有关GET写作
有关GET写作
一．写作部分题型分析
《非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程考试大纲》对于写作部分的规定是：“写作部分的目的是测试考生用英语书面表达思想的一般能力。写作要求切题，能正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语言错误。摘要要求概括内容准确。考试时间为30分钟。从1999年一月起将要求改为：要求考生写出不少于150词左右的短文（或段落）。
一般来说GET写作以议论文为主，有时也有一些说明文。议论文有以下几种类型：1．比较性议论文：它是用以比较两种或两种以上事物的异同，优势与劣势。如：
Which Form of Transport Is More Preferable, Car or Bus?
2. 评论性论说文：评论性论说文主要是对有争议的主题发表议论。如有些情景作文给考生提出了一种社会现象或观点，要求考生就其加以评论，然后提出自己的看法，并加以论证。如：What Would Happen If There Were No Power
3. 阐述性论说文：这种作文要求考生就一个问题，正面阐述自己的观点，说明自己的理由。如：Is It Good for Students to Have Part-time Jobs
4. 解释性论说文：这种作文一般用于解释和分析社会现象和社会问题。如：The Effects TV Has on Children
近几年也出过图表作文。图表作文多为说明文与论说文相结合的形式。它要求考生能够用文字形式对图表中反映出来的情况加以说明，通常还要求考生能够对图表中反映出来的情况或问题展开讨论。
二．短文写作的评分原则和标准
1．评分原则
现在通行的英语作文评分方法基本都采用总体评分的原则，就总的印象给分，并决定是否给奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍，用词和造句是否清楚而准确地表达了思想。
2. 评分标准
现在通用的英语作文评分标准大致相同，一般将考生作文分为六个档次：
10—9分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达清楚，文字连贯，句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。
8—-7分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达基本清楚，文字基本连贯，句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。
6---5分：内容切题，基本包括提纲的要点；表达基本清楚，句子结构和用词有少量的错误。
4---3分：内容基本切题，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。
2---1分：基本按照题意写作，只有少数句子可以理解。
0分：文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解，或抄写事先背好的范文。
全文不足150个词，酌情扣分。
2．短文写作要求
根据以上写作原则及评分标准，我们可以归纳出对一篇高分的作文的要求是：（1）内容切题，即严格按照题目规定的内容来做文章。
（2）表达清楚，即观点鲜明，意思完整，论证充分，首尾呼应。
（3）意思连贯，即文字通顺，句与句、段与段衔接自然，文章条理清楚。
（4）句法多变，即遣词造句熟练自如，语句灵活多变自然得体。
（5）语言正确，即句子结构和用词无重大错误。
三．写作部分复习与答题对策
1．仔细审题，读懂提示中的要求及其含义
2．草拟提纲，确定短文的布局结构
3．动笔写作，一气呵成
4．留出时间，检查与修改短文
四．英语写作技巧
（一）措词
措词是英语写作的最基本的技巧。只有了解如何措词和措词的基本知识，我们才能准确地表达我们要说的东西。
1．根据词义选词
我们在用英语写作时应尽可能地选择正确恰当的词语来表达自己的意
思。对于关键的词和自己不熟悉的词应弄准词义再用。因为在英语中同
义词很多，又有很多词是一词多义，同义词中每个词又有不同的含义。
如：inexpensive和cheap都含有“价格不高”之意，但cheap还有质量不高之意；average和mediocre都含有“中等”之意，但后者又含有“毫无成就的，平庸的”意思。
词的含义有时在词典上找不到的，它是在词义基础上扩展的带有联想或感情色彩等意义的词义，如
I am plump; you are heavy; he is fat.
这里“plump”是褒义词，“heavy”是中性词, “fat”为贬义词
2.用英语思维选词
我们在进行英语写作是应尽量学会用英语思维，用我们学过的词汇、短
语和句型以及它们所处的语言环境中的用法来表达我们要表达的意思，
这样就会避免因英语和汉语的思维差异所造成的用词和用法不当。如：
--The price of books is very expensive now.
--Books are now very expensive.
--We have visited the exhibition for many times.
--We have seen the exhibition for many times.
--Anyone who dares to try the law with his body will be punished.
--Anyone who defies the law will be punished.
3. 选词原则
A. 选用熟悉的词，而不用不的、牵强的词，否则有可能使句子显得很不自
然，甚至出现错误，试比较下列两句的用法。
--As a graduate student, I feel there is a burdensome responsibility upon my shoulder.
--As a graduate student, I feel that a heavy responsibility rests upon my shoulders.
B. 选用表示具体概念的词，不选表示抽象概念的词，能够使文章内容更充实，更有说服力。如：
We all love him because he is a good man.
We all love him because he is honest. (kind, generous, or warmhearted)
C. 如果能用单个词来表达，就不用多个词，避免累赘。如：
---He is a person of much ambition and full of great expectations of
future.
---He is an ambitious young man, full of great expectations.
D. 选用短词、小词，不选长词、大词。
一位专家曾指出：“我们要清楚地表达我们的想法，就不要因为用了buy 或see 而不用purchase或observe而感到惭愧，因为它们能更加清楚地表达我们的意思。”
4．注意用词多样化
在英语写作中要力求用词多样化，避免因同一个词的反复使用而使文章显得呆板、单调、没生气。可以使用不同词源，不同水平的同义词，也可用同义的词组和短语，相应的代词，乃至完全不同形式的句子来代替。如：Many of us believe that a person’s mind becomes less active as he grows old. A recent study shows that it is true that when a person is old, there is some decline in his psychomotor speed. But when speed is not a factor, he loses very little intellectual ability over the years.
