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一种更加完善的三维设计（工具/软件）实现了多功能于一

体的COMPANIN for iPAQ1

随着企业对企业和企业对消费者电子商务的发展，消费品分配从以生产为中心的模式向以消费为中心的模式改变，移动终端企业越来越重要。Omnipap,一个掌上终端，通过实现现场签单、支付功能证明了（强化了）这一观点，它具有辨认货物，数据通讯（交换）、票据打印和其他延伸等功能。

其他的掌上终端只能实现部分功能。用智能卡进行电子支付需要一个与票据打印或条码扫描不同的装置。使用多种设备对那些从办公室走出来的人来说是不切实际而且极富挑战的。Omnipap包括一个有50米长纸的票据打印机，一个条形码扫描，一个智能卡和读卡器，一个电池组和一个通信交换器，全部连接到一个中央处理器组成的，它是一个Compad Ipaq 3630和一个CF卡套。只要一与中央网络连接（通过无线或有线），Omnipap就能发挥象一个移动企业一样的作用。

制造一个新的掌上主机

Pars pro toto,一个比利时设计公司，被委托制造Omnipap。经过详细描述，挑战变得明确了；把所有功能集于一体将对人机工程学（工效学）有很高的要求。Omnipap是可以整天携带的装置；它能够适用任何条件。影响设计的不仅是体积大小，还有重量。Omnipap 应该可以用一只手拿住，同时另一只手空出来操作屏幕和处理货物。决定着它的成败。

我们从使用三维设计软件（pro-engineer?可能如此翻译）设计内部构建开始。Compad 提供了详细的三维设计组成，供设计CF卡套使用。最初的装配被用来做后来装配的建议。装置规范后被打印成真实的大小，以帮助制作最初的模型。最后，模型通过了实地试验，被用做下一阶段设计的基础。

最终配置详细说明了各个组成部分的布置。外包装必须紧紧地抱住组成部分，尽量留下最少的空隙。我们使用了ASX，但是很快发现外界面需要更加自由形态的设计。从动力学方面和复杂的曲面转换角度，需要更加灵活和强大的工具。

进行试验

一个地方转售商提供了两种解决方法：CDRS和ISDX（交互式曲面设计）。CDRS是一种绘制一流曲面的工业试验解决方法，它是一种独立的应用软件，迫使我们要学习在全新的环境下工作。而且，我们预计即使我们学会使用，也需要经常通过ATB从一种软件换到另1原文出处及作者：ENGLISH FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGN 2end Edition

一种，这会延缓设计速度。

同样的，一种pro-engineer（三维设计软件）的试生产版本正在运行。这种版本包括一种新的特点叫做风格特点。（style feature）。这种交互式曲面设计或ISDX到来的正是时候。虽然仍在试用版本，ISDX与pro-engineer具有相同的稳定性。

经过短暂的培训，Pars pro toto公司开始使用ISDX;我们是欧洲第一家在工业设计项目中使用这种如今的工作。因为设计变化能很快地被反馈到模型上，设计时间被大大缩短了。ISDX还能帮助我们绘制负责的曲面转换中所需要的错综复杂、连续的弯曲。内部组成部分与外包装之间随时可以清晰地观察到，这充分保障了材料的厚度能够充分和紧密地环绕内部部分。

同时（协作）设计

同时Omnipap的核心，iPAQ套下面的打印部分也在完善。在这个设计过程韩总，各部分经常改变位置和大小。一些材料可能被另外的功能更强或更新的部件所代替。这种轻便技术的应用不断地使各组成部分更加精致和精巧（小）。结果，我们再三面临重大设计变更。幸运的是pro-engineer和ISDX具有的先进的、强大的功能使我们能够快速更改设计。

当立体模型完成后，能够清楚得展现在眼前的东西成功说服了潜在投资者支持这一项目。同时，工程部门给模型做了外壳。工作同时进展。

试验模型

时间紧迫；在设计的几个阶段，我们使用了不同的快速原型技术创造了一些中间模型。在固体模型建好之后，立即建造了立体模型以便评估花样和表面性质。模型也为适应人力环境学的测试而进行了整修。经过敏锐的（关键的）FMEA评估分析后，设计进程花样翻新。下一步是设计功能模型。pro-engineer再次带给我们适当的STL模型。在原型阶段，pro-engineer提供了试生产系列所需的模型，成功锁门了投资者支持这一项目。

