Paper Content Marks
Paper Content Marks
(% of total) Purpose
Reading
(1 hour ) 5 parts 25% Shows you can deal confidently with different types of text, such as business publications and correspondence.
Writing
(45 minutes) 2 parts 25% Requires you to be able to produce two different pieces of writing, such as letters, reports, proposals and emails.
Listening
(about 40 minutes including transfer time) 3 parts 25% Requires you to be able to follow and understand a range of spoken materials, such as interviews, discussions and presentations.
Speaking
(14 minutes per pair of candidates) 3 parts 25% T ests your ability to communicate effectively in face-to-face situations. Y ou will take the Speaking test with one or two other candidates.
What’s in the Reading paper?
The Cambridge English: Business Vantage Reading paper has different types of texts and questions.In part 1, you may be required to read one long text divided into four sections, or four shorter, related texts.
Summary
Time allowed: 1 hour
Number of parts: 5
Number of questions: 45
Marks: 25% of total
Lengths of texts: 150–550 words per text
Texts may be from: Newspapers and magazine artic les, reports, advertisements, letters,
messages, brochures, guides, manuals, etc.
Parts 1–5
Part 1 (Matching)
What's in Part 1? Either four short texts on a related topic or one text divided into four sections and a series of statements. Y ou have to match each statement to the text or section where you can find the information.
What do I have to practise? Reading –scanning fot gist and specific
information.
How many questions are there? 7
How many marks do I get? One mark for each correct answer.
Practise Part 1
Now try Part 1 from the sample Cambridge English: Business Vantage Reading paper.
Part 2 (Matching)
What's in Part 2? A text with gaps and some sentences (A–G). Each gap represents a missing sentence. Y ou have to read the text and the sentences and decide which sentence belongs in each gap.
What do I have to practise? Reading – understanding text structure. How many questions are there? 5
How many marks do I get? One mark for each correct answer. Practise Part 2
Now try Part 2 from the sample Cambridge English: Business Vantage Reading paper. Part 3 (Multiple choice)
What's in Part 3? A single text with six comprehension questions. Y ou have to read the text and choose the right answer for each question (A, B, C or D).
What do I have to practise? Reading for gist and specific information. How many questions are there? 6
How many marks do I get? One mark for each correct answer. Practise Part 3
Now try Part 3 from the sample Cambridge English: Business Vantage Reading paper.
Part 4 (Multiple-choice cloze)
What's in Part 4? A text with gaps. Each gap represents one word or phrase. Y ou have to read the text and choose the right wordor phrase to fill each gap from a choice of four (A, B, C or D).
What do I have to practise? Reading – vocabulary and structure.
How many questions are there? 15
How many marks do I get? One mark for each correct answer. Practise Part 4
Now try Part 4 from the sample Cambridge English: Business Vantage Reading paper. Part 5 (Proof-reading)
What's in Part 5? A text in which some lines are correct and some lines have an extra, unnecessary word. If the line is correct, you write 'CORRECT' on your answer sheet. If the line is not correct, you have to write down the extra word.
What do I have to practise? Reading – understanding sentence structure and
finding errors.
How many questions are there? 12
How many marks do I get? One mark for each correct answer.
Practise Part 5
Now try Part 5 from the sample Cambridge English: Business Vantage Reading paper.
DOs and DON’Ts
DOs
1Pay attention to the complete meaning of the sentences in Part 1.
2Read the whole text in Part 2 and try to predict what kind of information is missing from each of the gaps, before working on the extracts.
3Look very carefully at the pronouns in the extracts in Part 2. They must refer correctly to the nouns before and/or after the gap in the text.
4Notice linking words and phrases in Part 2. For example, ‘however’ or ‘but’ must link two contrasting ideas.
5Regularly check your answers in Part 2. If you are finding a question difficult, perhaps you have already used the correct answer to that question in the wrong place. Always leave enough time to double-check answers against the text.
6Pay attention to the general theme of the paragraphs in Part 3.
7Read the text and questions very carefully in Part 3. Remember that the options A–D in the question may mean something very similar to the text, but not the same.
8Read the question or stem very carefully in Part 3. Perhaps all of the options occur somewhere in the text, but only one of them is correct with that particular question.
9Keep vocabulary lists and try to use new vocabulary that you learn. This will be particularly useful for Part 4.
10Look carefully at the sentences in Part 4. Does the word you have chosen usually go together with a certain preposition or grammatical structure? Does it make a good collocation with the surrounding words?
11Remember that the extra word in Part 5 has to be grammatically wrong and not just unnecessary.
12In Part 5, write your answer in capital letters.
DON'T s
13In Part 1, don’t choose an answer just because you find matching words. There are usually some similarities between sections and you need to make sure that your choice matches the complete meaning of the question.
14Don’t forget that tenses in the Part 2 extracts need to fit logically with those already present in the text.
15Don't choose more than one letter for any of the answers in Parts 1–4.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
What aspects of reading are tested in this paper?
Y ou are tested on your ability to understand gist, detail and the text structure and to identify main points and specific information. Y ou are also tested on vocabulary, understanding discourse features and the ability to identify errors.
How many marks is the Reading paper worth?
The Reading paper is worth 25% of the total score.
How long should I spend on each part?
There is no time limit for each task; some tasks may take longer than others and you should be aware of how long you need for different tasks. However, it's worth remembering that some tasks have more items and are, therefore, worth more marks.
How do I answer the Reading paper?
In this paper, you put the answers on an answer sheet by filling in a lozenge (a kind of box) or by writing a one-word answer on your answer sheet in pencil.
What’s in the Writing paper?
The Cambridge English: Business V antage Writing paper has different types of texts and questions. In one part you may have to read one long text or two or more shorter, related texts.
Summary
Time allowed:
45 minutes
Number of parts:
2
Number of questions:
2 compulsory questions
Marks:
25% of total
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Parts 1–2
Part 1
What's in Part 1? A description of a business situation. Y ou have to write an internal company communication using the information we give you.
What do I have to practise?
Writing a message, memo or email: giving instructions, explaining a development, asking for comments, requesting information, agreeing to requests, etc.
How many questions are there?
1 compulsory question
How much do I have to write?
40–50 words
Practise Part 1
Now try Part 1 from the sample Cambridge English: Business V antage Writing paper.
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Part 2
What's in Part 2? Some material (letter, fax, email, note, notice, advert, graph, chart) to read. Y ou have to write a piece of business correspondence, a report or a proposal based on the information.
What do I have to practise?
