英美文学术语解释

1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.

2. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.

3. Antithesis: (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.

5. Apostrophe顿呼法: A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addressed directly.

6. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.

7. Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the writers to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.

8. Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.

9. Character: Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament气质and motivation动机and is represented with subtle particularity.

10. Characterization: the means by which a writer reveals that personality.

11. Comedy: i n general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.

12. Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things.

13. Conflict: A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.

14. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.

15. Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.

16. Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. 17. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.

18. Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone.

20 Figure of speech: A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in a literal sense. The most common kinds of figures of speech—simile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy—involve a comparison between unlike things.

21. Foot: It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.

22. Free Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.

23. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.

25. Image: We usually think with words, many of our thoughts come to us as pictures or imagined sensations in our mind. Such imagined pictures or sensations are called images.

26. Imagery: Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in the reader’s mind. Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell, and hearing.

27. Kenning代称: In Old English poetry, an elaborate phrase that describes persons, things, or events in a metaphorical and indirect way.

28. Lyric: A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode(颂诗), and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.

29. Metaphor: A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resembles in making the comparison.

30. Metaphysical poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial[k?'l?ukwi?l] language(通俗语), elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.

31. Meter音步: A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.

32. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which something very closely associated with a thing is used to stand for or suggest the thing itself.

33. Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. 多角度叙述法：威廉?福克纳经常使用的写作技巧之一，它展现了在同一个故事中人物是如何对同一个人或同一种情境做出不同的反应。The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.

34. Narration: Like description, narration is a part of conversation and writing. Successful narration must grow out of good observation, to-the-point selection from observation, and clear arrangement of details in logical order, which is usually chronological. Narration gives an exact picture of things as they occur. 35. Narrator: One who narrates, or tells, a story. A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all. The word narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.

36. Neoclassicism: A revival in the 17th agogo of order, balance, and harmony in literature.

37. Parody: The humorous imitation of a work of literature, art, or music. A parody often achieves its humorous effect through the use of exaggeration or mockery. In literature, parody can be make of a plot,

a character, a writing style, or a sentiment or theme.

38. Plot: Plot is the first and most obvious quality of a story. It is the sequence of events or actions in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. For the reader, the plot is the underlying pattern in a work of

fiction, the structural element that gives it unity and order. For the writer, the plot is the guiding principle of selection and arrangement. Conflict, a struggle of some kind, is the most important element of plot. Each event in the plot is related to the conflict, the struggle that the main character undergoes. Conflict may be external or internal, and there may be more than one form of conflict in a work. As the plot advances, we learn how the conflict is resolved. Action is generally introduced by the exposition, information essential to understanding the situation. The action rises to a crisis, or climax. This movement is called the rising action. The falling action, which follows the crisis, shows a reversal of fortune for the protagonist. The denouement or resolution is the moment when the conflict ends and the outcome of the action is clear.

39. Poetry: The most distinctive characteristic of poetry is form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.

40. Point of view: The vantage point from which a narrative is told. There are two basic points of view: first-person and third-person. In the first-person point of view, the story is told by one of the characters in his or her own words. The first-person point of view is limited. In the third-person point of view, the narrator is not a character in the story. The narrator may be an omniscient. On the other hand, the third-person narrator might tell a story from the point of view of only one character in the story.

40. Pre-Romanticism: It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”. The term arising from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.

41. Protagonist: The central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the character on whom the action centers and with whom the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist strives against an opposing force, or antagonist , to accomplish something.

42. Renaissance: The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.

43. Rhyme: It’s one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry. It is the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem. If the rhyme occurs at the ends of lines, it is called end rhyme. If the rhyme occurs within a line, it is called internal rhyme. Approximate rhyme is rhyme in which only the final consonant sounds of the words are identical. A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes in a poem. Interlocking rhyme is a rhyme scheme in which an unrhymed line in one stanza rhymes with a line in the following stanza. Interlocking rhyme occurs in an Italian verse form called terza rima.

44. Rhythm: It is one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry. It is the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern. Rhythm often gives a poem a distinct musical quality. Poets also use rhythm to echo meaning.

45. Romance: Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.

46. Satire: A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter.

47. Sentimentalism:Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality.

48. Setting: The time and place in which the events in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem occur.

Setting can give us information, vital to plot and theme. Often, setting and character will reveal each other.

