英语任务型阅读

英语任务型阅读

任务型阅读是阅读理解题的一部分,它是近年来出现的新题型,它要求学生在阅读文章后对文章中的某些内容或整篇文章做出概括,是一种读写结合题,所以大家在做这类题时首先要弄清完成的是什么任务,然后有的放矢地去阅读,最后进行归纳与总结. 一般任务型阅读的题型多为细节题,好的方法是先看问题,然后带着问题读文,把细节画出来,还有一种题型是归纳题,它又分两类.一类是段落性的,一类是概括中心内容(全文性)这种较难,不过是有方法的.都是要通读全文,至少3遍。

试题分析

近几年来，全国十几个自行命题的省份都在进行高考试题命题改革。高考改革显示高考试题稳中求新，高考命题力求体现新课标的五大基本理念：重视共同基础，构建发展平台;提供多种选择，适应个性需求;优化学习方式，提高自主学习能力;关注学生情感，提高人文素养;完善评价体系，促进学生发展。高考试题要“以考查学生对英语基础知识和基本技能的掌握情况为主，但更体现能力立意，考查学生的创新能力和实践能力;检测学生用英语收集、处理信息、分析和解决问题的能力”。2008年江苏高考新题型的首次出现。

理论依据

阅读是由感知、思维、推理、评价、判断、想象和解决问题等一系列积极的心理活动构成的。阅读是中国学生学习外语的主要方式，是学生获取信息的主要手段。在阅读过程中，信息的获取完全是一种交互活动，信息的获取要靠读者的“图式”知识。“图式”包括学习图式、生活图式和工作图式，“图式”知识是学习的基础，同时又是学习的成果之一，“图式驱动阅读”模式(top-down approach)，是一种利用大脑图式描述知识帮助理解文本的阅读方式。理解涉及文本和图式两方面因素，信息的获取不仅取决于文本本身的难易度，还取决于学生的背景知识、语体知识和语言解码能力，是读者在进行文本解码的同时运用已有知识帮助理解的过程，包括世界知识、文化知识、话题知识、语篇知识、策略知识等。任务型阅读(task-based reading)主要依赖于“形式图式”的能力，而“内容图式”和“语言图式”起辅助作用。2008年江苏高考新题型的设计属任务型阅读，相对传统阅读理解题型，更注重考生在语言输入的基础上加强语言输出能力的考查，要求对摄取信息进行分析、概括、整理、理解并根据需要进行综合运用。

特点类型

(1)任务型阅读侧重语篇分析，剖析文章的“脉络”，即文章的结构或者框架。在阅读教学中，“英语语篇”按照文体可分记叙文(narrative)、描述文(description)、议论文

(argumentation)、说明文(exposition)。各类文体各有其写作特点，任务型阅读后题目常按照一定的逻辑顺序展开。学会分析语篇，培养语篇分析能力可快速完成文字表达的任务。

(2)阅读材料后题目设置多样化，考查学生多种能力。任务型阅读虽然有考查学生的单词拼写能力，但是和“单词拼写”以及“对话填空”有着本质的区别。任务型阅读着重考的是语篇分析能力，对学生能力的考查更全面，要求也更高，包括考查学生的思维能力、分析能力、词汇能力以及其他的语言深层挖掘能力等。

(3)阅读题目设置有梯度，答题要求简练和规范。任务型阅读属阅读范畴，题目设置旨在围绕不同的阅读技能和语言应用而展开，涉及词性转换、词语释义、同意替换、语法结构、归纳演绎、结构分析、细节理解等。任务型阅读有字数限制，表达部分也暗含有一些要求，诸如大小写、答题的一致性及词性等等，这些隐性的规范需要学生自己去揣摩。任务型阅读也随着阅读材料内容、文体、题目设置、答题要求的不同而呈现不同的难易度。

类型

任务型英语学习是指学习者通过活动学语言(learning English by doing things)的，任务型阅读是指通过各种语言活动的形式来考查学生语言运用能力，考查学生在限定的时间内能否“按要求辨认语言结构、内容、事物发展顺序和程序。”

解题思路

任务型阅读一般的解题思路可归纳为四步曲，即“审题”→“略读”→“边细读边解题”→“复核”。“审题”，即看清题目及要求，做到有的放矢，心中有数。2008江苏高考考试说明中三个示例，分别如下：示例1：请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。示例2：请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词，注意：每空格1个单词，不得用文章中的单词。示例3：请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词，注意：每空格不超过6个单词。弄清以上三种不同答题要求均为“审大题”，审题还须“审小题”和“审格式”。