Writing business correspondence (e.g. explaining, apologising, reassuring, complaining), reports (e.g. describing, summarising) or proposals (e.g. describing, summarising, recommending, persuading).
How many questions are there?
1 compulsory question
How much do I have to write?
120–140 words
Practise Part 2
Now try Part 2 from the sample Cambridge English: Business V antage Writing paper.
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DOs and DON’Ts
DOs
Read the question carefully and underline the important parts.
Make a plan before you start writing.
Write clearly and concisely.
Write so that the examiner can read the answer.
Check that you have included all the content elements.
Add relevant ideas and information of your own in Part 2.
Remember which format to use (email, report, etc.).
Use the correct style or register (e.g. formal/informal).
Use a range of business words and expressions.
Structure your writing with good linkers such as 'firstly', 'also', 'however', 'moreover', 'nevertheless' and so on.
Write in paragraphs.
Check the question and your work again after you have finished writing.
DON'Ts
Don't use white correction fluid but do cross out mistakes with a single line.
Don't forget to divide your time appropriately between the two questions. Remember that Part 1 is marked out of 10 and Part 2 out of 20.
Don't panic if o ther people in the exam start writing straight away. It’s better to read the question carefully and plan before you start writing.
Don't copy too many words and phrases from the question paper – try to use your own words. Don’t repeat the same words and structures too often.
Don't waste time writing addresses for a letter, as they are not required.
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FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
How many answers do I need to produce?
Two.
In what ways is Part 1 different from Part 2?
In Part 1, the task requires internal communication (writing to somebody within the same company), which may be a note, message, memo or email. In Part 2, the task may be a business letter, fax or email, or a report or proposal.
Is the input different in Part 1 than Part 2?
Y es. In Part 1, the input is a situation with instructions for what to write plus the layout of the task type. In Part 2, there are one or more pieces of input. These could be in the form of business correspondence – letter, fax or email, or internal communication – note, memo or email, or visuals such as graphs, charts, adverts, notices, etc. The layout is given if the task is to write a fax or an email.
How many marks is each question worth?
Part 2 is worth twice as many marks as Part 1. The scores are converted to provide a mark out 10 for Part 1 and a mark out of 20 for Part 2.
How many marks does the Writing paper carry in total?
The Writing paper is worth a total of 30 marks (25% of the total score).
Where do I write my answers?
In the question booklet. This booklet also contains enough space for you to write your rough work.
What if I write less than the number of words stated in the task?
If you write an answer which is too short, it may not have an adequate range of language and may not provide all the information required.
What if I write more than the number of words stated in the task?
Y ou should not worry if you write slightly more than the word limit, but if you write far more than the word limit, your message may become unclear, and have a negative effect on the reader.
How is the Writing paper marked?
Writing Examiners mark candidate answers in a secure online marking environment. The software randomly allocates candidate answers to Examiners so they assess scripts from a variety of countries and centres. The software allows for examiners marking to be monitored for quality and consistency.
What’s in the Listening paper?
The Cambridge English: Business V antage Listening paper has three parts. For each part you have to listen to a recorded text or texts and answer some questions. Y ou hear each recording twice.
Summary
Time allowed:
About 40 minutes, including time to transfer your answers onto the answer sheet
Number of parts:
3
Number of questions:
30
Marks:
25% of total
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Parts 1–3
Part 1 (Note completion)
What's in Part 1? Three conversations or answer machine messages. For each recording, you have to listen and fill in four gaps in a short text, such as a form.
What do I have to practise?
Listening and noting specific information.
How many questions are there?
12
How many marks do I get?
One mark for each correct answer.
Practise Part 1
Now try Part 1 from the sample Cambridge English: Business V antage Listening paper.
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Part 2 (Matching)
What's in Part 2? Two sets of five short monologues (recordings of one person speaking). All the monologues have a similar theme. Each set of monologues has a list of eight items (A–H) and you have to match each speaker to one of the items.
What do I have to practise?
Listening to identify topic, context, function, etc.
How many questions are there?
10
How many marks do I get?
One mark for each correct answer.
Practise Part 2
Now try Part 2 from the sample Cambridge English: Business V antage Listening paper.
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Part 3 (Multiple choice)
What's in Part 3? One longer conversation or monologue (interview, discussion, presentation, etc.) and some comprehension questions. Y ou have to listen to the recording and choose the right answer (A, B or C) for each question.
What do I have to practise?
Listening for details and main ideas.
How many questions are there?
8
How many marks do I get?
One mark for each correct answer.
Practise Part 3
Now try Part 3 from the sample Cambridge English: Business V antage Listening paper.
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DOs and DON’Ts
DOs
In the time before the first listening, read the instructions and task carefully, think about what you are going to hear, and underline key words in the instructions and questions.
Use the second listening to check, confirm or alter your answers from the first listening (remember that changing an answer in Part 2 may affect other answers in the same task).
Remember that in Part 1, spelling should be correct (British or American spelling). Concentrate on an in-depth understanding of what is said in Parts 2 and 3.
Remember that in Part 2, the five answers in each task should be different.
Answer all the questions –you won't lose marks for wrong answers, and there's a chance that you'll guess correctly.
Carefully copy your answers in pencil onto the answer sheet during the 10 minutes at the end of the test.
DON'Ts
Don't leave any answers blank.
Don't spend too long thinking about a question: leave it until the second listening.
Don't attempt to rephrase unnecessarily what you hear in Part 1.
Don't forget to pay attention to anything that appears after the gap in Part 1 questions.
In Part 1, don’t repeat information or words that already appear before or after the gap. For example, if the word ‘days’ is after the gap, don’t write ‘days’ in your answer.
n Part 3, don’t forget that you should only choose the option that actuall y answers the question –even if an option is true, it may not answer the question that has been asked.
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FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
What sort of material is used in the test?
The recordings are scripted. They all deal with business topics and situations. Nearly all have one or two speakers.
How useful is exam preparation for improving my listening ability?
The exam tests listening skills that are required for most purposes – not only in business – so exam preparation is valuable, even if you are not taking the exam.
Can the Listening test be taken separately?
No, Cambridge English: Business V antage consists of four papers testing listening, reading, writing and speaking. All four papers need to be taken in the same exam period, in order to pass the exam.
Face-to-face Speaking test
Download a free pack of sample papers (zip file)
What’s in the Speaking paper?
The Cambridge English: Business V antage Speaking test has three parts and you take it together with another candidate. There are two examiners. One of the examiners conducts the test and the other examiner listens to what you say and takes notes.
