中美政治比较中英(中英文对照)
中美政治制度差异研究
The political system of China and the United States differences research
中国和美国政治制度现状
China and the status quo of the American political system
（一）中国的政治制度
(a) of China's political system
我国的政治制度概括起来主要有人民代表大会制度、中国人民政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度等。
In summary of political system in China mainly include the people's congress system, the Chinese people's political consultative system, regional national autonomy system, etc.
中国宪法规定:“中华人民共和国实行的是人民代表大会制度，中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民；人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。”全国人民代表大会是中国的最高国家权力机关，统一行使国家最高权力，人民代表大会制度是中国的根本政治制度，是实现人民民主专政的政治形式，是中国的政体。全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生，对人民负责，受人民监督。我国的选举制度是人民代表大会制度的重要组成部分，目前我国的选举制度的原则和主要内容一方面在宪法中得到确定，另一方面，全国人大组织法、地方各级人大组织法和选举法等有关法律法规也根据宪法所确立的社会主义选举制度的基本原则，对我国选举的具体内容作了详细的规定，它们同宪法一同构成了我国社会主义选举制度的法律基础。
China's constitution stipulates: "the People's Republic of China is a people's congress system, all power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people; the people exercise state power of authority is the National People's Congress and local people's congresses at various levels." The National People's Congress is the highest organ of state power in China, a unified exercise state supreme power, the people's congress system is China's fundamental political system, is to realize the political form of the people's democratic dictatorship, is China's regime. The National People's Congress and local people's congresses at various levels are democratically elected, responsible to the people, by the people's supervision. China's electoral system is an important part of people's congress system, at present our country's electoral system principles and the main contents are established in the constitution, on the one hand, on the other hand, the formulation and the organic law of the National People's Congress and local people's congresses of the electoral law and other relevant laws and regulations in accordance with the constitution also established the basic principles of the socialist electoral system, the specific contents of the election of our country has made the detailed provisions, they constituted together with the constitution, the legal basis for the socialist electoral system in our country.
中国人民政治协商制度是中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，中国共产党和各民主党派团结合作，互相监督，共同致力于建设有中国特色社会主义和统一祖国、振兴中华的伟大事业。中国人民政治协商制度的基本特点主要有:坚持四项基本原则，“长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共”，各民主党派都参与国家大政方针和国家领导人选的协商，参与国家事务的管理，参与国家方针、政策、法律、法规的制定执行。
The Chinese people's political consultative system is the communist party of China leads the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system, the communist party of China and the Democratic Party's solidarity and cooperation, mutual supervision, committed to building socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great cause of reunification, the revitalization of the Chinese. The basic characteristics of the Chinese people's political consultative system mainly
include: stick to the four cardinal principles, "long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment, blame", the major policies all the democratic parties participate in state and national leader to negotiate, to participate in the management of state affairs, participate in national guidelines, policies, laws and regulations for implementation.
民族区域自治制度是在中国领土内，在国家统一领导下，在各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权，由少数民族自主地管理本民族内部的地方性事务，行使当家作主的权力的一种政治制度，是一种具有中国特色的解决民族问题的政治制度。Regional national autonomy system is within the Chinese territory, under the leadership of the national unity, the regional autonomy is practiced in places where the ethnic groups, and the organs of self-government are established, the exercise of autonomy, by the minority autonomous management of our nation's internal local affairs, exercise the power of the masters of a kind of political system, is one kind has the Chinese characteristic political system to solve the problem of ethnic groups.
我国政治制度的基本原则包括：中国共产党是中国的唯一执政党；人民民主专政；一切权力属于人民；民主集中制武装力量属于人民；依法治国。
The basic principle of China's political system includes: the communist party of China is China's only the ruling party; The people's democratic dictatorship. All power belongs to the people. The armed forces belong to the people of democratic centralism; The rule of law.
（二）美国的政治制度
(2) of the American political system
美国是联邦制国家，政权组织形式为总统制，实行三权分立与制衡相结合的政治制度和两党制的政党制度。
The United States is a federal system, regime organization form for the presidential system, implements the separation of powers and checks and balances with the combination of political system and a political party system of the two-party system.