“略读”，这里指的是快速阅读、掌握大意。在做题以前要快速扫视一下文章的大意，了解阅读材料的基本信息、语篇的文体类型，如记叙文、议论文还是说明文，作者的写作目的与态度等，为下一步完成任务作铺垫。“边细读边解题”，指通过细读题目和文章中相关信息完成指定任务。

在此步骤，教师应指导学生注意以下解题技巧：注意表格前的小标题，它通常是段落和表格的主题句，有助于理解文章。理解表格设计，表格一般包括列标题和行标题，通过阅读这些标题和表格里的内容;可迅速了解表格的结构和表格的设计原理。同时也可缩小信息范

围，确定考查内容。根据已填的内容来推断所填之词的形式，是单词或词组。填写答案时注意工整对称性，要注意与已填部分的形式保持一致。比如：是-ing都用-ing，是名词都用名词。同时要注意时态、语态、句式等，避免出现错误。“复核”即检查核对初步完成的所要求的任务。通常做法是全部填完后，把文章看一遍，检查所填之词是否符合文章内容，答题是否符合规范，拼写是否正确以及大小写等。

培养策略

新教材与任务型阅读

(1)课文阅读教学与任务型阅读的衔接

①课文教学采用任务阅读教学法

任务阅读教学吸收了任务型教学的基本理念，强调阅读目的、阅读活动的真实性。让学生通过完成真实的阅读任务提高阅读理解能力。其主要程序包括pre-task, while-task, post-task。任务前、中、后阶段可以设计不同的阅读教学活动来提高学生的阅读技能。如要提高学生的skimming(略读)技能，教师可设计此类活动：阅读后给出标题;阅读后匹配标题;阅读后撰写概要;话题匹配等。

②课文教学重视语篇分析

《牛津高中英语》教材中的阅读篇章的题材是多种多样的，教师应重视学生语篇分析能力的培养，学生也须重视自己的教师是如何进行语篇文体的分析的。一般说来，不同文体有其各自的写作特点。如：记叙文的故事是按照“开端———发展———高潮———结尾”的顺序写就;记叙文中的人物传记一般是按照“人物生平———人物成就———对人物评价”的模式撰写;说明文的结构分为引言、正文和结束语三部分，而议论文则是通过论点(argumentation)、论据(supporting details)和结论(concluding)这几部分展开。了解并熟悉不同文体的特征，有利于学生迅速归纳出文章的大意和作者的写作意图，有利于学生理解阅读材料，有助于处理任务型阅读题型中主题概括类题目的解答。

③任务型阅读用于课文理解和课文巩固环节

《牛津高中英语》教材每个模块有3~4个单元，每个单元均有reading板块，任务型阅读中的图表类型是一种较常用的类型，可用于reading板块课文理解和课文巩固环节。

(2)新教材词汇教学在任务型阅读中的体现

新课改下词汇教学的目标是教会学生如何学习词汇、积累词汇、扩展词汇和正确运用词汇。标准强调对词汇学习目标要求主要涉及三个方面：词汇的记忆、词义的理解和词汇的应用。标准强调词汇学习要结合表达需求、话题范围和语境。词汇教学应侧重在情景、语境和话题讨论中进行，有利于学生对词汇的理解、掌握和应用。新题型任务型阅读对词汇的考查

有词语释义、词形转换、词组搭配、同义转换等多种形式。因此，教师在呈现词汇时，应充分注意音、义、形的统一，可根据学生不同的年龄段选择不同的呈现方法。在词汇教学中应重视以下几方面的教学，如：单词请亲戚(词形、词性变化练习);近义、反义词汇积累;词语搭配等，教师还应能够根据具体的单词介绍相应的词汇策略，如“上下文策略”、“词根、词缀记忆策略”、分类、联想等。学生具备丰富的词汇、扎实的词汇功底无疑对于处理任务型阅读新题型具有很大的帮助。

(3)新教材阅读策略在任务型阅读中的应用

阅读教学以培养学生的阅读理解能力为能力目标，使学生掌握一定的阅读技巧，从而从阅读中获取需要的信息、知识、娱乐等。不同的学习阶段，阅读教学的目标不同，所培养的阅读技巧和策略也不同。《牛津高中英语》重视培养学生的阅读策略，比如跳读、寻读、览读、首尾句阅读、预测等。任务型阅读题由文字和图表共同组成，不同文体采用的阅读策略也不尽相同。有时学生可根据图表类型从文章中找寻答案，有时却需要先读文章。各种阅读策略的习得，对于高中学生快速地处理所读材料信息非常重要，学生可根据阅读目的选择阅读方式，调整阅读速度，完成任务要求。教师在教材处理中应重视阅读策略(reading strategy)的教学，切实提高学生的阅读水平。

