定语从句笔记.doc

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定语从句

Part 1 定语从句定义及概述

什么是定语从句？

(1)定语从句：在复合句中作定语修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词。

(3)关系词：分为关系代词和关系副词，在从句中担当一定成分。

Eg.I will never forget the girl（先行词）that（关系词） I met yesterday in the street（定语从句） . ※定语从句两个必须 :★先行词在从句中必须作一个成分；

★先行词所作的成分必须空缺。

Part 2 关系代词引导的定语从句

项

目关系词先行词所指关系词在从句中的作用

关系词

that

which

who

关系代词

whom

whose

as

1.关系代词 that 的用法

用法：既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常_______。

1)This is the factory that produces cars.作(_____,指物 )

2)The girl that spoke to me just now is my classmate.作( ______,指人 )

3)The film (that) we saw yesterday is interesting. 作(______，指物 )

※关系代词 that 的特权和禁区

1.特权：行使特权的条件：

（1）限定性定语从句（即从句前无逗号）；（2）介词没有提前。

2.禁区：

有两种情况下，关系代词不会用that,指物时用 which；指人时用 who/whom。

（1）___________________（即从句前有逗号）；（2）_________提前时。

2.关系代词 which 的用法

用法：指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。

1)China is a country which has a long history.作(主语 )

※只用 that 不用 which 的情况：

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(1)______________________________

This is the best book that I have ever read.

(2)________________________________

The first book that I bought was about how to learn English.

(3)先行词是 _________________等不定代词或由 some, any, every, no等词构成的复合代词时）

I did all that I could do at that time.

There was little that the doctor could do for the patient.

(4)当先行词被 ______________________修饰时。

The only thing that he can do is to say sorry to her.

(5)先行词 ____________________

Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?

(6)主句已有疑问词 ________/_________时。

Which is the book that you like?

Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?

Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

(7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系词在从句中也作表语时。

He is no longer the man that he was ten years ago.

※只用 which 不用 that 引导定语从句的情况：

(1)当关系代词前有 _______时。

A desert is a great plain in which nothing will grow.

(2)引导 ________________________时。

The students was late for class 7 times a week, which made her teacher mad.

(3)一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个宜用 _________。

(4)当先行词本身是that 时。

That which I had known about made them surprised.

3.关系代词 who 的用法

用法：指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。

1)I know the man who spoke to you just now.(作主语 )

2)She is not the girl who she was.作(表语 )

先行词是人时，常用who 而不用 that 的情况：

a. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who，eg. I will pardon him who is honest.

b. 先行词为等时，

eg. All who heard the news were excited.

c.在以 there be 开头的句子中，eg. There is a girl who wants to see you.

d.当先行词后有较长的修饰语时，

eg. He met a boy in the street yesterday who could speak English fluently.

4.关系代词 whom 的用法

用法：指人，who 的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略，在口语中可用 who 或 that 代替。

Here is the man (whom/who) you are looking for.

I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.

Is that the man with whom you arrived yesterday?

5.关系代词 whose的用法

用法：可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。

1)This is the scientist whosename is known all over the world.(指人 )

2)The room whose windows face the east is mine. 指(物）

Whose +n.= ___________________________= ______________________________

6.关系代词 as 的用法

用法：既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在 the same as ,such as ,as as 等句型中 ,as 不能省略。

1)Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.( 指人，作主语 )

2)I’ll buy the same dictionary as you have.(指物，作宾语 )

※关系代词 as 的选择

(1)当先行词中有 _______________等修饰语时；如：

Never promise such things as you can’tachieve.

This is so good a movie __as__we all wish to see.

(2)当________________置于句首时；如：

As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun once every year.

As we had expected, the students who had cheated in the exams were punished.

(3)当先行词中有 the same 修饰时，有时用 that 也有时用 as 来引导定语从句。二者意思稍有

不同。如：

This is the same shirt as I wore yesterday. _______________________________

This is the same shirt that I wore yesterday._________________________________

※关系代词的省略

有两个条件： (1)限定性定语从句；(2)作宾语或表语。

E.g. Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t. （2006 北京高考）

A. who ; 不填

B. 不填 ; who

C. who ; who

D. 不填 ; 不填

Part 3 关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词先行词所指在句中所作成分

When

where

why

※特别提醒： when, where 既能引导限定性定语从句，也能引导非限定性定语从句，而why 通常引导限定性定语从句。如：

That is the day when he got married.

That is the time when all of us lived together as a family.

That is the factory where I used to work.

That is the reason why he was fired.

(1)表示时间的先行词除了 time 之外，还有： day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year 等；

(2)表示地点的先行词除了 place 之外，还可以是 desk, table, spot, room, house, school, stree town, country 等,还有表示抽象意义的地点名词： _________________________________ (3)表示原因的先行词一般只有 ____________一个。

1.关系副词使用的几种变化

1)关系副词通常也可以用“that+介词后置”代替或省略；

2_在正式文体中，也可以使用“介词+which ”的结

构。 That is the river that I used to swim in. (that +介词

后置 ) That is the river I used to swim in. (省略 )

That is the river in which I used to swim. (介词 +which)

归纳： where/when = _______ + __________; why = ______ + __________

2.介词 +which 结构中的介词选择问题

1)介词与 _______________之间的搭配关系；

I still remember the time when (at which) I first became a high school student.