(二) 句子
1．句式的多样化
句式多样化是对一篇好文章的基本的要求，只有丰富多彩的变化才是美的。如果一篇文章只用一二种句式就会显得单调、呆板。句式多样化不仅可以通过使用不同句型和结构的句子，也可以通过使用不同长短的句子来达到这一目的。
-- I usually go to the country for a walk during the weekend. Last Sunday I decided to spend the whole day in the city for a change. I decided to visit the Tiananmen Square and the Zhongshan Park. It was early. I left home. The streets around were deserted. There were no usual crowds and traffic. Everything was strangely quiet.
--Though I usually go to the country for a walk during the weekend, I decided to spend the whole day in the city for a change last Sunday. I went to the Tiananmen Square and the Zhongshan Park.. It was so early when I left home that the streets around my neighborhood were deserted. Without the usual crowds and traffic, every thing was strangely quiet.
2．句子的完整、统一与连贯性
我们现阶段的英语写作中，每个句子都应该是完整的句子，句子各部分既要层次分明，又要紧密联系在一起，表达一个完整的意思。语片（词组或从句等不完整句子）的使用应尽量避免。如：
--We had a hard time choosing our courses because there were so many subjects that we liked very much. For example, Literature, French and Painting.
--The whole class were interested in the activity. Many of which took actions immediately.
--We had a hard time choosing our courses because there were so many subjects that I liked very much, such as, Literature, French and Painting.
--The whole class were interested in the activity and many of the students took actions immediately.
在汉语中，两个（或更多）完整的句子可以用逗号来连接。有时我们可以看到一个段落中，各句之间都用逗号连接，到段落结束才用一个句号。这在英语中是不规范的。英语中两个完整的句子若在一句话中要么是并列关系，要么是主从关系，要么用分号隔开来区分层次，要么把它们分成两个句子。如：--It is a personal matter, everyone has to cope with it sooner or later.
--Because it is a personal matter, everyone has to cope with it sooner or later.
--It is a personal matter and everyone has to cope with it sooner or later.
--It is a personal matter; everyone has to cope with it sooner or later.
--It is a personal matter. Everyone has to cope with it sooner or later.
另外还有一些初学者在句子之间根本不用任何标点符号，一直写下去直到段落末尾用一个句号表示结束，那就更不应该了。
2．句子的简洁性与自然性
好的英语句子应该简洁、明了、自然又有逻辑性。写作者既要把意思表达清楚又要是语言精练、自然。如：
--In my own personal opinion I think we should stop discussing now.
--There is only one reason that is acceptable, and that is our country has a
large population.
--He didn’t say so because he wanted to hurt you.
--One can observe that athletics can be beneficial to the health of one who
participates as well as entertaining for one who watches.
--I consider The Old Man and the Sea one of the literary masterpieces of our
time, but many people dislike Hemingway’s other novels.
改正的参考句子：
--I think we should stop discussing now.
--Only one reason is acceptable: our country has a large population.
--He said so, not because he wanted to hurt you.
--Sports can be healthful for the players and entertaining for the fans.
--Even those who dislike Hemingway’s other novels are likely to enjoy the
Old Man and the Sea, which I consider one of the literary masterpieces of
our time.
4 注意修辞格的运用
我们常用的修辞格有比喻（simile, metaphor）、拟人（personification）、夸张（hyperbole）、讽刺(irony)、对偶(antithesis)、排比(parallelism)和反问(rhetorical question)等.修辞要符合英语的表达习惯。如：
?He is as strong as an ox.
?He is as strong as a horse
（三）段落
1 段落的结构
一般来说，段落（主要是扩展段）是由主题句、扩展句、转折句和结论句组成的。
主题句（topic sentence）是英语段落的最主要的特点。每一个段落（主要是扩展段）都有一个主题句来清楚地告诉读者该段主要讲的是什么；扩展句（supporting sentence）是用具体事实去发展、证明或支持主题句的句子；转折句（transitional sentence）是用来表示作者转变叙述或表达的角度的句子；结论句（concluding sentence）一般位于段尾，是对全段进行总结、归纳或提出结论的句子。如：Parents should guide their children in growing up. When children are very young, they need much guidance. At this period parents should give them a few responsibilities and help them learn to manage some of their own affairs. For example, parents can tell children to keep themselves clean without always having to be told to do so and to manage their own sensible bedtime. Children still need guidance when they reach adolescence. At this stage, parents should have them prepared for the more important decisions they will have to make. For example, parents can guide their children in deciding whether they want to go to college or what specialty to choose. Learning to accept responsibilities, to manage one’s own affairs, and to make one’s moral and professional decisions are important steps in growing up, and parents have an obligation to prepare their children to take them.