Summary
Time allowed:
14 minutes per pair of candidates
Number of parts:
3
Marks:
25% of total
Y ou have to talk:
with the examiner
with the other candidate
on your own
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Parts 1–3
Part 1 (Conversation)
What's in Part 1? Conversation with the examiner. The examiner first asks general and then more business-related questions. Y ou will have to talk briefly about yourself, your home, interests and job.
What do I have to practise?
Giving personal information. Talking about present circumstances, past experiences and future plans, expressing opinions, speculating, etc.
How long do we have to speak?
About 3 minutes
Practise Part 1
Now try Part 1 from the sample Cambridge English: Business V antage Speaking paper
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Part 2 (Mini-presentation)
What's in Part 2? A 'mini-presentation' on a business theme. The examiner gives you a choice of three topics (A, B or C). Y ou have 1 minute to prepare to give a speech lasting approximately 1 minute. Listen carefully when your partner speaks as the examiner will ask you a question about what your partner says.
What do I have to practise?
Making a longer speech on your own. Giving information, and expressing and justifying
opinions.
How long do we have to speak?
About 6 minutes
Practise Part 2
Now try Part 2 from the sample Cambridge English: Business V antage Speaking paper.
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Part 3 (Discussion)
What's in Part 3? A discussion with the other candidate on a business-related topic. The examiner gives you a topic to discuss and you have to talk to the other candidate about the situation and decide together what to do.
What do I have to practise?
Expressing and justifying opinions, speculating, comparing and contrasting, agreeing and disagreeing, etc.
How long do we have to speak?
About 5 minutes
Practise Part 3
Now try Part 3 from the sample Cambridge English: Business V antage Speaking paper.
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DOs and DON’Ts
DOs
Get plenty of speaking practice in small groups, especially on topics that are likely to be used in the exam.
Listen to native (or good) speakers of English doing similar tasks.
Collect and keep records of words and phrases that are useful for carrying out the exam tasks.
Ask for clarification if you don't understand the instructions/task.
Speak clearly and loudly enough for the examiners to hear you.
A void long silences and frequent pauses.
Listen to your partner and respond appropriately.
Make sure turn-taking (taking turns to speak and listen to each other) is as natural as possible.
Use all the opportunities yo u’re given in the test to speak, and extend your responses whenever possible.
DON'Ts
Don't memorise and practise long answers for Part 1.
Don’t try to talk much more than your partner or interrupt in an impolite way.
Don't worry about not knowing a word or phrase – explain what you mean using other words. Don't worry too much about making mistakes – you don't have to be word perfect.
Don't just respond to what has been said –be prepared to give your own ideas, ask for your partner’s opinion and develo p your partner's ideas and contributions.
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FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
How many marks is the Speaking test worth?
It is worth 25% of the total marks for the Cambridge English: Business V antage examination.
What should I do if I don't understand a question?
Ask! Good communication involves asking when you don’t understand in an appropriate way.
I communicate well but am not always very accurate in grammar and vocabulary. Can I still pass the Speaking paper?
For the V antage level, you need to be accurate enough in your grammar and choice of words to get your meaning across. In other words, you do not need to be accurate all the time to pass. Also, remember that grammar and vocabulary is only one of the four areas that are assessed in the exam. The others are discourse management, pronunciation and interactive communication.
What sort of topics might I be expected to speak about?
Some examples: personal information, the office, general business environment and routine, entertainment of clients, travel and conference meetings, using the telephone, health and safety, buying and selling, management skills, promotion, training courses. These topics are spread across the four components of the exam (Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking).
Is it an advantage to know your partner in the Speaking test?
No. Y ou should be encouraged to change partners in class so that you get used to interacting with a variety of people, includ ing people you don’t know well.
What if I am paired with someone much better than me?
As all students are assessed on their own performance and not on how they compare with their exam partner, this would not be a problem. So similarly, if you have difficulty in understanding your partner your grade will not suffer. It is important to try to communicate and interact with your partner, whatever their level.
How much do I need to know about business to be successful in the Speaking test?
The Cambridge English: Business Certificates were developed to test English language in a
business context. They are not focused on any specific branch, e.g. banking or computing, but you are expected to be familiar with a wide range of business situations and the vocabulary appropriate to them.
What if I don't know anything about any of the topics for the 1-minute presentation?
Y ou do not need specialist knowledge for the topics used. There are three topics for you to choose from. The first topic is always the most general and is suitable for people with little or no working experience. The second topic is more specific to work contexts, and the third is most suited to people with experience of work situations. Y ou are marked on your language and not on your knowledge of the topic or the originality of your ideas.
What happens if two candidates are ‘mismatched’, e.g. a shy person with a more dominant one? Examiners know how to deal with this situation, and give both of the candidates an opportunity to speak –make sure you take this opportunity. It is important both to talk and to give the other candidate the chance to talk. The examiner can use the questions after the Part 3 task to encourage a quieter student to speak more.
Does the interview always have a 2:2 format?
No, if there is an uneven number of candidates, a group of three is allowed.