使用ISDX

设计阶段的第一个里程碑后，终端的组成结构比较清晰明显，顾客也认可了它的款式。我们制定了规划，开始绘制定义组成Omnipap典型形状的边界边缘（边界棱）。这些粗糙的大纲被逐渐细化成了设计成长所需的模板。在pro-engineer里，使用外观编辑器，这些图画被绘制在三个相应的通信面上。让人惊奇的是保证了尺寸和比例不变。

第一批画好的部分之一是背后的球形（蛋形）部分，抓住纸卷和打印机的部分，这也是Omnipap的主要部件。原型部分用ASX画表面。但是切割面没有精密的空间约束。ISDX 帮助我们绘制了纸卷和打印机所需要的足够自由的切割面。同时，设计还需兼顾外面。对

表面的修改成为简单的事情，秩序拖动制高点和把手接触点。并且，当ISDX显示的四个视窗之一有活性时，就能轻松实现纸上画的曲线与样品一致。

因为Compad iPAQ 3630 和它的外套联结太紧密，我们使用pro-engineer的几何复制特性来增加表面和曲线，这样能帮助我们在现有基础上增加新的切面时实现无缝联结。不断的相切和弯曲约束使我们能很快评估保持光滑连续约束的表面质量的改进。很多边界曲线，当时还没有很清楚地定义，也能用ISDX画出，因为在三维空间直接画曲线和修改非常容易。

ISDX的缺点之一是，不能在四边定义之外再创造其他面。（如果我们的消息正确的话，这个问题将在新的pro-engineer版本中得到解决。）幸运的是，存在几个工作区。我们使用的适合三角面。我们用一个可控制曲线将一个角与对边联结，剩余两条边将另两条曲线与这一曲线相连。用这种方法，一个三角形片被分成四角形（四边形），这样ISDX就可以创建适当的面了。必须注意保证最终的形状光滑连续。

ISDX是一个很棒的产品设计工具。它能在不使用其他应用软件的条件下，用交互式的方式很快评估出设计变化。绘面和拧面的方便，将连续相切和曲线完美地联结，使得ISDX 成为满足美学和技术双重需要的选择。我们期待着pro-engineer新版本拥有更加强大的功能。

A More Complete Design Pro/E Delivers All-in-One Companin for

iPAQ

As B2B and B2C enterpries destributing consumer goods move from a production-centric a cust into omer-entric business modle,mobile enterprise are becoming more important.Omnipap-a handheld terminal-addresses this issue by combining the functionality needed for on -site billing and payment, identification of goods,data communication,ticket printing and extended autonomy.

Other handheld terminal solutions only provide partial functionality.With those devices electronic payment with smart cards require a different device than do ticket printers or barcode scanners.The use of multiple machines is impractical and challenging for those whose work takes them away from the office .The Omnipad is a device that combines a ticket printer with a 50-meter paper roll , a barcode scnner , a smart card and swipe card reader, a battery pack and a communications device-all connected to a central processing unit , which is a Compad iPAQ 3630 with a CF-card sleeve .Once linked to the base network (by wire or wireless) ,the Omnipad delivers its true potential as a mobile enterprise solution .

Building a New Handheld

Pars pro toto ,a Belgian design firm , was commissioned to build the Omnipad . After specifications were defined ,the challenge became clear ; combining all the functionality into one object would put heavy constraints on ergonomics . The Omnipad is a device that is carried all day ; it must suit various conditions .Factors influencing the design were not only the size of the parts , but also their combined weight .The Omnipad needed to be held in one hand while the other hand remained free to operate the touch screen and manipulate goods .The of the Omnipad would determine its success.

We started the project by drawing internal components in Pro/ENGINEER .Compad provided detailed Pro/E NGNEER parts used in its CF-card sleeve design .An initial assembly was used for subsequent configuration proposal . Configurations that passed specifications were printed in real size to serve as a modeling aid for preliminary foam mock-ups . Eventually one mock-up passed the field tests and was used as the basis for the next design phase .