在上面这个段落中，第一句为主题句，第二句一级扩展句，第三句为二级扩展句，第四句为三级扩展句，第五句为转折句兼一级扩展句，第六句为二级扩展句，第七句为三级扩展句，第八句为结论句。
2．主题句的位置
主题句是段落的中心，它可根据文章的需要位于段首、段中、段尾，也可以首尾呼应。
3．段落的展开
段落的展开比段落的主题句更重要我们通常通过提供事实、数据、举例、解释和说明等办法来展开一个段落。
总之，段落展开的越细，越具体，就越有说服力。以下简单说明段落展开的几种写作方法：
时间和过程顺序法：这种方法多用于叙事或描述事情进行的过程根据事情发生的先后来叙述。在叙事时，有时为了描写回忆，或强调事情的结果也可以用倒叙或插叙法。
空间顺序法：这种方法是用来描叙一个地方或一件事物的空间关系，比如一间房屋的陈设。叙述按一定顺序进行，如由近到远，由上到下，由左到右等。
重要性顺序法：这种方法可用于说明文、议论文或报告中。叙述的顺序可以从最不重要的到最重要的，或从最重要的到最不重要的。按这种方法讲叙重要性或理由比较有说服力。
比较与对比法：这种方法多用于说明文和议论文等。它是对两个或两个以上的事物的异同点、优势与劣势进行比较和对比比较是比较两个以上事物的类似之处，对比是比较他们的不同点。对比和比较的叙述顺序有两种，一种是分别叙述法，另一种是成对叙述法。我们先讲A事物的特征，如：A1、A2、A3，…,然后再讲B 事物的特征，如：B1、B2、B3,…也可以用另
一种方法对A1和B1的特征加以比较和对比，然后再对A2和B2、A3和B3，…加以比较和对比。
定义法：这种方法就是对一件事物（或人）或一个概念下一个定义，根据这个定义来叙述该事物或概念的细节或特征等。
分类法：该法多用于描述、说明与议论。分类法是根据事物的性质、形状、原因或功能等特征进行分类，然后就各类分别加以叙述。
因果法：先叙述事物发生发展的原因再叙述结果，或先叙述结果，在解释原因。
问答法：通过提出的问题然后在解答的方式来阐述一个事物或一个概念。
还有一些展开段落的方法，我们不在此逐一说明。
4．段落的统一与连贯
一个好的段落应该是一个整体，段落的各部分都应该与段落的中心思想紧密相连，支持段落的主题句。与主题无关的句子，会影响段落的统一性（unity），无论这些句子多美，也应毫不犹豫地删去。
要使段落达到连贯性的方法很多，现简要介绍几种：
（1）用过渡词使段落具有连贯性
在英语中有些词或词组能够清楚地表明一个段落中不同层次之间的关系，我们把它们叫做信号词。
A.表示时间和顺序关系的信号：
Next, soon, then, later, finally, after, first, second, and so on, meanwhile, at length, in the past, in the meantime, afterward, after a few days, now, immediately, while after a short time, thereupon, thereafter, presently, since, at last
B.表示转折和对比关系的信号词
But however, on the other hand, nevertheless, otherwise, yet, and yet, after all, at the same time, although true, in spite of, despite, still, on the contrary, notwithstanding, in contrast, even so, for all that, while, nonetheless.
C.表示列举与增补关系的信号词：
In addition, also, furthermore, moreover, another, likewise, similarly, next, finally, besides, first, second, (and so on), again, and then, in the first place, too, equally important, and further, last
D.表示举例的信号词：
For instance, an example of this, for example, take the case of, in other words, that is, as has been noted, in fact, specially, in particular, indeed, incidentally.
E.表示强调的信号词：
Even, actually, as a matter of fact, surely, in fact, certainly, undoubtedly, indeed, true.
F.表示原因与结果关系的信号词：
As, because, since, because of, for the reason, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, as a result, for, accordingly, thereupon, then truly.
G.表示结论的信号词：
Finally, therefore, at last, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to sum up, in a word.
(2)用代词过渡使段落具有连贯性
在段落写作中，我们可以在后句中用一个代词来代替前句中的一个名词，使前后两句在语义上和逻辑上有机地联系在一起，以达到段落的连贯性。常用的代词有人称代词，指示代词和不定代词。如：
Yong people are often advised by their teachers to choose a career before enrolling in college. But they do not always need this advice.
(3)用词语重复或同义词的替代使段落具有连贯性。我们可以在后一句中重复前一句中的一个成分，或是用具有相同或相关意思的词语替代前句中的一个成分，前后呼应使前后两句有机地联系在一起。现举例如下：
You may get an inference through conversation—how someone said something or maybe what was left unsaid. Inference may be drawn by analyzing characters and their actions, and by determining the mood of the speaker.
四．篇章
英语的段落是由主题句、扩展句、转折句和结论句组成的。一般来讲，英语的篇章也是由这四部分组成：引言部分、扩展部分、转折部分和结论部分，也就是我们汉语所说的启、承、转、合。
（1）引言段的功能
从篇章结构上讲，引言段应有三个功能：一是引人入胜，能够让读者有兴趣继续读下去；二是紧扣文章的主题，提出主题句，或者是开头点题；三是包括全文的内容，引起下文。如：
As we know most of the material things in our daily life have to be bought with money. But money is not all powerful. There are many things which money cannot buy such as time and true love.
(2)引言段中的主题句
主题句不能过大，过于抽象。主题句是完整的陈述句而不应是问句。如: Running is good exercise
而不是：Why running is good exercise?
主题句的陈述应该准确，精练，不应使读者误解。如：
All the world loves beautiful people. 这样一个句子做主题句，主题就会过大而且也不准确，让人摸不着头脑，不知所云。如果改为：“People like to be around people who make them feel good.”会更好些。
主题句应能明确地表达作者的观点，不应是作者个人的喜好或是陈述一些并不需要证明的事实。如：
I like friends who are loyal.
