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中南大学CentralSouthUniversity

本科毕业设计英文文献翻译

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二○一六年一月八日

Spring 的 web MVC 构架模式

Juergen Hoeller

1、介绍： Spring 的应用构架

当你第一次看到并接触Spring框架的时候，你一定会在心里想到；“哦哦，不不，这又是另一种Web构架”。这篇文章将会指出Spring框架不是什么特殊的web框架，而是一个通用的轻量级的应用程序框架，在专用网络支持下的应用程序框架。并且它会告诉你Spring框架明显区别于其他轻量级application framework，它将专注于web的支持，与struts和webwork有着明显的区别。

在和struts和webwork的对比上之中，Spring框架是一个服务于所有层面上的application framework：提供了bean的配置基础，AOP的支持，JDBC的提取框架，抽象事务支持，等等诸如此类。它有一个非常显著的特点：在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring的支持，它有一个非常显著的特点：在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring 的支持，你就可以不使用Spring框架的class（类），只使用它的某一部分的功能。从它的设计理念，你可以看到Spring框架帮助你实现了真正的逻辑层和web 层的成功分离：例如：一个校验应用将不用依靠controllers，就可以实现。这样的目标是更好的重用和易测：过分依靠不必要的容器和框架将不能实现这一点。

当然，Spring的自己本身的web支持和通常框架模式的细致完整。然而，Spring替换struts，webwork或者其他的web方案非常的容易。这个对于Spring 的web支持或者不同的地方，Spring允许你在web容器里面建立一个中间层，在测试环境或者标准独立的应用里面来设置重用你的商务逻辑。

还有就是在J2EE环境里面，可以让你你的商务逻辑不必依靠容器提供的服务，就比如像JTA，EJB的支持。良好的框架的一个web应用是可以运行在任何容器上，就比如，Tomcat或者Resin这些容器。值得注意的事，Spring不是和已经存在的解决方案进行竞争的关系。我们鼓励结合标准的技术，如Servlet，JSP，JTA，JNDI，JDBC和JDO，和其他非常匹配的工具，比方如Hibernate，Velocity,Log4J,和Caucho’s Hessian/Burlap这类工具。这个框架的设计思想是你的应用处在需要改良的时候，你将可以对其做一些技术的选择：例如，如果你需要分布式事务处理，你可能需要用Spring框架的JTA Transaction Manager 来实现JTA服务。或者，用DataSourceTranscactionM anager 或者HibernateTransction Manager 来实现美妙完美的单个数据库交换。

2、 Web MVC：Spring web框架的设计思想

Spring网络框架通过配置操作mappings可配置的处理程序，展示resolution，本地化和模板集成围绕着分派请求操作的servlet -DispatcherServlet分派请求处理程序，可配置的处理程序映射，决议，决议和语言环境和主题设计的。缺省的操作是一个非常简单的控制器接口，他只是提供了一个“ModelAndView handleRequest（request请求，response响应）”的方法。这已经可以将它应用于一个应用的程序控制器，但是，如果你想包含多个层次的控制，Abstract Controlerr，AbstractCommand Controllers，

MultiAction Controllers，SimpleForm Controllers，AbstractWizardForm Controller将帮助你完成，应用程序控制器将代表那些子系统通常是子类。注意，你可以选择一个适当的基类：如果你没有web form(网络形式)，你就不必用 Form Controller。这便就是和Struts最大的不同区别了。你可以把任何物体作为命令或者形式对象来操作任何对象：这就可以不需要接口工具或者一个基础类的驱动。Spring的数据绑定是非常的高度灵活的。举例来说，对待类型不匹配的验证错误，他描述了具有在应用范围内的校验错误的输入机制，但不是系统错误。

所以在你的形式对象里面你大可不需要复制你的业务对象的Spring框架中的属性作为字符串表单对象,就能够处理无效的提交,或将字符串。相反,它通常比直接绑定到您的业务对象。这是另一个主要区别Struts是建立在需要基类行动和ActionForm——对任何类型的行动。只需要操作出错的子任务，或者适当的转换spring框架。换句话来说，他通常可以很好的字节绑定你的业务对象。这也是和Struts围绕请求基础类Action和ActionForm（每个action操作类型）建立主要的不同之一。

对比WebWork（网络系统），Spring框架更多的区别在于对象角色：Spring 框架支持控制器的概念，一个可选的操作命令或者表单对象，得到数据并传递给视图的模式这个模型。这个模式通常包含命令和表单对象，但有时也包含任意的参考数据。换句话来说，相反一个webwork aciton（网络系统动作）联合了所有这些角色到单独的对象中。网络系统不允许你用已经存在的业务对象作为你f 表单的一部分，但是只生成各自相关Action操作类的bean属性。

最后，相同的操作请求的aciotn操作实例在一个视图里面获得赋值和形成人口集群。因此,引用数据需要模仿作为行动的bean属性。这些可以说是太多的角色在一个对象中。