The final configuration defined the optimal placement for the components . An outer casing tightly packed the components , leaving as little space as possible between the components and the casing .We started with the Advanced Surface Extension (ASX) module of Pro/ENGNEER2000i2 , but it soon became clear that to design the bounding surfaces with more freedom , a complete free-form design solution was needed .The dynamic aspect of design and the complex surface transitions (especially in the hand grip area and the transition from sleeve to casing ) required a more flexible and powerful tool.

Taking a Test Drive

A local reseller offered two solutions : CDRS and ISDX .While CDRS is an industry-proven solution for drawing A-class surfaces ,it is a seperate application that would have forced us to learn to work in an entirely new environment .In addition ,we anticipated that frequently shifting from one application to another , even if well implemented through the

ATB , would slow down design process.

Coincidentally , a pre-production version of Pro/ENNGNEER 2001 was shipping at the time . This version included a new feature called the style feature . This interactive surface design extension or ISDX arrived just in time . Although still in pre-production ,ISDX had the same stability and roubstness as Pro/ENGNEER Foundation .

After a short training period ,Pars pro toto began using ISDX ; we were the first in Europe to apply this feature in an industrial design project . Design time was significantly shortened because changes were reflected immediately in the model . ISDX also helped us draw the intricate curvature continuous curves needed for the complex surface transitions. The clearance between the components and the surface envelope was observed at all times to ensure that material thickness was sufficient and tight around the components.

Concurrent Enigneering

Meanwhile the core of the Omnipap, a printed board positioned directly under the i PAQ sleeve, was in development. During this design process, components often changed location and size. Something they were replaced with other components that performent better or offered new functionalities. The portable technology sector tends to continuously refine and reduce component size. As a result, our firm repeatedly was confronted wuth serious design changes. Fortunately the parametric nature of Pro/ENGINEER, and the advantage that ISDX can be handled as a feature, allowed us to make rapid styling changes.

Once a solid modle was finished, the visualization department made photo-realistic presentations to convince potential investors to back the project. At the same time, the engineering department made shells of the colid models. Work progressed simultaneously.

Testing the Model

Timing was critical; at several stages of the design process intermediary models were created using different rapid prototyping techniques. Immediately after shelling and splitting the solid model, a stereolithographic model was built to assess styling and surface properties. The model also was refitted to accommodate ergonomic tests. After conducting an acute FMEA analysis, finding were retrofitted in the design process. The next phase was to build a functional model; Pro/ENGINEER again delivered adequate STL models. In the prototyping phase, Pro/ENGINEER provided the models needed for a limated pre-productions series, which was used successfully to convince investors to support the project.

Using ISDX

After a first design milestond, the comphonents configuration was evident and customer approved the accompanying styling. The layout was printed and we started drawing defining boundary edges that made up the typical from of the Omnipaq. These coarse outlines were digitized to serve as a template from which the design could grow. In Pro/ENGINEER, these drawings were mapped, onto three surface-one for each of the corresponding planes – using the Appearance Editor. Much scare was taken to ensure that the dimensions and proportions remained unaltered.

One of the first features drawn was the egg-shaped element in the back, which holds the paper roll and the printer, and is one of the main characteristics of the Omnipap. The circular portion of the shape was drawn using ASX with mapped surface as an underlay. But the cutting surface had no exact dimensional constraints. ISDX helped us to draw a free-form surface, which required enough clearance, for a paper roll and printer. At the same time, the design had to look good from the outside. Any modification to the surface was simply a matter of dragging the

vertices and the tangency handles. Furthermore, assuring that form corresponded with the curves drawn on paper was accomplished easily when one of the four viewports that ISDX displays was activated.

Because the Compaq iPAQ 3630 and its sleeve are so tightly intergrated into the design, we used Pro/ENGINEER’s copy geometry feature to add surface and curves that would help us to seamlessly align newly created surface to existing ones. The tangency align and curvature continuious constraints allowed us to quickly assess alterations in surface quality while retaining a smooth continuous constraints. Many of the bondary curves, which were at that time not clearly defined, also were drawn in ISDX, because of the ease of drawing curves directly in three dimensions and the ease of later modifications.

