，它们都作状语。

６）表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如：This table is long. (这个桌子是长的。)

通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下：

（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语）

如：(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo.

(The happy) child --- went (his) home yesterday.

请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分

1）I have two elder sisters. （我有两个姐姐。）

2) They don't swim very well.（他们游泳不太好。）

3) Do you go to school every day? （你每天去上学吗？）

4) I really want a cup of tea.（我真的想要一杯茶。）

5) Miss Smith teaches English very well.（史密斯先生教英语非常好。）

语法其实并没有一些人想象的那么可怕，其实里面有很多趣味。

第一讲英语句子成分

WARM-UP：1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.

以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。

英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）

英语句子成分歌

英语句子八呀八大块，主谓宾表真呀真实在；

补语跟着宾语表语跑，定语同位（语）专把名词踹。

状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。

浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAP）

I．八大成分的概念和构成

1．主语(名词代词形)：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。

If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.

不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。

The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.

成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。

充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见）

形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）

2．谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。

I have a dream.

You don’t a lways want what you need, or need what you want.

所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。

谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）

3．宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。

You don’t find opportunities…you make them.

你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。

You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always

on.

如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。

充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式

形式宾语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）

4．表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)

Time is money.

Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.

你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。

构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）小品词11）名词从句

5．补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）

构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词小品词10）名词从句

主语补语

Tom was made monitor.

宾语补语

I made Tom monitor.

表语补语

I am sure to succeed.

6. 定语：对名词性形式进行范围限定。

7. This is beautiful music.

There are onl y two kinds of music…good and bad.

自古音乐分两种，好的和坏的。

构成形式：1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）

过去分词8）介词短语9）副词10）关系从句

8. 同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。

Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.

构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名词从句

9. 状语：修饰词，短语，从句和整句。位置：自由自在。

1）修饰性状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词等（时间，地点，肯定，否定，程度，频度，方式，伴随，原因，目的，比较等）。

Can you feel the love tonight?

Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.

只有出走又回家时，家才最感亲切。

2）连接性状语：连接上下文（顺序，递进，转折，让步，结果，推论，比较）。

First comes spring, then summer.

I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it.

3)评述性状语：修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法或态度。

Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.

II．成分关系

1．补语跟着宾语表语跑：

补语跟在宾语和补语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。

To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）

We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）

爱他人使我们幸福，在自己使我们孤单。

2．定语，同位（语）专把名词踹：

定语，同位语修饰名词性形式

Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）

They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）

3．谓语动词由状语修饰

When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t come up with a handful of sand either.

你想摘下天上的星星，可能一个也摘不下；但也不会一无所获。

1、主语：

(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)

(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)

(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略：(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)

(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)

(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)

(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)

(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)

(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。

2、谓语：

(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：

He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /

(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：［情态动词］+［时态助动词］+［语态助动词］+［主要动词］(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：

I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He can’t have finished reading the

800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止

禽流感蔓延。)

(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。

记住使用下列正确形式：

①情态动词+原形动词。如：You’d better go over the lesson.（你最好复习这一课。）

②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如：They should have been there once.（他们应该去过那儿。）

③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？）/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。）

④have+过去分词。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）

⑤一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词。如：He does not enjoy

himself very much.（他日子过的不好。）/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗？）

⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做个兽医。）/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.（自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。）/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”（他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着：圣诞快乐！）/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。）

(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。

(5)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is,was,has,does以及“动词

+s”；复数形式的动词有：are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。

谓语部分第一个动词的形式

单数形式

复数形式

一般现在时be(是)动词；

现在某些时态和语态的助动词be

am (单一); are (单二); is (单三);

are

一般过去时be(是)动词；

过去某些时态和语态的助动词be

was (单一); were (单二); was;(单三)

were

一般现在时have(有)动词；

现在完成时态的助动词have

have (单一); have (单二); has (单三);

have

一般现在时行为动词和助动词do

do (单一、单二); does (单三)

do

实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词（否定和疑问句除外）

原形动词(单一、单二); 动词+s /es (单三)

原形动词

其他各时态语态的谓语动词

单复数形式相同

记住：主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。（参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：”） Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)

(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗？----是的。)

3、宾语：

(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)

(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗？)

(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看见了什么？) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信？) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信？)

(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如：Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)

(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：

①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)

②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如： Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.

(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.