任务型阅读应注意的原则

学生掌握任务型阅读解题步骤和技巧后，还应注意以下几点：

①循序渐进的原则

任务型阅读考查学生的各种能力，要求也较高，因此，我们在做任务型阅读题时，要从易到难(阅读材料由易到难，同一篇阅读材料题目不一定按题号做，应由易及难)，由浅入深，应循序渐进，只有这样，才能增强学生信心，逐步提高学生的成就感，进而培养学生对任务型阅读题型的兴趣。

②有效阅读的原则

由于学生对任务型阅读题型熟悉程度不如传统阅读理解题型，一篇高质量的任务型阅读题常具有一定的梯度，多数设置了几个学生不能轻易解决的问题，我们的学生往往在此题型上花费的时间超过了《考试说明》的建议时间，即耗时过长，长此以往，养成了不良习惯，因此须增强任务型阅读的有效性。

“任务型阅读”是2008年江苏高考的新增题型，我们要通过研读和分析《考试说明》，训练和指导这一新兴题型，掌握解题规律和技巧，从日常教学入手进行策略培养，才能逐步提高阅读能力，快速正确地完成指定任务要求。

题型分类

A.事实询问题；

B.推理判断题；

C.数据推算题；

D.识图解意题；

E.主旨大意题；

F.常识题。

解题技巧

对阅读理解能力的测试是英语考试中必不可少的测试项目，主要考查学生对于不同体裁或不同题材语言材料的理解能力，以及通过材料的阅读，对材料中信息的捕获能力。此项能力的测试，考生要做到以下几方面要求：

1.不但要求掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想，而且要求掌握文章中的详细事实与细节。

2.不但要求对于具体事实情节的理解，而且要求对其抽象含义的理解，既要理解字面意思，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等。

3.既要求理解文章中某句、某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系，又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理。

4.既要求考生能够运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题；又要求考生能运用中学生应有的生活常识去分析、理解问题。

应试技巧与解题步骤

如何才能巧答阅读理解题呢？我认为可以采取以下几种应试技巧和解题步骤：

首先对原文材料迅速浏览，掌握全文的主旨大意。因为阅读理解题一般没有标题，所以，速读全文，抓住中心主旨很有必要，在速读的过程中，应尽可能多地捕获信息材料。

其次，细读题材，各个击破。掌握全文的大意之后，细细阅读每篇材料后的问题，弄清每题要求后，带着问题，再回到原文中去寻找、捕获有关信息。

要善于抓住每段的主题句，阅读时，要有较强的针对性。对于捕获到的信息，要做认真分析，仔细推敲，理解透彻，只有这样，针对题目要求，才能做到稳、准。

解题建议

下面，根据阅读理解测试的要求，针对各个不同考查内容的考查题型，给出几点解题建议：

事实询问题

此类题型的问题以what、who、which、when、where、how或者why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节进行提问并要求考生回答。

做好这类题的要领是：1.明确题意，顺藤摸瓜。2.按照要求，寻找答案来源。3.找准关键词，明白其暗示作用。4.多读课文，正确使用排除法。

推理判断题

既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。这类试题常以如下句式发问：

What can you conclude from this passage？

What's the auther's attitude towards...？

We can infer from the passage that….

Which statement is(not) true？

这就要求考生首先在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。

其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。

数据推算题

此题要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：

1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。

2.弄清众多信息中哪些属于有用信息，哪些属于干扰信息。

3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。

识图解意题

此类插图题型是通过图解、地图或插图的形式，形象化地表现信息，用以降低试题的难度，是短文和题目不可缺少的组成部分。在做此类题时，要求学生一定要：

1.把文章与图示结合起来，图文互相参照、互相验证。

2.若是地图，则要做到方位明确。

3.要正确理解文中方位介词及有关信息词的重要意义。

主旨大意题

此类题型用以考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。一类题型为主题问题。如： What is the main idea of this passage？

What does the passage maily talk about？

What does the writer want to tell us？

另一类为标题问题。

如：Which tittle is the best tittle of this article？

寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。因此，在做题时，要注意每段的主题句(往往为第一句)。英文叫“Topic Sentence”，它一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意，抓住主题句，就不难确定文章的最佳标题。

经验常识题

此类题主要是考查中学生应有的多项综合知识，包括：社会知识、天文知识、史地知识、科普知识及对生活常识的主观掌握程度。此类题往往与文章没有直接关系，学生只能凭自己的常识进行判断，然后做出正确、符合这些规律的选择。

中考英语英语 任务型阅读理解精选含答案

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