One of the drawbacks of ISDX, however, is the inability to create other surfaces besides the ones definded by four boundaries. (If we are informed correctly, this issue should be solved in the new Pro/ENGINEER version Wildfire.) Fortunately some workarounds exist. The one we used is suitable for triangular surface. We stared by connecting a corner to the opposite side by sketching a projected control curve. Tow other curves connect this curve with the two remaining sides. In this way, a triangular patch is divided into four quadrangles, thus enableing ISDX to creat the appropriate surfaces. Careful attention was given to ascertain that the resulting patch was smooth and continuous.

ISDX is a great tool for product designers. It allows then to quickly assess design variations in an interactive way without using other applications. The ease of drawing and tweaking surface, while perfectly maintaning tangency or curvature continuity, make ISDX the tool of choice for aesthetic as well as technical needs. We look forward to the enhanced style feature in Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire.

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos

etc. characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand. Keywords: Infrared dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Red outside transceiver 1 Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术

加工中心数控技术 出处：数控加工中心的分类以及各自特点 出版社:化学工业出版社; 第1版 (2009年3月16日) 作者：徐衡、段晓旭 加工中心是典型的集高技术于一体的机械加工设备，它的发展代表了一个国家设计制造的水平也大大提高了劳动生产率，降低了劳动成本，改善了工人的工作环境，降低了工人的劳动强度。本文经过对不同运动方案和各部件的设计方案的定性分析比较确定该教立式加工中心的进给传动方案为：采用固定床身，电主轴通过安装座安装在床身导轨的滑座上，床身导轨采用滚动导轨，可以实现Y 方向的进给运动。由X-Y双向精密数控工作台带动工件完成X，Y两个方向的进给运动;X，Y，Z三个方向的进给运动均滚珠丝杠，并由交流伺服电机驱动。导轨、滚珠丝杠有相应的润滑、防护等装置。 加工中心（英文缩写为CNC 全称为Computerized Numerical Control）：是带有刀库和自动换刀装置的一种高度自动化的多功能数控机床。在中国香港，台湾及广东一代也有很多人叫它电脑锣。 工件在加工中心上经一次装夹后，数字控制系统能控制机床按不同工序，自动选择和更换刀具，自动改变机床主轴转速、进给量和刀具相对工件的运动轨迹及其他辅助机能，依次完成工件几个面上多工序的加工。并且有多种换刀或选刀功能，从而使生产效率大大提高。 加工中心数控机床是一种装有计算机数字控制系统的机床，数控系统能够处理加工程序，控制机床完成各种动作。与普通机床相比，数控机床能够完成平面曲线和空间曲面的加工，加工精度和生产效率都比较高，因而应用日益广泛。 数控机床的组成 一般来说，数控机床由机械部分、数字控制计算机、伺服系统、PC控制部分、液压气压传动系统、冷却润滑和排泄装置组成。数控机床是由程序控制的，零件的编程工作是数控机床加工的重要组成部分。伺服系统是数控机床的驱动部分，计算机输出的控制命令是通过伺服系统产生坐标移动的。普通的立式加工中心有三个伺服电机，分别驱动纵向工作台、横向工作台、主轴箱沿X向、Y向、Z向运动。X、Y、Z是互相垂直的坐标轴，因而当机床三坐标联动时可以加工空