联邦设有最高的立法、行政和司法机关，但有统一的宪法和法律，是国际交往的主体；各州有自己的宪法、法律和政府机构;若各州的宪法和法律与联邦宪法和法律发生冲突，联邦宪法和法律优于州的宪法和法律。美国宪法列举了联邦政府享有的权力，不经《宪法》列举的其他权力，除非《宪法》明文禁止各州行使者外，一概为州政府保留。州的权力主要是处理本州范围内的事务，如以地方名义征税，管理州内工商业和劳工，组织警卫力量和维持治安，等等。
Federal has the highest legislative, executive, and judicial authority, but there are the unity of the constitution and laws, is the main body of international communication; States have their own constitution, law and government agencies; If states by the constitution and the law and the federal constitution and laws conflict, the federal constitution and the law is superior to the state of the constitution and laws. The United States constitution enumerates the power enjoyed by the federal government, not the other powers enumerated by the constitution, unless the constitution banned states exercise, all reserved for the state. State power is mainly dealing with affairs within the scope of the state, such as in the name of the local tax management in the state industry and commerce and labor, organization and maintain security guard force, and so on.
美国采用总统制，总统为国家元首和政府首脑。实行分权与制衡的原则，立法、行政、司法三种权力分别由国会、总统、法院掌管，三个部门行使权力时，彼此互相牵制，以达到权力平衡。国会有立法权，总统对国会通过的法案有权否决，国会又有权在一定条件下推翻总统的否决；总统有权任命高级官员，但须经国会认可，国会有权依法弹劲总统和高级文官；最
高法院法官由总统任命并经国会认可，最高法院又可对国会通过的法律以违宪为由宣布无效。With a presidential system, President of the United States for heads of state and government. Shall implement the principle of "separation of powers and checks and balances, legislative, administrative and judicial three power by the congress, the President, the courts in charge respectively, three departments exercise of power, to contain each other, to achieve the balance of power. Congress has a legislative power, the President of bill through congress has the right to veto, congress and has the right to override the President's veto under certain condition; The President shall have the right to appoint senior officials, but must be approved by congress, congress has the power to play strength the President and senior civilian lawfully; Supreme Court judges are appointed by the President and approved by congress, the Supreme Court and the laws passed by congress on constitutional grounds declared null and void.
美国总统选举实行间接选举制。首先由各州选民投票选出本州选举人(人数与本州国会议员人数相等)，再由各州选举人同时在各州首府投票选举正、副总统。议员选举实行直接选举制。众议员由各州选民直接选举;参议员最初由各州议会选举，1913年生效的第17条宪法修正案规定，参议员也由各州选民直接选举。州长、议员和某些州的法官、重要行政官员都由选民选举产生。各级选举一般都由两党包办。为了保证两党的统治地位，一般实行单名选区制和多数代表制。
The President of the United States election implement indirect elections. First of all by the states voters voted for the state's voters (number) with the state parliament, again by the electors vote in state capitals are at the same time, the vice President. Members elected by direct elections. Representative voters elected directly by the states; Senator first parliamentary elections by the states, the 17th amendment to the constitution went into effect in 1913, senator also voters elected directly by the states. Governor, MPS and some state judges, important administrative officials are elected by voters. The election is generally by the two parties arranged at all levels. In order to guarantee the dominance of both parties, generally a single-name selection system and the most representative.
政党制度是美国政治制度的重要组成部分。美国是两党制国家，两大政党控制整个国家政治机构，操纵全国政治生活。两党的主要职能是操纵和包办选举，特别是总统选举。民主党和共和党两党长期轮流执政。两党不仅控制着联邦政府，也几乎控制着所有的州政府和地方政府。虽然曾经出现过从两大党分裂出的第三党和许多其他政党(即所谓“小党”)，但是它们或是昙花一现(如第三党)或虽能长期存在但影响有限(如小党)，都不能成为同两大政党分庭抗礼的全国性
Political party system is an important part of American political system. The United States is a two-party system, the two major political parties control the entire national political institutions, manipulation of the national political life. Both sides of the main function is to manipulate and arranged elections, especially presidential elections. Republicans and Democrats take turns ruling for a long time. The two parties not only control the federal government, also controls almost all state and local governments. Although once appeared from the two big parties split out the third party and many of the other party (referred to as the "party"), but they or a flash in the pan (such as the third party) or to long-standing but limited impact (e.g., small parties), can't be with the two major political parties competing national
政治力量。
Political power.