49. Simile: (a figure of speech) A comparison make between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison, such as like, as than, or resembles. The comparison must be between two essentially unlike things.

50. Soliloquy:In drama, an extended speech delivered by a character alone onstage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud.

51. Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.

52. Speech: It was defined by Aristotle as the faculty of observing all the available means of persuasion.

53. Style: An author’s characteristic way of writing, determined by the choice of words, the arrangement of words in sentences, and the relationship of the sentences to one another.

54. Symbol: A symbol is a sign which suggests more than its literal meaning. A symbol is a way of telling

a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. If the symbol is obscure or ambiguous, then the very obscurity and the ambiguity may also be part of the meaning of the story.

55. Theme; The general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in a literary work. All the elements of a literary work-plot, setting, characterization, and figurative language-contribute to the development of its theme.

56. Tone: The attitude a writer takes toward his or her subject, characters, or audience. The tone of a speech or a piece of writing can be formal or intimate; outspoken or reticent; abstruse or simple; solemn or playful; angry or loving; serious or ironic.

57. Tragedy: In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.

小说经典语录大全摘抄

小说经典语录大全摘抄 导读：1、因为我是全心全意地对她，我用尽了全部的力气。——《佳期如梦》 2、她偷走了我的心，却是为了她爱的人。——《仙剑奇侠传三》 3、你教我，怎样才可以爱上另一个人，而且是一次又一次。——《原来你还在这里》 4、悟得世间无双法，却抵不过逝水流年。一世极致绚烂，掩不住斑驳泪血昔年。再回首举世皆寂，寻不到同年。——《遮天》 5、我能从一个小小的角落，走到这里，凭借的便是不曾畏惧。——《大主宰》 6、假如世界上曾经有那个人出现，其他人都会变成将就，而我不情愿将就。——《何以笙箫默》 7、我们离暧昧很近，可是离爱情，似乎又好远。——《深海里的星星》 8、人往往经历过不幸福，才知道什么是幸福。就好比遇见过错的人，才知道谁是对的人。——《原来你还在这里》 9、他不断希望着她的释怀，她也终于预备遗忘过去、重新开始，可是他从没有想到，她的遗忘就是从他开始。——《云中歌》 10、魔前一叩三千年，回首凡尘不做仙。——《求魔》 11、我生命中的温暖，唯有你的笑容，所以我不允许你委屈了自己。——《绝世武神》

12、何曾心无挂碍，这尘世便是一场颠倒梦想。——《一生一世》 13、朋友总是为你挡风遮雨，如果你在远方承受风雪，而我无能为力，我也会祈祷，让那些风雪降临在我的身上。——《梦里花落知多少》 14、何必向不值得的人证明什么，生活得更好，乃是为你自己。——《忽而今夏》 15、我原来以为我做完这一切之后还能剩下一些什么，没有想到，竟然什么都没有剩下来。但是我知道我还不能停，我还必须走下去，因为还有一个十年。——《盗墓笔记》 16、你以后会明白，如果世界上曾经有那个人出现过，其他人都会变成将就。——《何以笙箫默》 17、世事就是这么奇怪。努力去追寻时，它就像天空的云，永远从指尖溜走，无法捉住；想要抛弃它，它又变成空气，每次呼吸都可以感受得到。——《泡沫之夏》 18、我曾以为我会永远守在他身旁，如今我们已经离去在人海茫茫。——《那些花儿》 19、这辈子我们需要一见钟情很多人，两情相悦一些人，然后白头偕老一个人。——《谁的青春不迷茫》 20、他们敢欺负我女人，我如果还忍气吞声的话，还做什么男人？——《大主宰》 21、我说了，这並不是一个黑白世界，黑与白间更多的是灰暗，

