Activities for writing 4

Activities for writing 2 Part Four The Paragraph An Introduction to Paragraph: Point and Support in a Paragraph

The Hazards of Moviegoing

Although I love movies, I’ve found that there are drawbacks to moviegoing. One problem is just the inconvenience of it all. To get to the theater, I have to drive for at least fifteen minutes, or more when traffic is bad. It can take forever to find a parking spot, and then I have to walk across a huge parking lot to the theater. There I encounter long lines, sold-out shows, and ever-increasing prices. And I hates sitting with my feet sticking to the floor because of other people’s spilled snacks. Another problem is my lack of self-control at the theater. I often stuff

myself with unhealthy calorie-laden snacks. My choices might include a bucket of popcorn, a box of Milk Duds, a giant soda, or all three. The worst problem is some of the other moviegoers. Kids run up and down the aisle. Teenagers laugh and shout at the screen. People of all ages drop soda cups and popcorn tubs, cough and burp, and talk to one other. All in all, I would rather stay home and wait to see the latest movie hits on cable TV in the comfort of my own living room.

From this paragraph

A paragraph:

Topic sentence;

Supporting sentences; and

Concluding sentence. Characteristics of an effective paragraph:

1.Unity

One effective paragraph develops only one specific idea, which is usually summarized in the topic sentence.

I feel quite confident about the math test that is scheduled for tomorrow. The instructor has told us exactly what to study, and my grades on homework have been good. After the test, Susan and I are going to eat and then go to a movie. She is taking me out because it is my birthday. Last week we were going to go to the homecoming game, but she was sick and we didn’t get to go.

(p.133-134 Ma & Chen) (1) It is a fact that capital punishment is not a deterrent to crime. (2) Statistics show that in states with capital punishment, murder rates are the same or almost the same as those in states without capital punishment.

(3) It is also true that it is more expensive

to put a person on death row than in life imprisonment because of the costs of maximum security. (4) Unfortunately, capital punishment has been used unjustly.

(5) Statistics show every execution is of a man and that nine out of ten are black. (6) So prejudice shows right through.

2.Topic sentence

Subject and focus:

1)Subject: Education

Focus: …is very important in the

modern world.

2)Subject: Drama

Focus: I like…

3)Subject: Mythology

Focus: …is the study of various

beliefs about gods and goddesses. The placement of the Topic Sentence a.At the beginning (and end the

paragraph with a restatement of

the same topic sentence),

b.in the middle,

c.at the end, and

d.no or implied topic sentenc

e. This

is especially true of descriptive

and narrative writing, where a

topic sentence is normally

unnecessary.

e.g.,

The cars are like shabby omnibuses, but larger: holding thirty, forty, fifty people. The seats, instead of stretching from end to end, are placed crosswise. Each seat holds two persons. There is a long row of them on each side of the caravan (大篷车), a narrow passage up the middle, and a door at both ends. In the center of the carriage there is usually a stove, fed with charcoal or anthracite (无烟煤) coal; which is for the most part red-hot. It is insufferably close; and you see the hot air fluttering between yourself and any other object you

may happen to look at like the ghost of smoke.

------ Charles Dickens, American Notes Weak topic sentences (too general)

4)We need to save more of our natural

resources.

5)Temperatures are very high.

6)Geology is of great importance. One method for improving is to apply the general questions—who, what, when, where, why, and how—to vague or broad state.

1) We need to save more of our oil

resource. (What kind of resource)

We need to save more of our oil

resources by driving less. (How)

2) Temperatures in the desert are very

high. (Where)

Temperatures in the desert are very

high during the day. (When)

3) Geology is of great importance for

the needs and industries of mankind.

(Why)

Simple and factual statements(too narrow to be topic sentences)

1)Woodstoves can be bought for about

$ 300.→Woodstoves can be

dangerous.

2)Last summer I worked as a gas

station attendant.→Working as a

gas station attendant was the worst

job I ever had.

3)I live in an apartment.→Living in an apartment has its drawbacks. Exercise:Some of the following topic sentences are good; others are too broad to handle within a typical paragraph. Improve the weak ones. (ask wh- & h- Qs.)