零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献

零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

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通信工程项目毕业材料外文翻译

用于多跳认知无线电网络的分布式网络编码控制信道 Alfred Asterjadhi等著 1 前言 大多数电磁频谱由政府机构长期指定给公司或机构专门用于区域或国家地区。由于这种资源的静态分配，许可频谱的许多部分在许多时间和/或位置未使用或未被充分利用。另一方面，几种最近的无线技术在诸如IEEE802.11，蓝牙，Zigbee之类的非许可频段中运行，并且在一定程度上对WiMAX进行操作;这些技术已经看到这样的成功和扩散，他们正在访问的频谱- 主要是2.4 GHz ISM频段- 已经过度拥挤。为了为这些现有技术提供更多的频谱资源，并且允许替代和创新技术的潜在开发，最近已经提出允许被许可的设备（称为次要用户）访问那些许可的频谱资源，主要用户未被使用或零星地使用。这种方法通常被称为动态频谱接入（DSA），无线电设备发现和机会性利用未使用或未充分利用的频谱带的能力通常称为认知无线电（CR）技术。 DSA和CR最近都引起了无线通信和网络界的极大关注。通常设想两种主要应用。第一个是认知无线接入（CW A），根据该认知接入点，认知接入点负责识别未使用的许可频谱，并使用它来提供对次用户的接入。第二个应用是我们在这个技术中研究的应用，它是认知自组织网络（CAN），也就是使用 用于二级用户本身之间通信的无许可频谱，用于诸如点对点内容分发，环境监控，安全性等目的，灾难恢复情景通信，军事通信等等。 设计CAN系统比CW A有更多困难，主要有两个原因。第一是识别未使用的频谱。在CW A中，接入点的作用是连接到互联网，因此可以使用简单的策略来推断频谱可用性，例如查询频谱调节器在其地理位置的频谱可用性或直接与主用户协商频谱可用性或一些中间频谱经纪人另一方面，在CAN中，与频谱调节器或主要用户的缺乏直接通信需要二级用户能够使用检测技术自己识别未使用的频谱。第二个困难是辅助用户协调媒体访问目的。在CW A中存在接入点和通常所有二级用户直接与之通信（即，网络是单跳）的事实使得直接使用集中式媒体接入控制（MAC）解决方案，如时分多址（TDMA）或正交频分多址（OFDMA）。相反，预计CAN将跨越多跳，缺少集中控制器;而对于传统的单通道多跳自组织网络而言，这个问题的几个解决方案是已知的，因为假设我们处理允许设备访问的具有成

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New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.

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Lathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up

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5G无线通信网络中英文对照外文翻译文献

5G无线通信网络中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

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英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,

数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

英文文献 Numerical control laser processing technology and application Pick to: as the main symbol of science and Technology development in the 20th century and the modern information society one of the pillars of optoelectronic Technology, Laser Technology, Laser Technology) and the development of Laser industry attaches great importance to by the advanced countries in the world. Numerical control and integrated the Laser and the optical system of the computer numerical control technology, advanced and high precision and automation of the workpiece positioning, the combination of formation, development and production of machining center has become a Laser machining, Laser Processing) is an important trend of development. Key words: CNC; Laser machining, Laser Processing); Level; application Before: laser is regarded as one of the most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, as soon as it was caused the great attention of materials scientists. In November 1971, gm pioneered the use of a 250 w CO2 laser to improve wear resistance materials using laser radiation test and research, and in 1974 successfully completed automobile redirector shell

差异化营销策略外文文献翻译

文献出处: Dalman, M. Deniz, and Junhong Min. "Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect." International Journal of Marketing Studies 6.5 (2014): 63-72. 原文 Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect Dalman, M. Deniz & Junhong Min Abstract This research investigates that brand differentiation creating superior values can be achieved not only by adding meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes, which is called "trivial attribute effect." Two studies provided empirical evidences as following; first, trivial attribute effect creates a strong brand differentiation even after subjects realize that trivial attribute has no value. Second, trivial attribute effect is more pronounced in hedonic service category compared to the utilitarian category. Last, the amount of willingness to pay is higher when trivial attribute is presented and evaluated in joint evaluation mode than separate evaluation mode. Finally, we conclude with discussion and provide suggestions for further research. Keywords: brand differentiation, evaluation mode, service industry, trivial attribute Introduction Problem Definition Perhaps the most important factor for new product success is to create the meaningful brand differentiation that provides customers with superior values beyond what the competitors can offer in the same industry (Porter, 1985). Not surprisingly, more than 50 percent of annual sales in consumer product industries including automobiles, biotechnology, computer software, and pharmaceuticals are attributed to such meaningful brand differentiation by including new or noble attributes (Schilling &Hill, 1998). However, the brand differentiation that increases consumer preference is not only by introducing meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes. For