英美文学学习方法

《英美文学选》学习方法首先我想与大家谈论一下参考书，我看见网上有人询问是否有 什么好的参考书。我总共买了二本参考书，用处不大，浪费时间不少。只有把课本彻底看透， 你才能掌握主要脉络。仔细对照，你可以看出参考书上无非也是从书上copy过来，只能让你 看一遍参考书，又看一遍书本。我能理解大家想偷机取巧的想法，参考书必定是比课本薄得 多，看上去象精选集，但事实并非如此，实际考题说明一切。考题不会超大纲，答案自然都 在书上。只不过来年考题会从越来越偏僻角落去选择，所以课本也就越发重要。我现在都能 想象出题老师得意笑容，我出的题难什么，都在书上。 当我看完第一遍书时，其过程实在是艰涩痛苦，捏着厚厚书真觉得苦海无涯，望也望不 到出头之日。但奇妙的感觉在后面，当我第二，三，四遍看完，当然到后面是以翻看形式了， 书本捏在手上变得越来越薄了。我认为以课本为基础，在自己脑海中形成的超薄精选集才是 正直实用有效的参考书，在网上是下载不到，书店里也买不到。你所需要做的是把这课本看 懂，读透，翻烂。i dont want to say this is only choice, but it actually is, and an most direct and efficient way. don’t find too much resources, which cant easy your job, but increase your burden. 我看见许多人说背不出，或怎样背。大家都是这条路上过来的难兄难弟，多半白天要上 班，晚上要背书，有段时间我近似绝望，怀疑自己提早进入老年痴呆症，健忘症。我不断弄 混名字，作品，时期，英美不分。就现在考题看来，题型已不是单纯浅显记忆题，而是在此 基础上的综合理解题，在今年的部分选择题，简答题里都是这样。如果不掌握最基本的（纯 粹背的），pass是绝无希望。 我的方法是建立一个树枝结构。复习开始时面对的最大困惑是东西太多，无从下手，而 且更糟是前背后忘记，忘得比背得快，简直是没天理，花下去的时间精力似乎打了水漂。当 然要让每个作家都能象对shakespeare一样一听就有个大概印象，没有充足广泛阅读量是无 法做 英美文学是综合学科，要通过或考好，是需要日常对英美历史背景熟悉，对大量着作的 阅读，研究体会的。死记硬背真的只是应付考试的，原始而无意义手段，而且对来年的考题 是没办法应付的噢！ 以下还有一些小窍门，希望有帮助： 1.先复习美国文学，后英国文学； 2.美国文学可先从现实主义阶段开始，英国文学可先从维多利亚阶段开始； 3.去年考过题还会再考； 4.诗中解释较多的话，找那些能反映主题的解释多背背；明年多半是课本没有的解释了， 考你的对诗理解程度了， 5.对各阶段时期特征多花功夫复习； 6.明年的理解题，综合题，比较题必然多，例如： 1).二个阶段思想，风格比较，举例说明； 2).描述一个阶段思想，风格特点，举例说明； 3).比较二个同一，不同阶段诗人，剧作家，小说家，举其作品说明； 4).详细说明一个术语，一种写作方式，风格，主义如何运用，举代表人物，作品说明， （eg, this year question: what is allegory concerned with its implying meaning?) 刁钻复杂的题人人都可猜，我并非想例出一点希奇古怪的题扰乱你们的思路。这次四月 考试，我是充满信心拿高分，对每位作家或诗人我都仔细复习到了，但题目仍是出乎我意料 之外，我觉得不公平是题型已不是去年直白而水平的出题方式，是一种纵向综合题型。我想 提醒明年要参加考试的同学，决不要把每个作家或时期独立复习，如果可能的话，在对每位 作家或时期有一定熟悉的程度，作一点纵向的比较，不但能加深理解，对你们明年考试决对

英美文学选读试题详解4

英美文学选读-阶段测评4 成绩：30分 一、Multiple Choice 共40 题 题号: 1 本题分数:2.5 分 ( )is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th—century “stream—of—consciousness” novels and the founder of psychological realism. A、Theodore Dreiser B、William Faulkner C、Henry James D、Mark Twain (P498.para.2)亨利.詹姆斯是美国现实主义文学大师，他的作品往往涉及美国之外的主题，其作品的风格是“心理活动”。被誉为20世纪美国意识流文学的先驱。 标准答案：C 考生答案：D 本题得分：0 分 题号: 2 本题分数:2.5 分 Closely related to Dickinson’s religious poetry are her poems concerning( ),ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death. A、love and nature B、death and universe C、death and immortality D、family and happiness （P518para2）迪金森的诗歌涉及宗教和爱情两方面，而其涉及宗教的诗歌往往是以死亡和永恒为主题的，所以答案是C。 标准答案：C 考生答案：A

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理3

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