（一）美国政治制度的特点
(a) the characteristics of the American political system
总体上讲，美国本质上是一个典型的资本主义国家代表资产阶级的少数人掌权是美国民主制度的根本性质，为了掩盖政权的这一性质，使国家机器能够以大多数人意志的名义有效的运转，它设计了一整套较为系统的政治制度和政治规范，这些制度规范的基本要素是:在政治体制上采用“三权分立”和权力制衡制，行政、立法、司法这三种最基本的权力由总统、国会和法院分别承担并相互制约以维持权力结构的平衡；在中央与地方关系上实行联邦制，联邦和地方各有一套相对独立的权力机构，根据宪法的权力界定各行其是；在行政体制上实行总统制，一个拥有巨大权力的总统负责处理美国的内政外交事务;在立法体制上实行两院制，两院由一个选民直接选举产生的众议院和各州选举产生的参议院组成;在政党制度上实行两党制，共和党和民主党轮流执掌政权，在这些正式的制度规范之外，利益集团、大众传媒等政治力量也在很大程度上对美国政治施加了巨大的体制外影响，使美国的政治运作过程呈现出十分复杂的特性。
Generally speaking, the United States is essentially a typical capitalist countries on behalf of the minority of the bourgeoisie in power is the fundamental nature of American democracy, in order to cover up the regime of this nature, the state machine can effective operation in the name of most people will, it designs a set of relatively system of political system and political norms, norms is the basic elements of the system: on the political system by "separation of powers and checks and balances" system, the executive, legislative and judicial this three kinds of basic power by the President, congress and the courts bear and restraining each other in order to maintain the balance of power; Federalism in the relationship between central and local, state and local each has a relatively independent authority, according to the constitution to define chart; A President on administrative system, an enormous powers of the President is responsible for dealing with the domestic and foreign affairs in the United States; On legislative system for a bicameral legislature, both Chambers of the elected directly by the voters in a house of representatives of the senate and state elected; Practises the two-party system on the system of political parties, republicans and Democrats took turns to take the helm, outside the formal system specification, interest groups, the mass media, such as political power is also largely outside the huge system influences on American politics, the political process brings out the characteristics of the complex.
虽然美国国内不平等、不民主的现象非常常见，并非为人们所向往的那种“人间天堂”。但是，美国民主制度正在逐步向着民主化、合理化的方向发展的趋势我们不能否认，它的成功经验我们应积极汲取，它的教训我们也应引以为戒。
Although the inequality in the United States, undemocratic phenomenon is very common, is not for people to yearn for the kind of "paradise on earth". However, the American democratic system is gradually toward democratization, the rationalization of the trend of the development of the direction we can not deny the fact that the successful experience of it, we should actively learn from its lessons we should also take notice.
抛开意识形态因素，从单纯的管理层面看，美国政体还是一种形式完备的、成熟的国家管理体制。从美国独立之日起，美国的政治体制就始终处于动态的变革之中。联邦政府成立后，统治阶级并未墨守陈规，而是根据形势的变化，不断进行变革。在宪法层面上，主要体现在宪法修正案的制定和批准，至1992年已有27条宪法修正案通过生效，从宪政体制的高度保持美国政体健康有序的发展；在公民权利方面，一方面由于美国人民的艰苦斗争，另一方面是统治阶级自身利益的使然，公民权利不断扩大，奴隶制被废除，黑人、印第安人及其他有色人种逐渐取得了公民权和有效的政治权利，妇女取得了选举权，种族平等在理论上得到了
法律的保障，等等；从行政管理看，文官制度经过了多次变革，兼顾了平等和效率，日益完善，保证了国家机器的有效运转。所有这些，正如张定河教授所言，美国政治制度“经过无数次调整与变革，已经发展成为一种相对稳定和成熟的国家管理体制，其中许多构成要素与变革经验，对我们不乏启示和借鉴作用”。
Put aside ideological factors, from the simple management level, the United States government is a kind of form a complete and mature management system of the state. Independence from the United States, as of the date of the American political system is always in a dynamic change. After the federal government was founded, the ruling class did not conformity, but according to the change of situation, constantly change. On the constitutional level, mainly reflected in the amendment of the constitution and the approval, to effective article 27 amendments to the constitution by 1992, from the height of the constitutional government system maintain a healthy and orderly development of the American political system; In the aspect of civil rights, on the one hand, because the American people of hard struggle, on the other hand the ruling class interests, expanding civil rights, slavery was abolished, blacks, indians and other colored people gradually obtained the civil and political rights effectively, women obtained the right to vote, racial equality in theory obtained the legal safeguard, etc.; Look from the administrative, civil service system after many times change, give attention to both equality and efficiency, more perfect, to ensure the effective operation of the machine. All of these, as professor Zhang Dinghe puts it, the American political system "after the adjustment and change of countless times, has developed into a relatively stable and mature management system, many elements and reform experience, some enlightenment and reference for us".