ContentProvider和Uri详解222
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,/s/blog_49f62c350101hhhl.html Android四大组件是Activity, Service, Content Provider, Broadcast Receiver。 Activity作为程序界面，直接与用户交互 Service运行在后台，没有界面，完成特定的功能 ContentProvider维护应用数据，方便应用本身或其它应用访问 Broadcast Receiver提供异步广播消息接收机制，便于各应用/组件进行交互 通过AndroidManifest.xml, 可以看到一个应用使用了哪些组件： attribute的定义可以参考 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,/guide/topics/manifest/manifest-intro.html 下面重点探讨Content Provider的实现和使用。 二．什么是ContentProvider
Content Provider维护特定的应用数据，并可以让其它应用轻松访问该数据。对数据使 用者来说它是数据提供者。它提供统一的接口对数据进行操作，使用者不用关心数据到底是如何存储的以及数据类型到底是什么。也就是说，Content Provider作为数据提供者，提供了对外共享本地数据一种机制，使Android应用能方便地基于该机制进行数据访问。 为了便于管理和访问，每个Content Provider必须有唯一标示，用Uri表示。Uri 类似http url, 构成如下： content://authority/path 所有Content Provider的Uri必须以content://开头，这是Android规定的。 authority是个字符串，它由开发者自己定义，用于来唯一标示一个ContentProvider。系统会根据这个标示查找ContentProvider。 path也是字符串，表示要操作的数据。可根据自己的实现逻辑来指定：content://contacts/people表示要操作ContentProvider为contacts下的people表content://com.android.contacts/people/#表示要操作表people中特定id的行(记录)。content://downloads/download/10/name表示要操作id为10的行的name字段。content://downloads/download/*表示操作download表中的所有字段。 总之，#匹配一个数字字符串，*匹配一个文本字符串。 可以看出, 实现一个自定义的Content Provider，要基于系统提供的基类ContentProvider，需要实现6个接口。大部分接口就是类似数据库的数据操作接口，实际上Content Provider是需要创建数据库并对数据库进行操作的。完成实现之后，在
content
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,模板页的使用 1，创建模板页 1）首先我们先建立一个网站（图一）， 。 2）在此项目上添加一个模板页，在网站上“右击鼠标”，选择“添加新相”，找到“模板页”（图二），名称自己定，语言当然就不用说了，然后点击添加就可以了！
3）现在我们再仔细的看一下这个模板页到底有什么功能，到底有什么神秘之处！我们双击如图所示的MasterPage.master文件，查看其原文件，我们首先看到第一行就是“<%@ Master Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="MasterPage.master.cs" Inherits="MasterPage" %>”，这句话是模板页的声明，如果我们仔细一点的话就会发现，它的声明和普通页面的声明很相似，主要有一下几点：1、模板页是以master 开始，后缀是“.master”，而普通的页面是以page开始的，后缀是“.aspx”，再一个很大的区别就是：在模板页中存在一个“ContentPlaceHolder”控件，这个控件就是用来填充内容页的地方，而普通的页面是没有的！（图四）我们可以在模板页的地方添加各种固定的信息如页面的logo或者是声明等！现在我们为这个模板页添加一个内容页，来看一下效果。
具体操作如下：我们在内容页的位置右击鼠标，选择“添加内容页”（图六）就可以。此时，我们会看到内容页的源码区，及其简单，就三句话。
其中“MasterPageFile="~/MasterPage.master"”这句话是定义是模板页， 再看下一行“
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消毒产品包括消毒剂、消毒器械、卫生用品和一次性使用医疗用品。消毒产品不是药品，其外包装、说明书、标签上不应出现或暗示对疾病有治疗效果。 保健食品 具有特定保健功能或者以补充维生素、矿物质为目的的食品。即适宜于特定人群食用，具有调节机体功能，不以治疗疾病为目的，并且对人体不产生任何急性、亚急性或者慢性危害的食品。 指以涂擦、喷洒或者其他类似的方法，散布于人体表面任何部位（皮肤、毛发、指甲、口唇等），以达到清洁、消除不良气味、护肤、美容和修饰目的的日用化学工业产品。 特殊用途化妆品 是指用于育发、染发、烫发、脱毛、美乳、健美、除臭、祛斑、防晒的化妆品。化妆品标签、小包装或者说明书上不得注有适应症，不得宣传疗效，不得使用医疗术语。 药品和保健品的区别 保健食品与药品最根本的区别就在于保健食品没有确切的治疗作用，不能用作与治疗疾病，只是具有保健功能，既不可宣传治疗功效。对某些保健食品利用非法广告进行夸大宣传，号称“包治百病”，我们一定要有清醒的认识，以免受到广告的欺骗耽误正常的治疗、加重病情。 药品本身的特殊性
新闻稿件写作要求及评分细则
新闻稿件写作要求及评分细则 A．格式（20分，每项4分） 标题 时间：XXXX-XX-XX（活动时间）｜作者：XXX｜来源：XXX（社团全称） 正文 1.字体：中文宋体；西文Times New Roman（两项中有一项错误扣2分）； 2.字号：标题小三；正文小四（两项中有一项错误扣2分）； 3.字数在300——600为宜，对于大型重要活动需将字数控制在800字左右。 （此项得4分或0分） 4.其他：标题居中，标题和正文均不加粗，不加下划线，不倾斜，无其它 附加内容（此项得4分或0分）； 5.段落：全文1.5倍行距，首行缩进2个字符（两项中有一项错误扣2分）。 B.首尾段要求（20分） 1.标题简明扼要，不标新立异；（此项得2分或0分） 2.首段必须具备新闻五要素：时间（when）、地点（where）、人物（who）、事 件（what）、原因（why）；也可加入第六要素：如何（How）（5分，每项1分） 3.尾段对整个活动小结、说明影响、阐释意义；（此项得5分或0分） 4.在标题和正首尾段中出现的社团名称、举办地点等应写全称，如“体舞” 应写为“四川大学体育舞蹈协会”，“社团联”应写为“四川大学学生社团联合会”，“一教A111”应写为“四川大学江安校区第一基础教学楼A座111室”，“综B111”应写为“四川大学江安校区综合楼B座111室”；（此项得5分或0分） 5.人名、地点、领导名字、职位及排序要正确，对于多领导参加的活动，请 对其名字、职位、排序等问题加以核实；应特别注意“出席”、“莅临”等词
只可用于校党委书记及校长；（此项得3分或0分） C．内容（20分） 1.新闻稿件语言要概括精炼，避免口语化；（5分） 注：语言精炼，符合书面用语要求——5分 语言表达准确，符合书面用语要求——4分 语言表达一般，很少有口语化描述——3分 语言表达较差，口语化现象较严重——2分 2.要客观公正的报道新闻事实，主观色彩不可太浓，不可出现第一人称描 述，尽量避免对报道的新闻事件进行主观判断、评价和记者个人臆测内容的出现；（5分） 注：新闻报道客观公正，无第一人称性描述——5分 新闻报道带有少量主观色彩，无第一人称性描述——4分 新闻报道带有较多主观色彩，无第一人称性描述——3分 新闻报道主观色彩浓郁，以第一人称性进行描述——2分 3.不得出现语法错误，如错别字（主要为“的”“地”“得”的错用）、标点 （主要为逗号、顿号、分号的混用）、乱用成语、搭配不当、结构混乱（主要为逻辑不通、段落内容重复）等；（5分） 注：无语法错误——5分 出现1-2处语法错误——5分 出现3-4处语法错误——4分 出现5-6处语法错误——3分 出现6处以上语法错误——2分 4.内容充实，对活动的具体流程进行详细描述，语言要符合新闻要求但也 不应过于死板。（5分） 注：内容充实，对活动描述详尽，语言符合要求、使用灵活——5分内容丰富，对活动描述完整，语言符合要求、使用灵活——4分 内容丰富，对活动描述较完整，语言符合新闻基本要求——3分 内容一般，对活动描述粗略，语言违背新闻基本要求——2分
pull短语及详细用法教学内容
pull away [ phrasal verb ] : to begin to move farther ahead in a race, competition, contest, etc. They pulled away in the second half and won the game easily. — often + from In the final lap, he pulled away from the other cars and won. pull back [ phrasal verb ] 1 : to decide not to do something that you had intended to do or started to do The buyers of the house pulled back [=pulled out] at the last minute. 2 pull back or pull back (someone or something)or pull (someone or something) back : to move back from a place or position or to cause (someone or something) to move back from a place or position The soldiers were outnumbered and were forced to pull back. [=retreat, withdraw] The general pulled his army back. 3 pull (something) back or pull back (something)Brit, sports : to score (a goal, point, etc.) so that you are not as far behind in a game as you were before They were behind 2?0 but they pulled back a goal [=they scored a goal to make the score 2?1] early in the second half. pull down [ phrasal verb ] 1 pull down (something) or pull (something) down 1 a : to move (something) down I pulled down the shade. He always wears his baseball cap pulled downover his eyes. 1 b : to destroy (a building) completely The wreckers pulled down [=demolished] the building. 1 c : to make (something) smaller in amount or number : to reduce or lower (something) The rumors that the company was filing for bankruptcy pulled stock prices down. 2 pull down (someone) or pull (someone) downUS, informal : to cause (someone) to become sad or depressed The loss really pulled the team down. [=brought the team down] 3 pull down (something) informal 3 a : to earn (a particular and usually large amount of money) He pulls down [=makes, pulls in] more than a million dollars a year. 3 b : to get (something) The show has pulled down high ratings. pull in [ phrasal verb ] 1 : to arrive at a place and come to a stop “When are our guests coming?” “I think they just pulled in.” The train pulled in on time.