1) I do not particularly like studying for

my mathematics class.

2) Computers science and language

program are both important.

3) Students must enjoy an exciting

sport.

4) Our campus is very attractive in

spring.

5) Watching a lot of TV is helpful. Exercise: Identify and cross out the irrelevant sentence following the topic sentence in the paragraph. Then rewrite a paragraph to support the topic sentence with the remaining information.

Topic sentence: It has been said that Benjamin Franklin could read almost

as soon as he could talk.

__ a. Franklin’s famous experiment with the kite and key during a

thunderstorm proved to him that

metal was a conductor of electricity. __ b. Benjamin Franklin’s active mind began to work at an early age.

__ c. He studies French, Spanish, and Latin and mastered them well.

__ d. After a short period of schooling, Benjamin Franklin taught himself

mathematics and penmanship.

__ e. Franklin taught himself how to express himself in good English.

__ f. Eager for knowledge, Benjamin Franklin read constantly.

It has been said that Benjamin Franklin could read almost as soon as he could talk. His active mind began to work at an early age. After a short period of schooling, he taught himself mathematics and penmanship, and how to express himself in good English. Eager for knowledge, he read constantly. He studies French, Spanish, and Latin and mastered them well.

3.Coherence

Examples:

1) Dancing has become popular with young and old alike. However, these groups see the benefits of the activity differently. Young people like the benefit of meeting other young people; whereas older people see it as a great way to exercise.

2) Basketball is popular with old and young alike, especially high school and college students. However, these groups see the benefits of the activity differently. Young people see basketball…however, older people like basketball …Exercise:

1) (p.171 Ma & Chen) (1) In mountain climbing, one must concentrate on each move he is to make during the ascent. (2) A person must know his own limits and

learn that his moves will affect the entire group of climbers. (3) Therefore, when a climber endangers himself, he endangers his comrades as well. (4) Many times during the climb you will find yourself being supported by the tips of your fingers and toes, and you are aware that one thin rope may at any time be called upon to save you from death. (5) All the equipment from the small piton to the longest stretch of rope must be meticulously inspected and packed, because in this sport, mistakes may prove fatal.

2) (p.172 Ma & Chen) (1) The personal element is tremendously important in climbing. (2) It is one of the freest sports in that it is entirely up to you and your colleagues on the rope to make your own decisions in the light of your judgment of the situation at the time. (3) To take responsibility in this way when the

rewards and the penalties are both high is one of the most satisfying of the attractions of climbing. (4) At the same time the fact that things can so easily go badly wrong means that you must prepare yourself thoroughly in experience, in techniques, and physically, and that you must exercise a good deal of judgment and self-discipline when you are on the mountain, so that you always keep within your safety margin.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4d1225754.html,pleteness:

Examples:

Living in the country is preferable to living in the city. Most people tend to consider country life superior to city life. They always talk about the friendly people, the clean environment, the closeness to nature and the gentle pace of living. I used to live in the country before studying and working in the city. So I can give two

principal reasons on this matter. First, the air is cleaner and fresher in the country than that in the city. Second, people have a better living condition in the country. (p.190 Ma & Chen)

(p.191 Ma & Chen) (1) Railroad travel in Spain is a nightmare that tourists should know about before embarking on a voyage. (2) Each compartment holds eight people, which usually results in a conglomeration of soldiers, tourists, farmers, and villagers. (3) Within minutes after the train pulls out of the station, the compartments become saturated with the mixed order odor of wine, urine, and sweat.

(4) Chickens and dogs casually stroll the narrow passageways. (5) Drunkards and perverts roams through the cars shouting obscenities and pinching the oversized rearends of standing or passing females. (6) Travelers suffer silently, passing the dreary

hours by placing tic-tac-toe and poker. Developing The Paragraph

Logical reasoning in the paragraph Inductive Pattern:

As an early-morning pastime Susie, my tortoise-colored kitten, would frequent the utility room, swing open the small metal door on the gas heater, and peer at the mechanism inside. During the daytime her favorite toy was not the usual ball of the yarn or sprig of catnip but a small musical top that she learned to spin with admirable dexterity. And late at night, when there was sometimes a gentle tapping in the study next to my bedroom, the cause proved the same: in the darkness a soft little paw was playing feline rhythms on the keys of my typewriter. For a kitten, Susie had an unusual interest in mechanical things.