There are several areas in the city where (in which) you can buy clothes in fashion.

2)介词与 ________________的搭配关系。

I saw the stamp of which my father was very proud.

Here is some money with which you can buy some books. There

was nobody in the family to whom he could turn for help. The

play in which I played an important role was a great success. 归

纳： prep. + which 不一定能转化成 when /where

3)根据句子的意思确定介词

This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera.

2.抽象的先行词带来的关系副词的选择问题

It ’s helpful to put children in a situation ___they can see themselves differently.

A. that

B. when

C. which

D. where

I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.

A. which

B. where

C. how

D. why

Life is like a long race _____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.

A. why

B. what

C. that

D. where

She’ll never forget her stay there ____ she found her son who had gone missing two years be

A. that

B. which

C. where

D. when

Part 4 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

1.限定性与非限定性定语从句的意义区别

The old man has two sons who serve in the army老.人有两个当兵的儿子。

The old man has two sons, who serve in the army老.人有两个儿子，都当兵。

※非限定性定语从句有时可以像一个并列句，例如：

He has a walk after dinner every evening, which is good for his health.

=He has a walk after dinner every evening, and this is good for his health.

He likes reading books, which I am delighted to hear.

=He likes reading books and I am delighted to hear that.

※归纳总结

限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句

意义起限定作用，是主句不可缺少起补充说明作用，省去后不影

的成分响主句的意思

形式与先行词间无逗号常用逗号与主句分开

翻译常译成前置定语常译成并列的分句

4.非限定性定语从句的引导词的问题

一般来说，除了关系代词 that 和关系副词 why，其他定语从句的引导词均可以引导非限定性

定语从句。例如：

His speech, which inspired everyone, was well received.

A student, who was admitted to an ordinary university, was greatly disappointed.

The cinema, whose roof was damaged in the storm, will be brought down.

They will fly to New York next Friday, where they have planned to stay for a few weeks.

You can come next weekend, when the books will be ready for you.

归纳：引导非限定性定语从句的引导词有：_____________________________________ 5.as、which 引导的非限定性定语从句

as和 which 在引导非限定性定语从句时的相同点和区别：

1)相同点： as和 which 都可以指代 ___________________。

The meeting was put off， which/as was exactly what we wanted.

这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。

2)不同点： as 引导的从句既可以位于_______，也可位于 ________，主从句没有前后逻辑关系，常表示“正如”；而 which 引导的从句只能位于 __________，主从句常有一定的因果关系或前后顺序，常表示“这一点”，相当于and this或and that。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 As everyone knows，all that glitters is not gold. =All that glitters ，as everyone knows，is not gold. =All that glitters is not gold ， as everyone knows.

众所周知，并不是所有发光的东西都是金子。

Part 5 定语从句使用的注意事项

1.分析成分的能力和意识

(1)如果空白后面紧跟着动词的，明显缺少的是主语。

Mr. Goodman has to be away on business on Feb. 8th, ________ happens to be his wife ’birthday.

A. which

B. when

C. that

D. on which

(2)及物动词后必然有宾语，即如果及物动词后面没有宾语，先行词就是作动词的宾语。

The Science Museum, ______ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tou attractions. 【 2008 江苏高考】

A. which

B. what

C. that

D. where

(3)不及物动词后没有宾语，在不缺少主语的情况下，先行词则通常作状语等成分。

---Is that the small town you often refer to?

---Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.

A. that

B. which

C. where

D. what

(4)介词后面通常要跟宾语，如果介词后面没有宾语，则先行词通常作这个介词的宾语。

---Do you have anything to say for yourselves?

---Yes， there’s one point ________ we must insist on

A ．why B．where C．how D．/ 2.并列连词

的陷阱

Tom has two brothers, both of whom love sports.

Tom has two brothers and both of them love sports. (简单的并列连词： and, but, so, or, yet) 3.way 意为“方式，方法”，作先行词时的关系词的选择问题

1)用“介词 +which”引导定语从句；例如：

I don’t like the way in which you speak to your mother.

2)用 that 引导定语从句；例如：

I don’t like the way that you speak to your mother.

3)省略关系词；例如：

I don’t like the way you speak to your mother.

4.介词 +关系副词的问题

Look over there! some people are standing on the top of the building, ___ you can enjoy the view of the whole city.

A. where

B. from which

C. where

D. from where

5.先行词为“time”时，引导词的选择

1)time 意为“次数”时，定语从句常用that 引导。

)time 意为“时期，一段时间”时，定语从句常用when, during which, at which 等引导； It ’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.

I ’ll never forget the time when/ during which we played together.

1.英语句子八呀八大块，主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑 ,定语同位语专把名词踹

状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。

浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞

2.①简单句 : S+Vi （主 +谓）S+be+P(主+系 +表)S+Vt+O（主 +谓+宾）

S+Vt+o+O（主 +谓+间宾 +直宾）S+Vt+O+C（主 +谓+宾+宾补）

②并列句 and, but, or

③复合句 :名词从句（宾，主，表，同）副词从句（状语从句）形容词从句（定语从句）