这是作者个人的倾向，而不是观点，如改成：“Loyalty is an essential component of friendship.”就会好多了。
（3）引言段开头的写作方法
A. 引导法：它是对一个问题先从大的概括的角度去叙述，然后一点一点地具体化，最后把读者的注意力引到作者要谈的具体问题上去。如：
Why do things change? People have learned a lot since they first appeared on the Earth. This knowledge has made life easier. Science has helped us to make better goods, eat better foods and live in better homes. New knowledge is probably the greatest cause for change.
这一段作者就是从“things change”这样一个漫无边际的话题，一步一步地缩小，最后把读者的注意力引到了文章的主题。
B. 对比法（略）
C. 提问法：（见引导法的例子）
D. 定义法：
如果文章主题涉及一个新的或不常见的事物，或者涉及一个在不同情况下含有不同的意义的词，我们可以首先给这个事物或这个词下个定义，这样可使读者一开始就能弄清楚作者要讲什么，然后再说为什么和怎么，也就是我们常说的“what…; why…; how…”的文章，如：
A hobby, as I see it, is an activity that takes up most of your spare time and all of your spare money. At least that has been my experience since I became interested in photography.
这段作者根据自己的经验给hobby下了个不同寻常的定义，并引出自己对摄影的爱好的下文。
F. 引经据典法：这种方法就是以引用名言、警句作为文章的开头，这样可以使读者容易接受。如：
I agree with the saying that “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” For I think that we human beings are different from the machine. We have life, soul and feelings. We cannot work all the time, without any form of recreation.
这种方法的常用开头语还有：
A proverb says…
As the proverb says…
It is often said that…
其它的方法这里就不一一列举。
2．篇章的完整性、统一性与连贯性
……
（2）连贯性
要使文章具有连贯性，就要用一些过渡的方法，现介绍几种：
1）在段落的开头用过渡词，以表明该段与前段或文章中心思想的关系。2）用代词指代前段中的名词。
3）用过渡句提醒读者注意全篇的结构
4）重复上一段最后一句的关键词。
5）概括上一句的中心思想。
常用的承接段的开头有：
Nowadays people tend to…
People used to hold a belief that…
No one can deny that…
It is undeniable that…
An increasing number of people come to realize that…
Nowadays more and more people are concerned with the problem that…
It can be easily proved that…
It can be seen that…
It is well known that…
It is generally believed that…
Now it is commonly accepted that…
It is a fact that…
There is no denying the fact that…
When it comes to the issue of…
With the rapid development of…
Different people have different opinions on…
2．提出个人观点：
I am of the opinion that…
As for me,
For my part,
As far as I am concerned,
I am in favor of …
I am on the side of…
In my opinion,
I agree to…
3．罗列各个原因或方面：
In the first place,/ in the second place,
Firstly, / Secondly
First of all, / The second reason is…
For one thing, /For another thing,
The first and the foremost important is…
The last but not the least is…
This can be expressed as follows:
To take… for an example,…
Therefore we should realize that…
4.罗列正反的论据：
On one hand, / On the other hand,
On the contrary, / In contrast,
5. 常用的用于转变角度来叙述的:
Another special consideration in this case is that…
Besides, we should not neglect that…
But it is a pity that…
But the problem is not so simple. Therefore,…
Others may find this to be true, but I do not, I believe that…
There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…
6. 进行总结：
To conclude…
To sum up…
To sum up in one word,
Summing up,
Summing up in one word,
It can be concluded that…
A conclusion can be reached that…
7. 分析原因和结果：
There are a number of reasons for… and among them…is the most important one. The reasons can be listed as follows.
What possibly contributes to the problem is that…
The primary reason for …is that…
…is chiefly /partially responsible for the problem.
One may owe this problem to…
Quite a number of reasons lead to…
…will account for…
…results in…
The problem results from…
8.提出解决办法：
Perhaps the best way to solve this problem is to…
Many workable solutions have been found to dealing with this problem.
Here are some suggestions that we should…
My suggestion is that…
It is suggested that…
Actions should be taken to…
We should take some measures to…
There is no easy/ immediate solution to the issue of… but … may be helpful.
9表示问题的重要性：
It is very important to…
It is of great importance to…
It is vital to…
… is playing an important role in…
No one can afford to neglect…
Without… we cannot…
We will pay heavily if we ignore…
10.描写图表的表达方法：
It has been shown that…
According to the table/ diagram/ chart, we can see that…
The table/ diagram/ chart has revealed that…
The table/diagram/chart can give us some idea of …
11.描写数据变化的表达方法：
According to the table/diagram/chart, the number of… who…is much bigger than the number of…
From the table/diagram/chart, we can see that the rate of … is higher than…
As can be seen in the table/diagram/chart, there are more… than…
The number of …is as large as…
The number of …has increased sharply from…to…
The number of… is declining dramatically from…to…
使用ifstream和getline读取文件内容
使用ifstream和getline读取文件内容[c++] 假设有一个叫data.txt的文件, 它包含以下内容: Fry: One Jillion dollars. [Everyone gasps.] Auctioneer: Sir, that's not a number. 数据读取，测试。 以下就是基于data.txt 的数据读取操作: #include
get 短语及造句全
Get on：进行 "Tom is sluggish. I wonder how he is getting on in his new work." Get through：完成 "There isn't much time left. How can one get through all this work before the office closes? " Get over：恢复过来 "The rich woman was so upset at the loss of her beloved puppy that it was hard for her to get over the shock." Get...down：使……消沉 "Miss Lim told me that his poor academic performance got her down. Get down to：认真做 "It is sometimes difficult to get down to serious work after a long holiday ." Get round/around：回避 "What will happen will happen. I see no way of getting round the imponderables." Get on for：（常以进行时态出现）将近 "No one knows about that film star's actual age, but it must be getting on for 50 years old." Get away/off with：逃避处罚 "The police have not let anyone get away with his or her illegal act." Get...across：把（讯息等）传达给 "The minister tried to get his ideas across to the masses of people. " Get back at：向……报仇 "I notice that people often get back at whoever is unkind to them." Get back to：再与……联络 "Sorry , I am busy at the moment. Let me get back to you later" Get in with：与……保持良好关系 "James joined a high-class club to get in with influential people there." Get...off：寄出 "The manager asked his secretary to get all the letters off before 5p.m."