（一）中国政治制度的特点
(a) the characteristics of China's political system
与当代美国政治制度相比，当代中国政治制度有其自己的特点。这些政治制度集中体现了我国民主政治的特点和优势。人民代表大会制度既可以保证全体人民统一行使国家权力，充分调动人民群众当家作主的积极性和主动性，又有利于各国家机关分工合作、协调一致地组织实施中国特色社会主义事业的各项工作。中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度既有利于发扬民主，活跃国家政治生活；又有利于增进人民团结，维护国家政局稳定；还有利于加强、改善共产党的领导和充分发挥民主党派的参政党作用，从而实现统一领导与广泛民主、富有效率与充满活力的有机统一。把它们坚持好、完善好，对于发展社会主义民主政治、建设社会主义政治文明，对于巩固我们党的执政地位和我国的社会主义制度，对于充分调动各方面的积极因素共同建设中国特色社会主义，意义十分重大。
Compared with the contemporary American political system, political system in contemporary China has its own characteristics. These political system embodied the characteristics and advantage of China's democratic politics. People's congress system can ensure that all the people unified the exercise of state power, fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of the people are masters of the country, and is beneficial to the state organs, coordinated division to organize the implementation of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The communist party of China leads the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system is beneficial to promote democracy, both active state political life; And is beneficial to improve people's unity, safeguard national political stability; And to strengthen, improve and give full play to the leadership of the communist party of the democratic parties participating parties, so as to realize unified leadership and broad democratic, efficient and dynamic organic unity. Put them stick to good, perfect, for the development of socialist democratic politics, constructing socialist political
civilization, and to consolidate our party's ruling status and the socialist system of our country, to give full play to all aspects of the positive factors jointly build socialism with Chinese characteristics, great significance.
在我国，广大劳动人民在共产党的领导下，享有管理国家和社会的各项实际的权利，人民代表大会制度又从制度上保障了人民民主权利的实现。通过不断推进政治体制改革，社会主义政治体制中的一些弊端不断地被克服，社会主义政治制度进一步完善，人民当家作主的途径和方式不断扩大。因此，社会主义不仅在实质上实现了人民当家作主，而且在形式上也保障了人民当家作主的权利，从而实现了国体和政体的有机统一。
In our country, the broad masses of working people under the leadership of the communist party, shall have the right to manage the actual state and society, people's congress system and from institutional guarantees the realization of the people's democratic rights. By constantly promote the reform of political system, some disadvantages of the socialist political system being overcome, further perfecting socialist political system, the ways and means to the people are masters of the country continued to expand. Therefore, the realization of socialism not only materially the people are masters of the country, and also guarantee the rights of the people are masters of the country in form, so as to realize the organic unity of the character and regime.
当代中国政治制度的建立、运行与调整都以有利于维护和实现人民的利益为标准。这一制度保障了人民当家作主的地位，维护了人民群众的各项民主权利，提升了人民群众参政议政的能力与水平。这一制度在引导和保证社会发展的正确方向、在实现社会利益的最佳整合，在提供科学的社会政治化行为规范方面发挥了较好的作用。尽管在功能的行使上还有些不尽如人意的地方，但是从本质上讲，她还是具有资本主义政治制度不可比拟的优越性。当代中国政治制度从总体上讲是与当代中国的社会发展相适应的。但是由于各种原因还有不相适应的地方。面对这一情况，中国共产党人以积极、主动的态度，稳妥、有序的步骤进行变革，力图通过变革使不够完善、不够成熟的某些具体制度不断走向完善和成熟。
The establishment of the contemporary Chinese political system, operation and adjustment to promote and realize the interests of the people as the standard. The system guarantee the position of the people are masters of the country, safeguard the people's various democratic rights, increase the ability and the level of the people participate in. This system in the boot and guarantee the right direction of social development and in achieving the best integration of social interests in providing scientific social political norms play a better role. Although on the exercise of functions and some to be desired, but in essence, she still has the capitalist political system incomparable superiority. The contemporary Chinese political system in general is to adapt to the social development of contemporary China. But for various reasons and does not adapt. In the face of this situation, the communist party of China people in a positive, proactive attitude, stable and orderly steps to change, tries to change the imperfect, immature some concrete system become more perfect and mature.