Deductive Pattern:

I already knew that Susie, my tortoise-colored kitten had an unusual interest in mechanical things. I was sure, therefore, one morning when I saw her go into the utility room and swing open the small metal door on the gas heater, that she would sit and peer at the mechanism inside. That is just what she did. When I offered her a ball of yarn and a small musical top, I expected her to prefer the latter as a toy. She did, and learned to spin it with admirable dexterity. And when I was awakened late one night by a gentle tapping in the study next to my bedroom, I knew immediately that in the darkness a soft little paw was playing feline rhythms on the keys of my typewriter.

Inductive-deductive Pattern:

Soon after we had adopted Susie a tortoise-colored kitten, I noticed that as an early-morning pastime, she would frequent the utility room, swing open the small metal door on the gas heater, and peer at the mechanism inside. Before long I found that during the daytime her favorite toy was not the usual ball of the yarn or sprig of catnip but a small musical top that she learned to spin with admirable dexterity. In fact, I soon conclude that, for a kitten, Susie had an unusual interest in mechanical things. So it was the first time I was awakened late one night by a gentle tapping in the study next to my bedroom. I was not alarmed, for I realized immediately that in the darkness a soft little paw was playing feline rhythms on

the keys of my typewriter.

Sequences of Paragraph Development

Climatic Sequence:

In a climatic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentences, which may be, but not necessarily, the topic sentence. Example:

The Horse, “Cobham’s heroes”according to Enoch Bradshaw, did the most of the murdering. They went hurrahing after every human being between Drummossie Moor and Inverness. Close by Barnhill outside the town, some of them came up with “a very honest old gentleman of the name of Macleod”who had nothing to do with wars in general and the rebels in particular. He had come to see the battle. He ran before horsemen until he

could run no further, and then he returned, going down on his knees with a cry for mercy. The dragoons swore at him and pistolled him through the head.

Part Five The Whole Composition

Point and Support in an Essay

The Hazards of Moviegoing

Introductory I am a movie fanatic. My friends count on me to Paragraph know movie trivia (who was the pigtailed girl in E.

T. : The Extra-Terrestrial? Drew Barrymore) and to

remember every big Oscar awarded since I was in

grade school (best picture in 1994? Forrest Gump).

My friends, though, have stopped asking me if I

want to go out to the movies. While I love movies

as much as ever, the inconvenience of going out,

the temptations of the theater, and the behaviors of

some patrons are reasons for me to wait and rent

the video.

First supporting para.To begin with, I just don’t enjoy the general

hassle of the evening. Since small local movie

theaters are a thing of the past, I have to drive for

at least fifteen minutes to get to the nearest

multiplex. The parking lot is shared with several

restaurants and a supermarket, so it’s always

jammed. I have to drive around at a snail’s pace

until I spot another driver backing out. Then it’s

time to stand in an endless line, with the constant

threat that tickets for the show I want will sell out.

If we do get tickets, the theater will be in a front

row gaping up at a giant screen. I have to shell out

a ridiculous amount of money-up to $8-for a ticket.

That entitles me to sit while my shoes seal

themselves to a sticky floor coated with spilled

soda, bubble gum, and crushed Raisinets. Second supporting para. Second, the theater offers tempting snacks

that I really don’t need. Like most of us, I have to

battle an expanding waistline. At home I do pretty

well by simply not buying stuff that is bad for me.

I can make do with snacks like celery and carrot

sticks because there is no ice cream in the freezer.

Going to the theater, however, is like spending my

evening in a Seven-Eleven that’s been equipped

with a movie screen and comfortable seats. As I try

to persuade myself to just have a diet Coke, the

smell of fresh popcorn dripping with butter soon

overcomes me. Chocolates bars the size of small

automobiles seem to jump into my hands. I risk

pulling out my filling as I chew enormous

mouthfuls of Milk Duds. By the time I leave the

theater, I feel disgusted with myself.