然而，参考数据也需要作为action的属性被模拟。一个类里面有太多的角色是值得讨论的。

关于视图：Spring框架的视图方案非常的灵活。甚至可以编写一个视图控制器实现通过respongse返回ModelAndview对象的null值，就可以直接写到一个视图。

在通常的状况下，一个ModelAndView实例结合了一个view（视图名称）和一个model Map（模型地图），包含了bean 名称和相应的通讯对象（像命令或者形式，参考数据，等等）。视图名称解析是非常高端的配置，不是通过bean 名称，一个propertiese 文件，就是通过你自己的ViewResolver来实现的。这个抽象的model Map(模型映射)允许你在视图层面完成提取视图，没有任何的争辩麻烦：JSP ，速度，或者其他，每一种渲染器都可以直接完整集成使用。这个model Map（模型映射）还可以简单转化得到适当的格式化数据的转换，像JSP 请求属性或者Velocity模板模式。

3、集成：用Spring一个不同web框架

许多开发团队将为他们已有的项目或者新的项目已经获得的期限和工具进行投资。这里没有像Struts那样大量的图书和工具，但是同样我们又大量的拥有Spring开发技巧的开发人员。然而，如果你愿意生活在Strust的构架瑕疵中

的话，它仍然是一种可行的选择web层而他将会是你在web层开发不错的选择。当然，其他应用也是一样。

如果你不想Spring框架的web MVC，但是又想借用Spring框架嫁接其他的解决方案，你可以非常简单的通过Spring框架来继承你自己的web框架。你可以非常简单的通过Context LoaderListener启动一个Spring root application context，并且，通过Struts 或者网络系统的action，利用Servletcontext 属性（或者Spring的helper方法）存取它。值得注意的事，这里没有任何的”plugings”被调用，因此没有专门的集成：来自web层的视图，你可以简单的将Spring作为一个管理application context 实例入口点的类库。

所有你注册的bean和Spring框架的服务都可以在不需要Spring框架的web MVC的情况下都可以被你轻松掌握。Spring不是和Struts,Webwork这些应用进行竞争，他将作为一个纯web框架应用于很多领域，它解决了许多领域,纯web 框架不从bean配置数据访问和事务处理。因为它不需要配置数据存储和事务操作。所以，你可以利用Spring提供的中间层和数据存储层来丰富你的应用，甚至，你只是想用JDBC或者Hibernate进行事务抽象。

4、特点核对列表

如果聚焦于web支持，Spring框架的一些显著特点是：清楚的角色分离：controller，validator，command object，form object，model object和Dispatcher Servlet，handler mapping vs view resolver，等等。

强大而且直接简单的框架和作为javaBean的应用配置，包括简单的参照和应用程序上下文引用内容，例如，从web控制器到业务对象和数据校验器。

适应性，外挂：无论使用什么样的控制器你都需要得到替代Action/ActionForm所做的每件事情的方案（简单，命令，form，范例，多重action，或者定制一个）重用业务逻辑代码，而不是源于Action/ ActionForm 一切。不需要复制：

你可以用已经有的业务逻辑对象作为命令或者form对象代替反射特定的actionform子类。可以定制的绑定和数据校验：作为应用级的输入机制的错误校验，固定日期和数字绑定，定制绑定和验证:类型不匹配,应用程序级验证错误,使违规值,本地化的日期和号码绑定等代替String-only表单对象手工解析和转换为业务对象。例如，通过手动检查和转换业务对象来替换单个的spring。可定制的操作，可定制的视图方案：通过名字/值映射灵活的模型传送，用一个简单的方法从简单到复杂操作映射和视图方案策略。

本地定制和主题方案：Spring 没有taglib，完全支持于JSPs，JSTL，不需要额外的连接就可以支持Veloctiy，等等。简单但是强大的tag library 避免混乱，最大限度的灵活拓展了标记代码。

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

外文翻译 - 英文

The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication

计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络

New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.

外文翻译computerprogram英文.doc

Computer Program 1 Introduction Computer Program, set of instructions that directs a computer to perform someprocessing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follow the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. Programs fall into two major classes: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out somefunction directly for a user, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM,hard drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems,so that they maybe used by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS\2, and UNIX. 2 Program Development Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer uses another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code— a format that the operating system

3英文文献及翻译格式示例

哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文） 英文原文（原文也可以直接将PDF版打印） ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY? THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES Lynnette D. Purda* This version: April 21, 2011 Abstract Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities. 译文 评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量？ 本文：2011.4.21 摘要 在过去的十年，信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中，首先他们未能发现问题，导致安然和世通破产；其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑，但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍，然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起（错综复杂）的来源：1）和信贷质量相关的信息；2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。以此为据，我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。以这种方式，在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。 - -1

机械设计外文翻译(中英文)

机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。

变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述

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