临床常用药物大全
第一章.消化系统疾病常用药物 第一节抗酸药：是一类弱碱性物质，口服能中和胃酸 碳酸氢钠：0.5g/片 【适应病症】：治疗胃酸过多，代谢性酸中毒及高钾血症。 【用法】：餐前服用。 【注意事项】：静脉滴注时应防止渗漏，应注意给药速度，5％碳酸氢钠为高张性溶液，滴注过快会抑制心脏，使血压骤降，不利于心脏复苏；对血钾过低者不宜立即应用，忌与酸性药物配伍，除普鲁卡因胺外，不宜与其他常用的心肺复苏药物合用；口服易产生CO2，将要穿孔的溃疡患者忌用。 【不良反应】：引起继发性胃酸分泌过多。用量过大可致碱中毒。 铝碳酸镁(胃达喜)：500mg/片 【适应病症】：治疗消化性溃疡，胃炎。 【用法】：每次1～2片，3 次/日，餐后1～2小时或睡前咀嚼服用。 【注意事项】：大剂量服用可能有胃肠道不适，如消化不良和软糊状便，肾功能不全者长期服用应定期监测血中的铝含量，可影响四环素、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星的吸收。 【不良反应】：本药不良反应少而轻微，仅少数患者有胃肠道不适、消化不良、呕吐、大便次数增多或糊状大便，个别有腹泻。 磷酸铝（洁维乐凝胶）：20g/包 【适应病症】：治疗消化性溃疡，胃炎，食管炎，胃酸过多等 【用法】：用前先摇匀，挤出凝胶直接服用，也可就水服用，成人每天2次，每次1包【注意事项】：每袋磷酸铝凝胶含蔗糖2.7g，糖尿病患者使用本品时，不超过1袋。慢性肾功能衰竭患者禁用，高磷血症禁用。对卧床不起或老年患者，有时会有便秘现象，此时可采用灌肠法。 【不良反应】：可见恶心、呕吐、便秘、大剂量可致肠梗阻；长期服用可致骨软化、脑病、痴呆及小红细胞性贫血，本品可影响某些药物的吸收。 大黄苏打：0.3g/片 【适应病症】：有健胃、制酸作用，用于食欲不振、消化不良、胃酸过多。 【用法】：每次1～3片，3 次/日 【注意事项】：①不宜与胃蛋白酶合剂、维生素等酸性药物合用。②密闭阴暗贮藏，否则逐渐变质，一部分碳酸氢钠变为碳酸钠。 【不良反应】：口服后可能因产生大量二氧化碳而使胃扩张，并刺激溃疡。 第二节H2受体阻断剂：可拮抗组胺引起的胃酸分泌
详解HTML5中rel属性的prefetch预加载功能使用
这篇文章主要介绍了HTML5中rel属性的prefetch预加载功能使用,特别是在用户第一次访问Web页面浏览器尚无缓存的时候,prefetch可以用作加速,需要的朋友可以参考下在HTML5中,有个很有用但常被忽略的特性,就是预先加载(prefetch),它的原理是: 利用浏览器的空闲时间去先下载用户指定需要的内容,然后缓存起来,这样用户下次加载时,就直接从缓存中取出来,效率就快了. 举个例子说明:比如要预先加载某个页面,可以这样: XML/HTML Code <link rel="prefetch" href="https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,/"> <!-- Firefox --> 但如果是google的话,要用另外的一个名称,即: XML/HTML Code <link rel="prerender" href="https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,/"> <!-- Chrome --> 即使在不支持的浏览器,用了这个特性其实是不会出错的,只不过浏览器解析不到而已, 所以,如果你感觉能有办法预先预测到用户期望点的页面(比如用户看最新的受欢迎的热图,他可能看了第一页后,会继续看下一页,这个时候就可以用预先加载这个特性了).比如XML/HTML Code <link rel="prefetch" href="<?php echo get_next_posts_page_link(); ?>"> 而单独取一张图片也是可以的,比如: XML/HTML Code <link rel="prefetch" href="/images/test.jpg"/> 有了浏览器缓存，为何还需要预加载？ 1.用户可能是第一次访问网站，此时还无缓存 2.用户可能清空了缓存 3.缓存可能已经过期，资源将重新加载 4.用户访问的缓存文件可能不是最新的，需要重新加载 5.Chrome 的预加载技术 现在的chrome 聪明到根据你的浏览记录，预测到你可能访问或搜索哪些网站，在你打开网站之前就加载好了一些资源了。 举个栗子，当你在搜索框输入"amaz" 时，它猜测到你可能要访问https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,，可能就帮你加载了这个网站的一些资源。 如果这个预测算法精准的话，就能大大地提高用户的浏览体验了。 DNS prefetch 我们知道，当我们访问一个网站如https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html, 时，需要将这个域名先转化为对应的IP 地址，这是一个非常耗时的过程。 DNS prefetch 分析这个页面需要的资源所在的域名，浏览器空闲时提前将这些域名转化为IP 地址，真正请求资源时就避免了上述这个过程的时间。 XML/HTML Code <meta http-equiv='x-dns-prefetch-control' content='on'> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,'> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,'> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,'> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,'> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4611786544.html,'>
ES系列以太网交换机使用说明(Content)