get,getline..
c++ cin、cin.get()、cin.getline()、getline()、gets()函数的用法2009年02月09日星期一 22:121、cin>> 用法1：最基本，也是最常用的用法，输入一个数字： #include
ch=cin.get(); //或者cin.get(ch); cout< get sb do get sb done get sth done get sth do 这些都是get作为使役动词的用法，理解为“使某人/物。。怎么样” 1。get sb do“使某人做某事”后面接不带to的不定式。sb在这里是做 宾语，do后面的成分做宾语补足语，进一不说明“使役”的具体动作如；Our teacher get us students finish our homework. 2.get sb done“使某人被。。/处于。。的状态”sb 与done逻辑上 存在动宾关系，done是被动的标志。例如： The mother get her baby hanged on her back. 这个母亲把她的小孩背在背上。 The police get him defined in the room. 警察把他关进了一间房子里。 3。get sth done “使某物/事被做。。”同样sth与done 存在逻辑 上的动宾关系。例如： She get her coat washed.她把外套洗了。 He get his hiar cut. 他理发了。 4。ge t sth do “使某物。。怎样。”sth 存在do 逻辑上的主谓 关系，do往往在这里是不及物动词。例如： He get his body lie on the ground because he is tired. 因为太累了,他躺在了地板上. She get her English achievement rise. 她把英语成绩提高了. 其实除了你列举的get的用法还有: get sb.doing get sth.ding 意思和上面差不多,时态上表示正在进行. 至于哪些有to哪些没to,要系统了解可以看语法书,这里只是简单叙述一下: 不带to的不定式情况: (1)使役动词get/ have /make 后面接不带to (2)感官动词look/feel/observe/hear.. get a bag on [美国俚语]狂饮作乐。醉。 get a bang out of [美国俚语]从中得到快乐[刺激]。 get a big hand [口语词组]受到热烈鼓掌。 get a bite to eat 随便吃点东西。 get a black eye 被人打青了眼眶。 get a bloody nose 受挫折，受屈辱。 get a blow 吹吹风，出去透透气，出外呼吸新鲜空气。 get a blow in 击中。 get a bun on [美国俚语]喝醉。 get a cropper 落马，垮台，失败。摔跟头。 get a dressing down 受到斥责。挨打。 get a drubbing 挨揍。被击败。 get a ducking 落到水里或被人推到水里，被弄得浑身湿透。 get a fair show [美国习惯用语][澳]得到公平[合适]的机会。 get a fix on [口语词组](通过雷达等电子仪器)定出(某物的)位置。 get a footing 取得立足点。取得地位。 get a fright 大吃一惊。 get a girl into trouble [口语词组]使女子怀孕。 get a good hand 拿到一手好牌。占上风。取得优势。有成功的可能。get a good scald on [方]在...方面极为成功。 get a grip on 抓拄，控制，管束。 get a half nelson on 抓住...的要害，控制。 get a hank over 控制。 get a hearing 获得发言[申诉] 机会。 C++string类常用函数 string类的构造函数： string(const char *s); //用c字符串s初始化 string(int n,char c); //用n个字符c初始化 此外，string类还支持默认构造函数和复制构造函数，如string s1；string s2="hello"；都是正确的写法。当构造的string太长而无法表达时会抛出length_error异常 string类的字符操作： const char &operator[](int n)const; const char &at(int n)const; char &operator[](int n); char &at(int n); operator[]和at()均返回当前字符串中第n个字符的位置，但at函数提供范围检查，当越界时会抛出out_of_range异常，下标运算符[]不提供检查访问。 const char *data()const;//返回一个非null终止的c字符数组 const char *c_str()const;//返回一个以null终止的c字符串 int copy(char *s, int n, int pos = 0) const;//把当前串中以pos开始的n个字符拷贝到以s为起始位置的字符数组中，返回实际拷贝的数目 string的特性描述: int capacity()const; //返回当前容量（即string中不必增加内存即可存放的元素个数） int max_size()const; //返回string对象中可存放的最大字符串的长度 int size()const; //返回当前字符串的大小 int length()const; //返回当前字符串的长度 bool empty()const; //当前字符串是否为空 void resize(int len,char c);//把字符串当前大小置为len，并用字符c填充不足的部分 string类的输入输出操作: string类重载运算符operator>>用于输入，同样重载运算符operator<<用于输出操作。 函数getline(istream &in,string &s);用于从输入流in中读取字符串到s中，以换行符'\n'分开。 string的赋值： string &operator=(const string &s);//把字符串s赋给当前字符串 string &assign(const char *s);//用c类型字符串s赋值 string &assign(const char *s,int n);//用c字符串s开始的n个字符赋值 string &assign(const string &s);//把字符串s赋给当前字符串 string &assign(int n,char c);//用n个字符c赋值给当前字符串 string &assign(const string &s,int start,int n);//把字符串s中从start开始的n个字符赋给当前字符串 string &assign(const_iterator first,const_itertor last);//把first和last迭代器之间的部 动词?g et的用法与搭配 用法一：?用于“g et+名词+宾补”，该宾语补足语可以是： 1. 不定式 其意为“使……做……”（具有使役性）。如： He got his son to post the letter. 他叫他儿子去寄信。 You must get them to come over here. 你必须想法让他们到这儿来。 He couldn’t get the car to start and went by bus. 他因无法发动车子，所以就乘公共汽车去。 2. 现在分词 其意为“使……（开始）起来”或处于某种状态。如： What he said got us thinking. 