(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。

4、表语：

(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(谁呀？)

(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。

(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如：It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。

(4) 只能作表语的形容词有：

sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)

（5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。

5、定语：

(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)

(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序：

冠词/

年龄/形状/

大小/温度

色彩

来源

质地/

材料

目的/

用途

被修饰的名词(中心词) a

the

my

his

…

old,young,…

red,

yellow,

blue,

…

Chinese,

English, American,

…

wooden,

woolen,

glass,

silk,

…

meeting,

tennis,

sports,

reading,

swimming,

…

box,

shoes,

room,

pig

…

long,short,

round, square…

big, large,

small, little…

hot, cold,

warm, cool…

(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词

(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)

(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)

(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不寻常的事情。)

(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见定语从句。

(7) 注意：由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。

6、状语：

(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如：I was not born yesterday.（我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。）/ For many of these families a college education was something new.（对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。）/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)

(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活,详见《六·2》“副词在句子中的位置以及作用”；介词短语作状语,位置基本固定,详见《七·4》“介词短语在句子中的位置”；不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语形式”；从句作状语,详见《主从复合句》的“状语从句”。

(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /

(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。

(5) 注意：由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。

7、宾语补足语：

(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如：Call him Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。)

(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如：Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来！)/ Please put it away. (请把它收起来。)

(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语的情况,“动词的非谓语形式”相关内容

高中英语语法大全第一部分词法

第1章主谓一致

一.概念:

主谓一致是指：

1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。

3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，

一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：

There is much water in the thermos.

但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：

Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

二.相关知识点精讲

1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：

Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。

注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。

典型例题

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A. is

B. was

C. are

D. were

答案B. 注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则

1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。

2）当either…or…与neither…nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：

Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。

3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致

当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。

He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。

4. 谓语需用单数的情况

1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：

Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。

There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。

2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：

The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。

3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。

Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。

5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：

All is right.一切顺利。

All are present.人都到齐了。

2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：

His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。

His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：

Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：

A number of +名词复数+复数动词。

The number of +名词复数+单数动词。

A number of books have lent out.

The majority of the students like English.

6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况

1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of 后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：

Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。

2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。

A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。

3）如many a 或more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than…of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：

Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。

三.巩固练习

（） 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.

A. were, was

B. was, was

C. was, were

D. were, were

（）2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.

A. is playing

B. have played

C. are playing

D. play

（）3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth, is

B. Two fifth, are

C. Two fifths, is

D. Two fifths, are

（）4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.

A. seem

B. seems

C. seemed

D. are seemed

（）5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.

A. has

B. have

C. is having

D. are having’

（） 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.

A. is

B. are

C. were

D. be

（）7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.

A. are

B. is

C. has been

D. have been

（）8. When ______ the United Nations founded?

A. is

B. are

C. was

D. were

（）9. Every possible means _____ .

A. has tried

B. has been tried

C. was tried

D. were tried

（）10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.

A. was

B. were

C. has

D. have

（）11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.

A. are

B. must

C. have been

D. is

（）12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.

A. but Tom and Jack have

B. except Tom and Jack have

C. but my friends has

D. but I have

（）13. No teacher and no student ______．

A. are admitted

B. is admitted

C. are admitting

D. is admitting

（）14. All but one ______ here just now.

A. is

B. was

C. has been

D. were

（）15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.

A. is not decided

B. are not decided

C. has not decided

D. have not decided

（）16. The writer and singer ______ here.

A. is

B. are

C. were

D. do

（）17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.

A. are

B. was

C. is

D. were

（）18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.

A. is

B. are

C. was

D. were

（）19. ——____ your clothes?

——No, mine _____ hanging over there.

A. Is it, is

B. Are these, are

C. Is it, are

D. Are these, is

（）20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.

A. were, were

B. was, was

C. were, was

D. was, were

（）21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.

A. are, are

B. is, is

C. are, is

D. is, are

（）22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.

A. is

B. are

C. have been

D. has been

（）23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.

A. Each, are

B. Both, is

C. Neither, are

D. None, is

（）24. ——What do you think of the ______ of the coat?

——It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.

A. value

B. cost

C. price

D. use

（）25. ——Are the two answers correct?

—— No, ______ correct.

A. no one is

B. both are not

C. neither is

D. either is not

（）26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.

A. have been

B. was

C. / D/ are

四.答案

1.C

2. A

3. C

4. B

5. A

6. B

7. B

8. C

9. B 10. C 11. D 12.

C 13. B 14.

D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23.

B 24.

C 25. C 26. B

第2章动词的时态

一. 概念:

时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.

二.相关知识点精讲

1.一般现在时的用法

1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。

2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：

The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。

Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。

3）表示格言或警句。例如：

Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：

I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。

比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。

I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。

第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

2. 一般过去时的用法

1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：

Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？

2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：

When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。

3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。

It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。

would （had）rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some.

我以为你想要一些。

比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）

Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）

Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，

有可能指刚离去）

注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。

1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：

Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？

I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。

2）情态动词could, would。例如：

Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？

3.一般将来时

1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first？我先读哪一段呢？

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？

2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？

b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。

3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4）be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：

He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

4. 一般现在时表将来

1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。

2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：

Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。

There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。

3）在时间或条件句中。例如：

When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。

4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：

I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。

5. 用现在进行时表示将来

下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？