第一章产品介绍 1.1产品简介 ES系列快速以太网交换机是款完全符合IEEE 802.3 Ethernet 标准，并且满足工业生产的苛刻要求的高性能交换机，它为建立小型、中型、大型网络尤其是工业自动化控制网络、小区社区网络接入提供了最具性价比的组网解决方案。本系列交换机目前包括ES-24/ES-24F和ES-08三款交换机,其中ES-24F提供光模块接口扩展。 在本系列交换机中，所有的端口都支持自适应功能，与任何10Mbps 或100Mbps ，全双工或半双工的以太网设备相连都能保证正常工作，并可独享速率，大幅提升网络性能。采用最新的“自动交叉线（Auto-Cross-Over）技术，能自动检测双绞线为直通线或交叉线，任何线与任何口都可以相连，所有端口都可以作级联口。本系列交换机还可以扩展1 或2 口100BASE-FX SC/ST 光纤模块，用来连接远距离的交换机或服务器，最长可延伸2公里(多模)或20公里以上(单模)距离，其独立的模块口不占用其它端口。 1.2 装箱清单 先检查包装是否完全如下列附件，如果任一附件遗失或受损，请与您的经销商联系并保留原包装，包装中有以下附件： ·一台以太网交换机 · L型固定架两个 ·镙钉六枚 ·黏性胶垫四个 ·使用手册 1.3 产品特性和规格 产品特性 ● 符合IEEE 802.3 标准 ● 流控方式：全双工采用IEEE 802.3x 标准，半双工采用Backpressure标准 ● 存储-转发体系结构 ● 具有8/24 个10Base-T/100Base-TX RJ-45 端口(支持MDI/MDIX 自动翻转功能) ● 提供2个扩展插槽，支持100M光纤/UTP模块卡和宽带路由模块卡 ● 背板带宽大于4.8G ● 转发速率：10M 14，880pps 100M 148,800pps ● 支持4K MAC地址空间 ● 缓冲区容量6M ● 每一端口支持地址学习功能，并允许设置动态地址老化时间 ● 支持静态MAC地址表的管理及静态MAC地址绑定功能 ● 能提供端口安全控制、端口监控等设置功能 ●提供多种电源支持，包括AC 220V，DC 220V和DC 110V ●默认电源支持AC 220V/DC220V自适应 ●在-25 oC至70 oC间可保证正常工作 ●在温度为4 0 oC，湿度为95％的湿热环境（无凝结）下可保证工作正常 ●可在10V/m的强磁场辐射环境下正常工作 ●6Kv接触放电（静电干扰）下工作无影响
正确使用生活中常用药物
正确使用生活中常用药物 姓名：11级公管2班吴山 摘要：掌握常用口服药品的服用时间及原因。掌握常用口服药品的正确使用方法和注意事项。掌握外用剂型的正确使用方法和注意事项。掌握常用外用药品的正确使用方法和注意事项。掌握常用注射剂的正确使用方法和事项。 关键词：常用药物，药物的使用方法和注意事项。 正文：目前，我国医药行业朝着快速、高投入、不断更新换代的方向发展。特别是随着各种新药、仿制药不断涌现，在充分满足人们防病、治病需求的同时，也导致药物不良反应问题日益严重。为此，如何保障大众合理正确使用药物已成为一个亟待解决的重点问题。执业药师应该在合理正确使用药物方面起指导作用。正确合理使用药物必须对药物的特点、性质、适应性、用法用量、用药时间、注意事项等等有完全的了解和掌握。 合理正确使用药物首先要了解、掌握国家基本药物。早在1979年，我国就已开始实行基本药物政策。只有了解、掌握基本常用药物，进一步学习基本常用药物，才能更有效地保障大众合理用药。本文叙述了部分国家基本药物的合理正确使用方法，主要对常用口服药物、常用外用药物、常用注射的药物进行阐述。 一、基本药物的概念 基本药物的概念是世界卫生组织(WHO)于1977年提出的，其英文名称为Essential Medicine。2002年1月，WHO将基本药物定义为：能优先满足人们卫生保健需求的药物，是按照一定的遴选原则，经过认真筛选确定的、数量有限的药物。我国对基本药物的遴选原则是“临床必需、安全有效、价格合理、应用方便、中两药并重”。1979年，我国政府制订了《国家基本药物目录》，迄今为
止已修订了4版。除此之外，还制订了《国家基本药物临床手册》及《国家基本药物中药制剂临床指南》。
评分标准及评分细则
评标标准和评分细则 一、评标因素 投标人的评标得分由商务和技术两部分组成，满分为100分，各评标因素占总分的权重为： 1.商务报价： 30％ 2.设备技术性能： 55％ 3.技术方案： 4％ 4.供货、施工方案与组织保障措施： 4％ 5.售后服务与承诺： 5％ 6.投标文件质量： 2％ 二、评分细则 （一）商务报价： 30分 以满足招标文件要求且投标价格最低的投标报价为评标基准价，投标报价等于基准价得30分；投标报价高于基准价的，统一按照下列公式计算：投标报价得分=（评标基准价/投标报价）×30(百分点保留2位小数点，得分保留2位小数,第3位四舍五入,下同)。 （二）技术部分： 70分 由评标委员会成员对投标文件的技术部分充分审核、综合比较与评价后独立评分，每人一份评分表，打分后在评分表上签名。在统计得分时，如发现某一单项评分超过评分细则规定的分值范围，则该张评分表无效。投标人技术部分的最终得分为评标委员会成员的有效评分的算术平均值(7名及以上评委时，最终得分为评标委员会成员的有效评分去掉一个最高分和一个最低分后的算术平均值)。 1.设备技术性能：55分 1)响应招标文件要求的实质性技术要求、参数的得基本分20分。 2)MCU设备在同类产品中性能优秀的得8分,中等的得5分,一般的得3分。 3)MCU设备支持720P（及以上）得2分，双主控板得1分，双电源得1分，板卡支持热插拔得1分。 4)终端设备在同类产品中性能优秀的得6分,中等的得4分,一般 的得2分。 5)高端摄像机在同类产品中性能优秀的得5分,中等的得3分,一 般的得1分。 6)录播流媒体服务器在同类产品中性能优秀的得3分,中等的得2分,一般的得1分。 7)液晶电视机在同类产品中性能优秀的得3分,中等的得2分,一
Content
Content [点拨] content adj.满足的，满意的 常用短语： ① be content with = be satisfied with = be pleased with对……满意 ② be content to do sth. = be willing to do sth. = be ready to do sth. 乐意做某事 例句： Are you content / satisfied / pleased with your work? 你对你的工作满意吗？ The old man is content / willing / ready to live in the countryside. 那位老人乐意住在乡村。 n. ①满足（不可数） 常用短语：to one’s heart’s content 尽情地 例句： The child is singing to his heart’s content. 这个孩子尽情地唱歌。 ②（书、文章、节目、演说等的）内容（常用单数形式）；容纳的东西（常用复数形式） 例句： I like the style of his wr iting but I don’t like the content. 我喜欢他的写作风格，但是不喜欢他写的内容。 He looked at the contents of the bag. 他看了看袋子里的东西。 ③目录（常用复数形式） 例句： The contents of a book can help you understand the book. 书的目录可以帮助你了解一本书。 ④含量, 容量（不可数） 例句：