Third supporting para. Many of the other patrons are even more of a

problem than the concession stand. Little kids race

up and down the aisles, usually in giggling packs.

Teenagers try to impress their friends by talking

back to the screen, whistling, and making what

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The advantages and disadvantages of college students----taking part-time job Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to taking part-time job in their spare time. I think this trend has advantages and disadvantages as well. The advantages of college students taking part-time job are as follows : By taking a part-time job,college students can earn some money for their daily necessities, so they can ease their families' financial burden and become economically independent. And by taking a part-time job, college students can get some working experiences and know how to use their knowledge in practical work , how to cooperate with the others and how to deal with some problems they may face. These experiences are surely helpful to their future work after graduation. However, the disadvantages of college students taking a part-time job can not be neglected. The main disadvantages are that if they spend too much time on their part-time jobs, their academic studies will be affected. They may not have enough time to digest what they have learned in class and they may not have enough time to extracurricular organized by their college after class. Since this trend has both advantages and disadvantages, college students should be careful when they decide whether they should take a part-time job or not. My suggestion is that they had better strike a balance between academic studies and a part-time job.

英语专业四级note writing讲解

Notes must be precise and to the point; the style is casual. In notes of introduction, the following are usually included: 1.The name of the person to be introduced 2.His/Her identity 3.The purpose of the introduction 4.Appreciation Sample 1 12 July, 2005 Dear Mr. Sullivan, This is to introduce Mr. Hu Ming. He is a linguistics student at our university. Mr. Hu is looking for a teaching assistant’s post. Any assistance rendered him would be highly appreciated. Thank you. Sincerely yours, Geoffrey Jackson Sample 2 12 July, 2005 Dear Mr. Keller, This is to introduce Ms. Ruby Hermann. Ms. Hermann is a well-trained, experienced and conscientious secretary. Her former employers have all found her competent. She left her former post because it took her too long to get to the office. You told me last Saturday that your secretary had left you. You may interview Ms. Hermann and see if she can fill the vacancy. I can vouch for her honesty. Henry Monroe Sample 3 12 July, 2005 Dear Mr. Wang, Liu Li is an English literature student. She is presently working on a paper on modern English literature. I would appreciate it if you could help her locate some reference books she needs badly. Thank you. Liang Beijun Sample 4 12 July, 2005 Dr Hope, This is to introduce my friend Wayne Morris who has stomach trouble. He has been suffering for two weeks now. He has been to several hospitals and given various drugs, but there has been no effect. He is still not cured. I’d appreciate it if you could give him a thorough examination. Thank you. Sally Simpleton

