中国现当代文学名词解释
“左联”：中国左翼作家联盟简称“左联”。是中国共产党领导的革命作家组织。一九三０年三月成立于上海，领导成员有鲁迅，冯乃超，夏衍，阿英，田汉，郑伯奇，洪灵菲等．“左联“的成立，对于团结和组织进步作家，反击国民党反动的文化”国剿”，推进革命文学运动，起过很大的作用，标志着革命文学的新阶段。同时，“左联”在创办刊物，培养新人，提倡文艺大众化，同“新月派”，“民族主义文学派”，“自由人”，和“第三种人”等文学艺术流派作斗争方在作出积极的贡献。一九三六年三月，为建立文艺界抗日民族统一战线，“左联”宣布解放。
文学研究会：１９２１年１月，在北京成立，发起人沈雁冰，郑振铎，周作人，叶圣陶等１２人，主张文学为人生服务，注重文学的社会功利性，倾向于现实主义。创办刊物有《小说月报》，《文学旬刊》等。１９３２结束，文学研究会为新文学的发展作出了贡献。
新月社：１９２１年成立于北京，代表人物胡适，徐志摩，闻一多，梁实秋。原始一个文化社交团体，主要为旅英美留学生，不久形成一个团体。他们提出新诗格律化，追求新诗的艺术美与形式美，提倡新诗的格律化。在思想上受外来文化影响，倾向于自由主义。促进了新诗艺术上走向成熟。代表刊物《诗镌》。
创造社是“五四”新文化运动初期成立的文学社团，1921年6月由留学日本归来的郭沫若、成仿吾、郁达夫、张资平、田汉、郑伯奇等人在日本东京成立。主张为艺术而艺术，注重自我表现，主要倾向于浪漫主义。创造社主办的刊物有《创造》季刊
湖畔诗社：１９２２年４月成立于杭州西子湖畔，成员有汪静之，冯雪峰，潘漠华，应修人，以真正专心致志作情诗，讴歌纯真的爱情和友谊，表现人性的美和爱而著称，其中汪静之的成就最大。出版是个合集有《湖畔》等
象征诗派：二十年代初期，受法国象征诗派的影响，以李金发为代表的一些诗人，先后写了一些具有象征意味的白话诗用有声有色的具体物象，来暗示诗人微妙的内心世界，这一流派追求诗意的朦胧，追求艺术手法的奇特。象征派世人讲求感官享受和刺激，把诗看作是视觉艺术。诗歌特点是观念联络的奇特。如李金发《弃妇》
社会剖析小说：从典型环境来解释并塑造典型人物，在戏剧性强的情节中凸显任务性格及其成长史的写法逐渐成为左翼文学公认的主流。茅盾的小说能及时抓住时代社会的特点，探讨社会问题，分析社会特点。这类小说有题材时代化，构思系列化，材料科学化的特点。
中国诗歌会：是中国左翼作家联盟领导的一个群众性诗歌团体，于一九三二年九月在上海成立。该会的会刊是《新诗歌》旬刊。发起人有蒲风，穆木天、杨骚，任钧等。该会在诗歌内容上主张表现“急风暴雨”的时代，“捉住现实”；在诗歌形式上，主张中国化和大众化，反对“洋化”。后来又提出“国防诗歌”口号，该会的代表诗人是蒲风。
《文学革命论》：是陈独秀于１９１７年２月《新青年》上发表的文章，文中明确提出了“三大主义”不仅反对封建主义的腐朽形式，也反对封建主义的“代圣贤立言”的内容，触及了文学革命的根本问题，标志着文学革命的正式开始
东北作家群：东北作家群:是指“九一八”事变以后，一群从东北流亡到关内的文学青年在左翼文学运动推动下共同自发地开始文学创作的群体。他们的作品反映了处于日寇铁蹄下的东北人民的悲惨遭遇，表达了对侵略者的仇恨、对父老乡亲的怀念及早日收回国土的强烈愿望。他们的作品具有粗犷宏大的风格，写出了东北的风俗民情，显示了浓郁的地方色彩。较早表达了在民族灾难中生成凝聚的民族抗争意识，从而开了抗日文学的先声。“东北作家群”的主要作家有萧军、萧红、舒群、端木蕻良等，代表作有萧红《呼兰河传》《生死场》，萧军《八月的乡村》等。
七月诗派：七月诗派是抗日战争时期和解放战争时期国统区重要的现实主义诗歌流派。得名于《七月》杂志。代表诗人有艾青、田间、牛汉、鲁藜、绿原等。以七月、希望、泥土杂志为主要阵地，强调诗歌中主观与客观的统一，历史与个人的融合，多写自由诗，以政治抒情诗为主。
九叶诗派：是抗战后期和解放战争时期的一个重要是个流派，主要成员有辛笛、穆旦、陈敬容、杜运燮。强调反映现实与挖掘内心的统一。诗作视野开阔，具有强烈的时代感、历史感和时代精神。在艺术上自觉追求现实主义与现代派的集合，注重在诗歌里营造新颖奇特的意像和境界，善于运用较大跨度的跳跃性来
形成陌生化独特的艺术效果。
新感觉派小说是20世纪我国第一个被引进的现代主义小说流派，主要作家有施蜇存梅雨之夕、刘呐鸥都市风景线、穆时英南北集，用快节奏和五彩缤纷的色调表现半殖民地半封建社会中的病态人格。新感觉派小说之“新”在于其第一次用现代人的眼光来打量上海，用一种新异的现代的形式来表达这个东方大都会的城与人的神韵。“新感觉派”小说的根本特点是特别强调作家的主观感觉而不太注重对客观生活的真切描写。孤岛文学“孤岛”指1937年11月至1941年12月被沦陷区包围的上海租界。1937年11月上海沦陷后，一部分文艺工作者利用上海租界的特殊环境，在日本侵略势力的四面包围中，坚持抗日文学活动，至1941年12月珍珠港事变日军侵入租界止，历时四年零一个月，称之为“孤岛文学”。
美国文学名词解释
1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.