他说话使我们思考起来。 Can you get the clock going again? 你能让这钟重新走起来吗?? It’s not hard to get him talking;the problem is stopping him. 要他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。 3. 过去分词 其中的过去分词表示被动关系。如： Go and get your hair cut. 去把头发理了。 I’ll try to get it published. 我要设法让它发表（出版）。 He got his fingers caught in the door. 他的手指让门给夹给了。 You must get the work done by Friday. 你必须最迟在星期五以前把工作做完。 注：有时表示遭遇。如： He got his watch stolen. 他的表被偷了。 He got his fingers caught in the door. 他的手指让门给夹住了。 4. 形容词 意为“使……（变成某种状态）”。如： I can’t get the door open. 这门我打不开。 We’ve got everything ready. 我们已把一切都准备好了。 用法二：?用作连系动词，表示状态的变化，其后所接表语可以是： 1. 形容词 The weather is getting warm. 天气暖和起来了。 She got quite impatient. 她变得很不耐烦起来。 注意，用作连系动词的?g et 之后一般不接表示颜色的形容词，如不说?get black /white /red，遇此情况可用?go 或turn。 2. 过去分词 He got lost in the woods. 他在树林里迷路了。 They got discouraged and went home. 他们感到泄气回家了。 “g et+过去分词”结构有时是系表结构，有时是被动语态，这主要看其中的过去分词是强调状态（为系表结构）还是强调动作（为被动语态）。表示被动时，与用?be 有区别：一般说来，用?get 除表示更强的动作意味外，还往往表示一种突发性的，出乎意料的偶发事件。如：How did the window get broken? 这窗子是怎么打破的?? He got killed when crossing the road. 过马路时他被车撞死了。 3. 不定式 Soon they got to be good friends. 不久他们就成了好朋友。 由get组成的常见短语： 1）get up 起身；站起 2）get back 返回，回去，回家 3）get to 到达 4）get about 四处走动；（消息等）传开 5）get down下来 6）get into 进入；陷入；养成（习惯）；对……感兴趣 7）get off从……下来；下车（船、飞机等） 8）get out出去 9）get on上车（船、飞机等） 10）get round传播；传开 11）get in收获 12）get dressed穿衣服 （13）get across（使）通过；（使）理解 14）get changed换衣服 （15）get home回到家 （16）get through 通过；度过；完成；接通（电话） （17）get close to接近；靠近 18）get down下来 19）get over恢复；克服 20）get rid of去掉；除掉；处理 （21）get away from逃跑；离开 （22）get in touch with与……取得联系 （23）get ready for为……做准备 （24）get to sleep睡觉 （25）get out of从……出去 （26）get along / on well with sb./sth.与某人相处融洽；某事进展顺利 （27）get down to（doing ）sth.开始认真做某事 2. 与get 有关的常见句式结构： （1）“get +doing”开始做某事 It’s half past ten ,and we must get going.十点半了，我们得走了。 （2）“get + done ”可作为被动结构或者系表结构 They got caught in the rain just now. 他们刚才遭到了雨淋。 My father got drunk yesterday. 昨天我父亲喝醉了。 （3）“get +形容词”为系表结构，意为“变成、变得” The weather gets warmer and warmer. 天气越来越暖和了。 （4）“get sb. to do sth.”叫/ 让某人做某事get后要接带to 的不定式。区别“have sb./sth. do sth.”结构，该结构中have 后要接省掉不定式符号to的不定式。 Get him to see a doctor at once .（=Have him see a doctor at once.）让他马上去看医生。 （5）“get sb. / sth . doing sth .”让某人、某物开始做某事 Mr.Smith ,can you get the clock going again?史密斯先生，你能让这钟表重新转起吗？ Can you get me explaining it?你可以让我解释一下吗？ （6）“get sth. done ”叫/让别人把某事做了 I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理发。 #include cout<<"逐行读取, 将行读入字符串, 行之间用回车换行区分"< get的详细用法 get /ɡet,g?t/ v. S1 W1 英[ɡet] pt: got pp: got gotten pres part: getting MEANINGS 义项 1. RECEIVE 收到 [T not in passive,不用被动态] to receive something that someone gives you or sends you 收到，接到 ?She got loads of presents. 她收到了许多礼物。 ?What did you get for Christmas? 你圣诞节收到了什么礼物？ [T] to obtain something by finding it, asking for it, or paying for it 〔通过寻找、要求或出钱〕获得，得到 ?We need to get help quickly! 我们需要马上得到帮助！ ?It would be a good idea to get professional advice. 征求专业人士的意见，这个主意很好。 ?You may be able to get a grant from the local authority. 你也许可以从当地政府获得拨款。 ?He cleared his throat to get our attention. 他清清嗓子来引起我们的注意。 get sth for sb ?I want you to get some information for me. 我要你去给我找一些资料来。 以get开头的常用短语和用法 get可以是及物动词或不及物动词，意为：使（自己）变得，变成；收到，获得，得到，取得；生病，得病；拥有；必须 常用的词组有： 1. get across 使被了解，使讲清楚 The speaker felt embarrassed because he failed to get his joke across to the crowd. 