英语专四作文范文

英语专四作文范文：如何看待养宠物 There is no denying the fact that keeping pets is a hotly debated topic today. Some people claim that keeping pets is a good thing to do. They believe that pets, like cats and dogs, can help relieve the loneliness suffered by senior citizens and other social members who are confined to their homes for this reason or that. They also argue that keeping pets helps mankind understand animals’ world and develop positive feelings toward them. Others, however, hold the opposite view. They regard keeping pets as a useless but harmful thing to do. First, pets can transmit diseases. Secondly, the noises and dung of pets are sources of pollution. Last but not least, as many rare birds and animals are kept as pets, they will surely be hunted on a large scale, which means a threat to the balance of the ecosystem. Weighing the arguments of both sides, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Anyway, we can lessen our loneliness and express our love toward animals in other ways. And it is my belief that only by placing man and other species on an equal basis can we expect to have a lively and colorful world. 赢得尊重的重要性 Although we would all love to be Ms Popular at home and in the office, at work the task is not to be liked, but to be effective, says computer sales executive Andrea. "This is possibly the single most important lesson we can learn. You can’t always be popular. You shouldn’t have to be; it’s not what you’re there for. Progress depends on having your own ideas and sticking to them. And that means having the guts to make difficult decisions when you have to," she says. We’re aware from day one in our first job that every decision we make is either a building block or a stumbling block on our career path. We should use the time to lay the groundwork of future respect by being professional, responsible, innovative, diligent and reliable. Respect is never given for nothing. Claire knew that she was offered a move to Paris with her finance company because she had gained a reputation for keeping cool under fire. And the next step up the ladder would depend on her performance in Paris. "It’s essential to build regard if you’re going to be able to do what you want in your job," she says. Winning respect enhances all you do. A proposal for change is more likely to be well received; an application for a raise or a request for promotion is more likely to succeed. 诚信如金 Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair and upright in act. He who lies and cheats is dishonest; those who gain fortunes not by hard labour but by other means is dishonest. Honesty is a good virtue. If you are honest all the time,you’ll be trusted and respected by others. A liar is always looked down upon and regarded as a black sheep by the people around. Once you lie, people will never believe you even if you speak the truth. However, in the tide of commodity economy today, it seems that more and more people believe in money at the sacrifice of honesty. To them, among such things as health, beauty, money, intelligence, honesty, reputation and talent, honesty is the only thing that can be erased away. They don’t understand or pretend not to understand that honesty is the biggest fortune human beings own, and that it is the prerequisite for doing everything well. I think these people areto be pitied. In short, honesty is gold. Honest, your reputation will become great;dishonest, your name will be spoiled and your personality degraded. Therefore, we should never make such an excuse as "A little dishonesty is only a trifle thing. We should eradicate immediately the seed of dishonesty once it is sowed in our minds. Green Travel

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Note-writing Model of Note-writing (TEM4-2012) Direction: The winter vacation was over, and you came back by train yesterday. Y our friend (Michael or Lucy) went to the railway station to meet you and helped cleaning your dorm. Now, write him/her a note, expressing your gratitude and offering your help in return. Feb.26, 2012 Dear Michael, I’m writing to you to express my deep gratitude for your help on the day I came back from my winter vacation. Thank you very much for coming to pick me up at the railway station and helping with the overloaded suitcase. Without your help, I could not imagine how I would have exerted to drag it out the platform. What’s more, I was greatly touched at the moment you decided to stay and help cleaning my dorm. My heart swelled with great thankfulness the whole day and thereafter. And I sincerely would like to repay your kindness by doing something for you. Thanks again and best wishes. Y ours, Linda Model of Note-writing (TEM4-2011) Direction: During the summer vacation you would like to invite your best friend to your hometown. Write a note to him/her, extending your invitation and telling him/her how to get to your hometown. May 26, 2011 Dear Mary, The summer vacation is coming next month. I hope you can come to my hometown Hangzhou, and spend the vacation with us. There are a lot of places of interests to visit. After arriving at the North Coach Station, you can get to the Y an’an Xincun stop by taking No.188 bus. I am looking forward to seeing you as soon as possible. Sincerely yours, Christine Model of Note-writing (TEM4-2010) Direction: Y ou r good friend, John, is thinking of organizing an end-of-the-term party. Write him a note telling him that you like his idea and offer to help him. Y ou have to be specific about how you can help him. April 17, 2010 Dear John, It’s kind of you to organize a party at the end of the term. How relaxing and enjoyable the party will be! I would like to offer a helping hand for the preparation of the party. I will be very glad to buy fruits and desserts. I will be also delighted to pick up our classmates. I will call you to discuss more details of the party later. Good luck! Y ours, Tom Model of Note-writing (TEM4-2009) Direction: Lily, your roommate, is looking for a part-time job in the coming summer vacation. Y ou saw an ad for a private English tutor for a schoolboy. Write her a note, telling her what the job is and strongly recommending it to her. April 17, 2009 Dear Lily, I know you’re looking for a part-time job in the coming summer vacation. And I have just seen an ad for a private English tutor for a 13-year-old schoolboy. Since you have the experience of tutoring students and the pay is decent for 50 yuan an hour, I strongly suggest that you go for a try. Y ours, Ellen Model of Note-writing (TEM4-2008) Direction: Jane, your classmate, is thinking of subscribing to an English-language newspaper. And you would like to recommend one to her. Write a note, telling her which newspaper it is and describing two features of the paper. 1