美国文学史复习提纲 名词解释
I. Explain the following literary terms(名词解释). 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, gen iality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience or（American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.） 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. 5、American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 6、Transcendentalism: In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set of authors based in Concord, Massachusetts and was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. The transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. They found their chief source of inspiration in nature. Emerson’s essay Nature was the major document of the transcendental school and stated the ideas that were to remain central to it. 7、Free verse: free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventio nal rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg. 8、Naturalism: A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It
国际经济学名词解释
国际经济学复习 相对价格：商品之间价格关系的动态反映，专指两种或多种商品之间由供给与需求作用所形成的价格比例关系。在国际贸易中所交换的商品价格之间的比例关系。它体现交换双方的贸易利益。 比较优势：所谓比较优势是指一国在绝对优势基础上的相对较大的优势，在绝对劣势基础上的相对较少的劣势。比较优势主张以各国生产成本或相对差异为基础进行专业化分工，并通过国家贸易获得利益的一种国际贸易理论。比较优势实际上取决于劳动生产率的相对水平。一国在劳动生产率相对较高的部门或产品上具有比较优势。 边际替代率：在保持同等效用水平的条件下，消费者增加一单位某种商品的消费可以代替的另一种商品的消费量。它是无差异曲线的斜率。通常，由于生产过程中投入的生产要素是不完全替代的，随着一种生产要素数量的增加，该要素对另外一种要素的边际替代率是递减的。 边际技术替代率：在维持产量水平不变的条件下，增加一单位某种生产要素投入量时所减少的另一种要素的投入量，在只有两种要素劳动L和资本K 的情况下，边际技术替代率MRTS可以记做：MRTSLK=-△K/△L 机会成本：机会成本是指在一国资源达到充分利用时，要增加某一产品的生产，必须放弃另一种产品生产的数量。 边际成本：每一单位新增生产的产品（或者购买的产品）带来到总成本的增量。 规模经济：由于生产专业化水平的提高等原因，使企业的单位成本下降，从而形成企业的长期平均成本随着产量的增加而递减的经济。 倾销：在不同国家市场间进行的一种价格歧视行为。它是指出口商以低于本国国内价格或成本的价格向国外销售商品的行为。构成依据：1进口国生产同类型产品的企业是否受到低价进口品的冲击，以致其市场份额明显减少。2进口国生产同类型产品的企业的利润水平是否明显降低。3在低价进口品的冲击下，进口国的同类产业是否难以建立起来。持续性/掠夺性 最佳关税：使本国福利达到最大的关税水平。确定条件：进口国由征收关税所引起的额外损失（边际损失）与额外收益（边际收益）相等。 幼稚产业:某种由于技术经验不足、劳动生产率低下、产品成本高于世界市场价格，因而无法与国外产业竞争，但在关税、补贴等保护措施下继续生产一段时间，经过一段时间的生产能够在自由贸易条件下获利，达到其他国家水平而自立，形成比较优势并良性发展的产业。某一产业处于发展初期，基础和竞争力薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在比较优势的新兴产业。 贸易创造:国际贸易理论与实践中指两个或两个以上国家间结成关税同盟后，因取消关税降低了贸易商品的价格，使产品从成本较高的国内生产转向成本较低的贸易对象国生产，本国从贸易对象国进口。由于国际经济一体化组织成员国之间相互取消了关税和与关税具有同等效力的其他措施，造成了他们相互之间贸易规模的扩大和福利水平的提高。贸易转移:两个或两个以上国家间的关税同盟建立后，成员国的部分进口商品将从低成本供应国(非成员国)转向高成本供应国(成员国)。对进口国是福利损失。 国际收支：在一定时期内（通常为一年）一国居民与世界其他国家居民之间的全部经济交易的系统记录。主要目的：使政府当局了解本国（地区）的对外经济交往状况，从而为制定相应的经济管理政策提供信息和依据。 马歇尔-勒纳条件：表明如果一国处于贸易逆差中，即Vx
美国文学名词解释
Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.
美国文学简史名词解释定义
American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil
国际经济学之名词解释
国际经济学之名词解释 Chapter 3 1.Absolute advantage（绝对优势）:A country has an absolute advantage in a production of a good if it has a lower unit labor requirement(aLW 单位产品劳动投入) than the foreign country in this good. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/487440636.html,parative Advantage（相对优势）: A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. 3.Opportunity Cost（机会成本）：The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number of computers that could be produced with the same resources as a given number of roses. 4.The unit labor requirement： the number of hours of labor required to produce one unit of output, such as aLW (wine) and aLC (cheese) 5.Production Possibilities frontier（生产可能性边界）： The production possibility frontier (PPF) of an economy shows the maximum amount of a good (say wine) that can be produced for any given amount of another (say cheese). Chapter 4 1.Abundant factor: the resource of which a country has a relatively large supply(labor in home,land in foreign) 2.Biased expansion of production possibilities: when the production possibility frontier shifts out much more in one direction than in the other. 3.Equalization of factor prices: when Home and Foreign trade, the relatives prices of goods converge. This convergence, in turn, causes convergence of the relative prices of land and labor. 4.Heckscher-Ohlin theory: It shows that comparative advantage is influenced by Relative factor abundance (refers to countries) and Relative factor intensity (refers to goods)It is also referred to as the factor-proportions theory. 5.Scarce factor: in that country, and the resource of which it has a relatively small supply( land in Home, labor in foreign)