演讲者感到很尴尬，因为听众们没有明白他讲的笑话。 2. get along 过活，生活；前进，发展；相处和谐 I can't get along without money. 没有钱我无法生活。 How are you getting along with your project? 你的项目进展如何？ Are you getting along well with your mother-in-law? 你和你婆婆相处得怎么样？ 3. get at 够得着，触及；意指，意思是 The ceiling is so high that I can not get at it. 天花板太高，我够不着。 What are you getting at? 你的意思是什么？ 4. get away 离开，逃离 I am afraid I can't get away from the meeting. 我恐怕难以从会议中抽出身来。 get away with sth. 避开责备、惩罚或灾难以便能够顺利行事 Do you think the murderer would get away with the penalty? 你认为杀人犯可以逃脱惩罚吗？ 5. get by 通过（不可用被动语态）/设法继续生存 The parade has got by. 游行队伍过去了。 She can't get by without him. 没有他她无法生活。 6. get down 从......下来；写下 My little son climbed the tree and couldn't get down. 我的小儿子爬上树却下不来了。 Have you got down what the teacher said? 你把老师说的话都记下来了吗？ 7. get down to sth. 认真应付，处理 After the holiday, I got down to my work immediately. 假期过后，我立刻静下心来工作。 8. get in 收割，收集；插入（话）；到达 Farmers are getting in crops now. 农民们正在收割庄稼。 She speaks so quickly that I can't get in a word. 她说话太快了，我一句也插不上。 The train got in ten minutes late. c++学习笔记—c++对txt文件的读取与写入 标签：c++IO 2015-01-13 17:43 1880人阅读评论(0) 收藏举报分类： c/c++编程（8） 声明：本文为博主原创文章，未经博主允许不得。 一、文件的输入输出 头文件fstream定义了三个类型支持文件IO：ifstream从给定文件读取数据、ofstream向一个给定文件写入数据、fstream读写给定数据。这些类型与cin和cout 的操作一样，我们可以用IO操作符来读写文件，还可以用getline从一个ifstream 读取数据。 1、getline()函数 getline的函数原型为： [cpp]view plain copy 1.istream& getline(istream& is, string& str, char delim); 2.istream& getline(istream&& is, string& str, char delim); 3.istream& getline(istream& is, string& str); 4.istream& getline(istream&& is, string& str); 通常我们使用getline函数读取一整行，该函数接受一个输入流和一个string对象， 函数从给定的输入流中读取容，直到遇到换行符为止，然后将所读的容存入到个string对象中。 另外，当函数为istream& getline (istream& is, string& str, char delim);形式时，函数遇到delim也会停止。 2、使用文件流对象 ［语法］C++ 中cin 输入流的多种函数用法cin、cin.get()、cin.getline()、getline()、gets()函数的用法 1、cin>> 用法1：最基本，也是最常用的用法，输入一个数字： #include { char a[20]; cin>>a; cout< 输入：jljkljkl 输出：j 用法2：cin.get(字符数组名,接收字符数目)用来接收一行字符串,可以接收空格 #include get的各种用法，你get到没？ Do You Get It “ Get是大家最为熟悉的几大动词之一了，不过你确定完全get了这个词的用法了吗？好词要充分利用啊，我们来仔细整理一下它的用法。 1 receive / have 得到 Are you getting a refund? 你能拿到退款么？ Are you getting any reception? 有人招待你吗？ Don't expect to get a high-paying job right out of school. 别刚一毕业就期待能得到高薪的工作。 Can I get change for a twenty? 我能换20块的零钱么？ It's super important that I get this internship. 得到这份实习对我来说超级重要。 Let's get an objective opinion. Tom, what do you think? 我们需要一个客观的评价，汤姆，你怎么看？ I got this on sale for only four bucks. 这是折扣的时候买的，我只花了四块钱。 I only got four hours of sleep last night. 我昨晚只睡了四个小时。 I've gotten a lot of positive feedback on it. 我收到了很多积极反馈。 2 become 变成 I can definitely tell you're getting better. 我可以明显看出来你正在好转。 I get distracted so easily! 我很容易分心。 I want to try to shed a few pounds and get back in shape. 我想要减轻体重，恢复原来的体形。 It's getting harder and harder to earn a living as a photographer these days. 现在当摄影师，真是越来越难过活了。 3 go / come / arrive 去、来、到达 1. get about [around] (1) (能)到处走动，旅行。如：He didn’t get about much after the operation. 手术后他不常外出去动。It’s easy in this city to get about by bus. 在本市乘公共汽车去各处都很方便。(2) (消息、谣言等)传播，流传。如：I don’t mind you knowing, but I don’t really want it to get about. 我不是不让你知道，但我实在不想让它传出去。 2. get along (1) 离开(某地)。如：It’s time we were getting along. 我们该走了。 (2) 相处，过日子，合得来。如：How are you getting along (with her)? 你(宋体>与她)过得怎样? Do you get along with your boss? 你与老板合得来吗? (3) 进展。如：How are you getting along with your work? ">? 