http中content-type头值-
http中content-type头值－(MIME类型) 常见文件http中content-type头值－(MIME类型) .ppt–application/mspowerpoint .ai–application/postscript .aif–audio/x-aiff .aifc–audio/x-aiff .aiff–audio/x-aiff .asc–text/plain .au–audio/basic .avi–video/x-msvideo .bcpio–application/x-bcpio .bin–application/octet-stream .c–text/plain .cc–text/plain .ccad–application/clariscad .cdf–application/x-netcdf .class–application/octet-stream .cpio–application/x-cpio .cpt–application/mac-compactpro .csh–application/x-csh .css–text/css .dcr–application/x-director .dir–application/x-director .dms–application/octet-stream .doc–application/msword .drw–application/drafting .dvi–application/x-dvi .dwg–application/acad .dxf–application/dxf .dxr–application/x-director .eps–application/postscript .etx–text/x-setext .exe–application/octet-stream .ez–application/andrew-inset .f–text/plain .f90–text/plain .fli–video/x-fli .gif–image/gif .gtar–application/x-gtar .gz–application/x-gzip .h–text/plain .hdf–application/x-hdf .hh–text/plain
评分标准(参考格式)
2018年高职（专科）单独招生考试 数学（样题）答案 、单项选择题（本题型共20题，每题3分，共计60分） 每题只有一个正确答案，在答题卡相应位置上填写相应答案代码。（答案写在试题卷上无效。） 评分标准：（1）选对的得3分、（2）选错或不选的不得分。 标准答案：1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. B （在答题卡上解答，答在试题卷上无效） 评分标准：（1）答对的得3分、（2）答错或不答的不得分。 标准答案：21. 7 22. -1 23. (0, 10](或 0 ：： x^10) 24. x-2y 5=0 49 25. 36. 26.竺 8 27. -2 28. 48 29. 1 48. 30. - 2 三、解答题（本题型共7题，其中第31、32题各6分，第33、36题各8分，第34、37 题各10 分，35题12分，共计60分） （在答题卡上解答，答在试题卷上无效） 评分标准：本题按步骤给分，做到哪步，就给到哪步分? 标准答案： 31.本小题满分6分. 1 1 1 原式=丄2 -丄丄* 1 ------------------ 2 分 4 2 2 1 1 二丄2 -丄1 ------------ 2分 4 4 、填空题（本题型共10题，每题3分，共计30 分）
=3 --------------------------- 2 分
32.本小题满分6分. 2 2 1 原式=log2 2 Ig1「2lg10 log3 3 ------------- 2分 =2 0-2 2-1 --------------------------------- -2 分 =_3 -------------------------------------- -2 分33.本小题满分8分. 证明：左边=cos2：誥亠（sin ：萤亠1）2—2sin、；-. ---- 2 分 一cos2二：：sin2二：：2sin t 1- 2sin ：- ——2 分=11 ----------------------------- --2 分 -2 -右边--------------------------- ---1 分 原式成立------------------------ ---1 分34.本小题满分10分. 解：设原来的三个数分别是a, a , aq （q为公比）------1 q __、.一 a 由题意得：一x a x aq = 27 q ------------- 1 分 解得 a =3 -------- ------ 1 分 ???原来的三个数分别是3 q 3 , 3q ---------- 1 分 ??? 3 , 3, 3q-4成等差数列 q ------------- 1 分??? 3 3q -4 =2 3 q ----------- 1 分 即 3q2 -10q 3=0 -- - ---------- 1 分解得：q = 3或q = 1 3 ------------- 2 分?原来的三个数分别是1, 3, 9 或9, 3, 1 ——1 分
CAD直接修改文字或块的属性内容程序
(defun c:cht(/ e ent en newt oldt ent1) (setq e (car (entsel "\nPick a text or a attrib: "))) (if (/= e nil) (progn (setq ent (entget e)) (cond ((and (= (cdr (assoc 0 ent)) "INSERT") (= (cdr (assoc 66 ent)) 1)) (progn (setq en (entget (setq ent (entnext e)))) (setq oldt (cdr (assoc 1 en))) (setq newt (getstring T (strcat "\nNew text <" oldt ">:"))) (if (= newt "") (setq newt oldt)) (setq ent1 (subst (cons (car (assoc 1 en)) newt) (assoc 1 en) en)) (entmod ent1) (entupd ent) )) ((= (cdr (assoc 0 ent)) "TEXT") (progn (setq oldt (cdr (assoc 1 ent))) (setq newt (getstring T (strcat "\nNew text <" oldt ">:"))) (if (= newt "") (setq newt oldt)) (setq ent1 (subst (cons (car (assoc 1 ent)) newt) (assoc 1 ent) ent)) (entmod ent1) )) (T (princ "\nError: Not a text or not a block or no attrib in block !")) ) ) ) (princ) )