（一）中美政治制度的比较
(a) the comparison of the political system of China and the United States
我们说社会主义社会优越于资本主义社会，究竟什么东西优越于资本主义社会呢?邓小平说:“社会主义制度和资本主义制度哪个好?当然是社会主义制度好。”这就是说，从本质上看，社会主义制度是优越于资本主义制度的。但是，如同政治文明本身就是一个不断发展完善的过程一样，社会主义制度并非一开始就是完善的，它也有一个由不太完善而逐步走向完善的过程。我们目前所进行的政治体制改革，就是要完善社会主义的政治制度，发展社会主义政治制度文明，使社会主义政治制度的优越性进一步显示出来。
We say that socialism is superior to the capitalist society, what on earth is superior to capitalism society? Deng xiaoping said: "the socialist system and capitalist system which good? Good, of course, is the socialist system." That is, in essence, the socialist system is superior to capitalism. But, as with political civilization itself is a process of developing and perfecting continuously, the socialist system is perfect, not the beginning it also has a less perfect and gradually perfect process. We are reforming political system, is to perfect the socialist political system, develop socialist political system civilization, to bring out the superiority of the socialist political system further.
以美国为典型的资本主义国家实行三权鼎立或三权分立制度是出于制衡权力的考虑而设置的，在实践中，这种制度也有效地起到了制衡权力的作用，有效地保证了资本主义国家的民主与稳定。但立法、行政、司法三个国家机关之间经常摩擦、扯皮、互相牵制，致使许多重要国家无法得以及时决断。在美国，总统提出的议案常常被搁置，如提出建立海军部、内政部、司法部、劳工部的议案得到国会同意分别用了10年、39年、40年、45年。三权分立制度在一定程度上防止了个人独裁专制，保持了社会稳定，但也存在着严重的弊端。而以中国为代表的社会主义制度的建立为人类政治文明开辟了新的历史纪元，社会主义消灭了剥削制度，实现了以生产资料公有制为主体的经济制度，使劳动人民在经济上得到解放，并在这种经济基础上确立了无产阶级和劳动人民的政治统治，实现了绝大多数人的完全新型的民主政治制度。因此，发展社会主义民主，应当坚持和发展符合我国国情的人民代表大会制度，也应当借鉴资本主义权力分工与制约的作法，但是却不能照搬资本主义的三权分立制度。In the United States as a typical capitalist state shall practise a system of separation of tripartite confrontation or separation of powers is set up for the sake of checks and balances of power, in practice, this system also have the effect of the checks and balances of power effectively, effectively guaranteed the democracy and stability of the capitalist countries. But between the legislative, administrative and judicial authorities three countries often friction, wrangling, contain each other, led to the timely resolution of many major countries can't. In the United States, the President's proposed bill have often been put on hold, such as the proposed the admiralty, the ministry of the interior, the justice department, the department of bill to get congress to approve the respectively for 10 years, 39, 40, 45 years. Separation of powers to a certain extent, prevents the personal dictatorship, maintaining the social stability, but also there are serious drawbacks. And represented by China for the establishment of the socialist system opens a new era of human political civilization, socialist eliminated exploitation system, realize the public ownerships of the means of production as the main body of the economic system, the working people in the economy was freed, and in this economy established on the basis of the proletariat and working people of political rule, for the vast majority of people completely new democratic political system. Therefore, developing socialist democracy, and development shall be in accordance with China's national conditions of the people's congress system, also should draw lessons from capitalism, division of power and restriction, but not copy of capitalism system of separation of powers.
在全球化背景下的今天，我国社会主义民主政治制度建设必须走全球性与本土性交融互动的道路，既要以马克思主义为指导，开拓本土政治文明资源中的精华部分，又要以开放、求实的态度吸纳全球政治文明资源中的合理因素和优秀成果，从实际出发把市场经济与民主政治相结合、中国政治发展与世界政治发展相结合，建立起一个适应本国实际和世界经济全球化发展要求的新型政治体制。社会主义是为了克服资本主义的弊端而产生的，它是资本主义的产物，社会主义民主政治制度是对资本主义民主制度的扬弃，是对资本主义的一种超越和替
代。历史和现实充分证明，社会主义政治制度是优越于资本主义政治制度的更高层次的制度文明，随着人类社会的发展进步，资本主义政治文明最终将被取而代之。
Under the background of globalization today, China's socialist democratic political system construction must go global and local interaction, should be guided by the marxism, expand the essence part of the local resources of political civilization, and to open, pragmatic attitude to absorb excellent achievement of global resources and the reasonable factors of political civilization, from set out actually the combination of market economy and democratic politics, the Chinese political development and political development, the combination of establish a adapt to their own actual demand and the globalization of world economy development of the new political system. Socialism is in order to overcome the disadvantages of capitalism, it is the product of capitalism, the socialist democracy system is the sublation of the capitalist democracy, is a kind of transcendence and alternative to capitalism. Fully proves that history and reality, the socialist political system is superior to capitalism system of a higher level of civilization of political system, with the development and progress of human society, capitalism will eventually be replaced by political civilization.