3. get away (1) 离开，逃离，逃走。如：I won’t be able to get away (from the office) before 7. 我七点以前离不开办公室。 The thieves got away with all our money. 那些贼偷了我们所有的钱逃走了。 (2) 逃避责罚，免受处罚，受较轻处罚 如：If you cheat in the exam, you’ll never get away with it. 考试作弊必予追究。For such a serious offence he was lucky to get away with a fine. 他犯了那么严重的过失，却侥幸只交罚款了事。 4. get back (1) 返回，回家。如：When did you get back from Paris? 你是什么时候从巴黎回来的? (2) 取回，拿回，失而复得。如：He got back the watch he lost. 他丢的表找回来了。 We decided to get the books back. 我们决定把书要回来。 5. get down 下来，取下，放下，弄下，写下，打下，吞下。 如：The boy climbed up the tree and couldn’t get down. 小男孩爬上树，却下不来了。 He spoke too fast and I couldn’t get down all he sai;. 他说得太快，我无法记下他所说的所有东西。We managed to get down enemy planes. 我们设法打下了两架敌机。The medicine was so horrible I could hardly get it down. 那药很难吃，我好不容易才咽下去。 6. get down to (doing) sth 开始做某事，认真处理某事。 如：It’s time we got down to some serious work. 我们该认真干点正事了。 7. get in进站，到达，回来。 如：(1) The train (plane) got in late. 火车(飞机)晚点了。 I’ll phone him as soon as I get in. 我一到家就给他打电话。 (2) 请来。如：They have got the doctor in to look at the child. 他们已请来大夫给孩子看病。 (3) 插话。如：He talks so much that it’s impossible to get a word in. 他说个不停，别人休想插话。 (4) 收获，收割。如：The villagers were busy getting the harvest in. 村民们在忙于收获庄稼。 8. get off (1) 起飞，动身，出发。如：The plane got off on time. 飞机准时起飞。We got off immediately after breakfast. 我们吃完早餐就动身了。 (2) 下班，下车。如：下班，下车。如：We get off at five. 我们五点下班。I’ll get off at the next stop. 我在下一站下车。 (3) 从轻处罚，被放过。如：He got off with a small fine. 他交了一小笔罚款了事。 /** getline(int,s)为从输入文件流中读入一行数据,放入string变量s中. 由于整行地读入,读入到s中时,文件中的每个换行符都丢掉了. */ //istringstream对象可以绑定一行字符串，然后以空格为分隔符把该行分隔开来。运行环境: C++ Builder6 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------- #include 试题查看 标题：抽象类与操作符重载 时限： 3000 ms 内存限制： 10000 K 总时限： 3000 ms 描述：定义表示形状的抽象类及相应的派生类，并实现相关操作符重载。 （1）定义表示形状的抽象类Shape： 添加公有成员函数double Area()，用于计算形状面积；定义为纯虚函数； 添加公有成员函数void Show()，用于显示形状信息，定义为纯虚函数； 定义虚的析构函数； 重载比较操作符：==、>和<，用于比较两个形状面积的大小关系，返回值类型为bool，可以定义为成员函数或友元函数。 （2）从形状类Shape派生矩形类Rectangle： 添加double型的保护数据成员：rectWidth和rectHeight，分别表示矩形的宽度和高度； 定义带参构造函数； 重定义公有成员函数Show，打印矩形的宽度和高度，输出格式为“W: 宽度; H: 高度; Area: 面积”； 重定义公有成员函数Area，计算矩形面积。 （3）从形状类Shape派生椭圆类Ellipse： 添加double型的保护数据成员：rectWidth和rectHeight，分别表示椭圆外接矩形的宽度和高度； 定义带参构造函数； 重定义公有成员函数Show，打印椭圆外接矩形的宽度和高度，输出格式为“W: 宽度; H: 高度; Area: 面积”； 重定义公有成员函数Area，计算椭圆面积。 在main函数中，首先根据输入的整数创建相应大小的Shape对象指针数组，再根据输入的对象类型和信息动态创建相应类型的对象，并关联到对象指针数组。输入的信息格式如下： 3 D = Id; getline(in,information[i].GBE); i++; } for(int j = 0; j < i - 1; j++ ) { for(int k = 0; k < i - 1 - j; k++) { if(information[k].ID > information[k+1].ID) { exchange = information[k]; information[k] = information[k+1]; information[k+1] = exchange; } } } Iformation save = information[0]; out << << ',' << << endl; cout << << ',' << << endl; for(int j = 1; j < i ; j++ ) { if == information[j].ID) { ;get用法小结
get的词组搭配
CPPstring类常用函数
动词get的用法与搭配
由get组成的常见短语
C++按行读取文本文件
get的详细用法
以get开头的常用短语和用法
C++读取txt文件资料
C++ 中cin 输入流的多种函数用法
get的各种用法
get短语经典例句
c++ getline()和istringstream的用法
C++实验题
- 深入了解scanf()getchar()和gets()等函数
- C++考试题
- C++读取txt文件
- C++判断
- C语言中绘图的函数库全解
- C语言学习常用函数
- 深入了解scanf()getchar()和gets()cin等函数
- C++ 中cin 输入流的多种函数用法
- C语言中的输入输出函数总结
- C++中cin、cin.get()、cin.getline()、getline()、gets()等函数的用法
- C 读取txt文件资料
- C++ STL string常用函数
- C++string类标准库常用函数
- getline函数说明
- C语言中基本的输入输出函数有
- C++ ignore函数
- C++string类常用函数
- get,cin,getline函数的用法
- 第三章 标准库类型
- C++文档