文件属性详解
linux中各种文件类型 普通文件（- regular file） (1)文本文件。文件中的内容是由文本构成的，文本指的是ASCII码字符。文件里的内容本质上都是数字（不管什么文件内容本质上都是数字，因为计算机中本身就只有1和0），而文本文件中的数字本身应该被理解为这个数字对应的ASCII码。常见的.c 文件, .h文件 .txt文件等都是文本文件。文本文件的好处就是可以被人轻松读懂和编写。所以说文本文件天生就是为人类发明的。 (2)二进制文件。二进制文件中存储的本质上也是数字，只不过这些数字并不是文字的编码数字，而是就是真正的数字。常见的可执行程序文件（gcc编译生成的a.out，arm-linux-gcc编译连接生成的.bin）都是二进制文件。 (3)对比：从本质上来看（就是刨除文件属性和内容的理解）文本文件和二进制文件并没有任何区别。都是一个文件里面存放了数字。区别是理解方式不同，如果把这些数字就当作数字处理则就是二进制文件，如果把这些数字按照某种编码格式去解码成文本字符，则就是文本文件。 (4)我们如何知道一个文件是文件文件还是二进制文件？在linux系统层面是不区分这两个的（譬如之前学过的open、read、write等方法操作文件文件和二进制文件时一点区别都没有），所以我们无法从文件本身准确知道文件属于哪种，我们只能本来就知道这个文件的类型然后用这种类型的用法去用他。有时候会用一些后缀名来人为的标记文件的类型。 (5)使用文本文件时，常规用法就是用文本文件编辑器去打开它、编辑它。常见的文本文件编辑器如vim、gedit、notepad++、SourceInsight等，我们用这些文本文件编辑器去打开文件的时候，编辑器会read读出文件二进制数字内容，然后按照编码格式去解码将其还原成文字展现给我们。如果用文本文件编辑器去打开一个二进制文件会如何？这时候编辑器就以为这个二进制文件还是文本文件然后试图去将其解码成文字，但是解码过程很多数字并不对应有意义的文字所以成了乱码。 (6)反过来用二进制阅读工具去读取文本文件会怎么样？得出的就是文本文字所对应的二进制的编码。 目录文件（d directory） (1)目录就是文件夹，文件夹在linux中也是一种文件，不过是特殊文件。用vi打开一个文件夹就能看到，文件夹其实也是一种特殊文件，里面存的内容包括这个文件的路径，还有文件夹里面的文件列表。 (2)但是文件夹这种文件比较特殊，本身并不适合用普通的方式来读写。linux中是使用特殊的一些API来专门读写文件夹的。 字符设备文件（c character） 块设备文件（b block） (1)设备文件对应的是硬件设备，也就是说这个文件虽然在文件系统中存在，但是并不是真正存在于硬盘上的一个文件，而是文件系统虚拟制造出来的（叫虚拟文件系统，如/dev /sys /proc等） (2)虚拟文件系统中的文件大多数不能或者说不用直接读写的，而是用一些特殊的API产生或者使用的，具体在驱动阶段会详解。 管道文件（p pipe） 套接字文件（s socket） 符号链接文件（l link）
常用药品名称、用法及用途
常用药品的名称用法及用途 1.盐酸肾上腺素(负肾，AD，1mg/1ml) 1）作用：兴奋α、β两种受体，使心肌收缩力增强，心率加快，升高血压，心肌耗氧量增加，松弛支气管平滑肌，解除支气管痉挛。2）适用于：过敏性休克，心脏骤停，荨麻疹，支气管哮喘、粘膜或齿龈的局部止血等。 2.酒石酸去甲肾上腺素（正肾，NA，2mg/1ml） 1）作用：显著地增强心肌收缩力，使心率增快，心输出量增多；使除冠状动脉以外的小动脉强烈收缩，引起外周阻力明显增大而使血管收缩，升高血压。2）适用于：急性心肌梗塞，体外循环、嗜铬细胞瘤切除等引起的低血压。 3.硫酸异丙肾上腺素（喘息定，SOprenaline,1mg/2ml） 1）作用：兴奋心脏，改善心脏传导，增加回心血量，升高血压，使脉压增大，扩张内脏血管，扩张支气管平滑肌。2）适用于：缓慢性心律失常、支气管哮喘、中毒性休克及心脏房室传导阻滞。 4.尼可刹米（可拉明，Nikethamide，0.375g/1.5ml） 1）作用：兴奋延髓呼吸中枢，使呼吸加深加快。2）适用于：中枢性呼吸衰竭，继发性呼吸抑制及循环衰竭。 5.山梗菜碱（洛贝林，Lobeline，3mg/1ml） 1）作用：刺激颈动脉窦和主动脉体化学感受器，反射地兴奋呼吸中枢，使呼吸加深加快。2）适用于：新生儿窒息、CO引起的窒息以及肺炎等引起的呼衰。 6.去乙酰毛花甙（西地兰，Deslanoside,0.4mg/2ml） 1）作用：增强心肌收缩力，减慢心率与传导，正性肌力，利尿。2）适用于：急性充血性心力衰竭，心房颤动、扑动，阵发性室上性心动过速。 7.多巴胺（Dopamine,20mg/2ml） 1) 作用：增加心排血量，加快心率，收缩外周血管，扩张内脏血管。2）适用于：各种休克的治疗，对伴有肾功能不全、心排血量降低，周围血管阻力增高而已补充血容量的更有意义。 8.阿托品（Atropine,1mg/1ml） 1)作用：解除平滑肌痉挛，抑制腺体分泌，散大瞳孔，升高眼压；解除血管痉挛，改善微循环而起到抗休克的作用，并能兴奋呼吸中枢。2）适用于：内脏绞痛、早搏、感染性休克、急性微循环障碍、严重心动过缓，有机磷农药中毒、麻醉时抑制腺体分泌、阿—斯综合征。 9.间羟胺（阿拉明，Metaraminol,10mg/1ml） 1)作用：兴奋α受体，缓慢持久地收缩血管和中度增强心肌收缩力。2）适用于：各种休克及手术时低血压、心梗性休克。 10.硝酸甘油（Nitroglycerine,5mg/1ml） 1）作用：扩张静脉和小动脉，减少回心血量，降低心脏前后负荷，减少心肌耗氧，改善冠状动脉供血；松弛血管平滑肌，扩张动静脉血管，缓解心绞痛，降低血压。2）适用于：治疗肺水肿，指端静脉痉挛及预防心绞痛。 11.普罗帕酮（心律平，Propafenone,35mg/10ml） 1)作用：抗心律失常，松弛冠状动脉及支气管平滑肌局麻作用；增加冠脉血流及轻中度抑制心肌收缩力作用。2）适用于：室早、阵发性室速及预激综合征。 12.呋塞米（速尿，Furosemide,20mg/2ml） 1)作用：抑制髓袢升支的髓质部对钠、氯的重吸收，促进钠、氯、钾的排泄和影响肾髓
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