综合教程第二册第九单元答案unit9whatishappiness

Unit 9 What Is Happiness

Text comprehension

I. A

II. 1. T;2. F;3. F;4. T;5. F.

III.

1. He means that one is given the right to pursue happiness, but does not know what it is.

2. Because he believes that commercial advertising not only fails to satisfy our desires, but more importantly it creates them, and it creates them faster than any man’s budget can satisfy them. Such insatiability makes people unhappy.

3. Because he thinks that the products and pursuits advertised on the front pages of women’s magaz ines are dreamlike and can’t be fulfilled.

4. He set two extremes according to Thoreau, the low level and the high level. The former refers to possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood, while the latter refers to activ e discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature. To find balance is to save time and effort on the low levels and spend on the high.

5. The inherent right is not happiness itself, but lies in the pursuit of happiness, in the pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, . in the idea of becoming.

IV.

1. Jonathan Swift seemed to share this view when he criticized this idea of happiness as the state of being completely controlled by deception.

2. The active exercise or train ing to improve one’s understanding of what is of lasting value would have been Thoreau’s idea of the high levels, . spiritual happiness.

Structural analysis of the text

Part 1 (par. 1, 2):The author points out that when we are not sure what happiness is, we tend to be misled by the idea that we can buy our way to it.

Part 2 (par. 3, 4, 5, 6):The author offers a number of examples to show how this misconception of happiness gives rise to the “happiness-market” in a highly commercialized society (the United States).

Part 3 (par. 7, 8, 9): The author suggests striking a balance between what Thoreau called the low levels and the high levels.

Part 4 (par. 10): The author gives his understanding of happiness, in the light of the Founding Fathers’ belief that it is “in the idea of becoming”.

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Vocabulary

I.Phrase

1. un-American: not typical of the attitudes, ways of life, etc., that are approved of or considered normal in the US

2. commercialism: the activities or attitudes of people who think that making a profit is more important than anything else; emphasis on the maximizing of profit商业主义

3. for that matter: it is also true that … (The phrase “for that matter” is used to emphasize that sth., though mentioned second, is also true, important, or relevant as what has been mentioned earlier.)就此而论，在这方面,同样

4. face: aspect

5. in nature: essentially

II.

1. perpetual;

2. functions;

3. inherent;

4. cited;

5. approaching;

6. flawless;

7. vaguely;

8. disciplining.

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III.Word derivation

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.

1. A deer suddenly ran across the road, with a hunting dog in hotpursuit(pursue).

2. I’m sure many businessmen use some kind of deception(deceive) at times, to achieve their objectives.

3. The project has been a success, thanks to thededication(dedicate) of all of our staff.

4. His firstcommercial(commercialism) venture was opening a small corner shop.

5. The concert ended with the singers and audience singingpatriotic(patriotism) songs.

6. It was so convincing that I had to remind myself that they werefictional(fiction) characters, not real people.

7. Not many people are able to indicate theirdisapproval(disapprove) without causing offence.

8. The homeless andstarving(starvation) refugees of the war were flocking to the cities.

1.pursue v.追捕，追求；继续从事

pursuer n.追赶者，追求者

pursuit n.追求，追赶

.我知道她的追求者很多。

I know she has many pursuers.

我们为追求幸福生活而努力工作。

We work hard in pursuit of a happy life.

2.deceive v.欺骗

deception n.骗局，诡计，欺诈

deceptive a.迷惑的，虚伪的，诈欺的

deceptiveness n.迷惑

.他骗我买了一个假冒产品。

He deceived me into paying for the fake product.

他靠欺骗拿钱。

He gets the money by deception.

3.dedicate v.献出；致力于

dedicated a.专注的；献身的

dedication n.奉献

.她毕生致力于教授英语。

She dedicated her life to teaching English.

我们尊敬他是因为他以无私奉献的精神廉正地为民众服务。

We respect him because he serves the public with dedication and integrity.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4a5783938.html,mercial a.商业的

commercialize v.使商业化

commercialism n.商业主义，营利主义

.商业电视是有效的广告宣传工具。

Commercial television is an effective medium for advertising.

教育近几年更加商业化了。

Education has become much more commercialized in recent years.

5.patriotism n.爱国主义，爱国心

patriot n.爱国者

patriotic a.爱国的

.我们都被他的爱国精神深深感动了。

We are all deeply moved by his patriotism.

她热爱她的祖国。

She is a patriot to her country.

6.fiction n.虚构，杜撰；小说

fictional a.虚构的；小说的

.我喜欢读科幻小说。

I enjoy reading science fiction.

7.disapprove v.不赞成

disapproval n.不赞成

disapprovingly ad.不以为然地，不赞成地

.我母亲不同意我们俩人的婚事。

My mother disapproved of our marriage.

他对你的建议很不以为然。

He showed disapproval of your proposal.

8.starve v.挨饿，受饿，饿死

starvation n.饿死，饥饿

starving a.饥饿的

.那个可怜的老妇人被饿死了。

The poor old lady died of starvation.

我的钱不够用。

I’m starved for money.

IV.

1.C;

2. B;

3. D;

4. B;

5. D;

6. A;

7. C;

8. D.

2.

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V. Synonym / Antonym

Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.

1. And at the same time the forces of American commercialism arehugelydedicated to making usdeliberatelyunhappy.

Hugely--Synonym: enormously, tremendously;

Deliberately--Antonym: unintentionally, accidentally

2. These, theflawlessteeth.

Synonym: perfect, spotless

3. This, the perfumed breath she mustexhale.

Antonym:inhale

4. Happiness is never more thanpartial.

Antonym: impartial, unbiased

5. Thoreau—a creature of both Eastern and Western thought—had his own firm sense of thatbalance.

Antonym: imbalance

Synonym: have, own

7.He sitsimmobile, rapt in contemplation, free from his own body.

Synonym: fixed, stationary, quiet

VI.Prefix / Suffix

Write in each space one word that has the same stem as underlined in each given word.

1. containobtain

2. concedeprecede

3. compelrepel

4. suspenddepend

5. includeconclude

6. insistconsist

7. descendascend

8. evolverevolve

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Grammar Exercises

1.Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns refer to the person who is doing the action or to whom the action affects. In that way we distinguish two types of personal pronouns: Personal “Subject Pronouns” and Personal “Object Pronouns”.

Personal Pronouns

number, gender, and case.

I. Complete the sentences below with suitable pronouns.

1. yourself;

2. __You / We__ can’t always get what __you / we__ want.

3. you / one / we

4. it

5. We all ought to be more tolerant towards __one another____ .

6. They / We

7. myself

8. yourself

9. Someone’s at the door. Who can ___it___ be at this time

10. I; We; They; us; They; it; we

2. Impersonal it vs. there

In many English sentences, you will find the word “it” or the word “there” in the subject position. These are usually “impersonal” sentences—sentences where there is no natural subject. Impersonal “it”

Impersonal “there”

Impersonal “there” is used to say that something exists in a particular place:

. There is a book on the table.(singular)

There are three men in the car. (plural)

II.

There; there; there; There; There; It; there; There; It; there; There

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III. Replace the underlined parts in the following sentences with non-finite clauses or verbless clauses.

1. While flattered, …

2. I was wonderingwhether I should go upstairs or followMr. Maxim to the library.

… whether to go upstairs or to follow …

3. Whenever possible, …

4. It is an illness that can result in total blindnessif it is left untreated.

… if left untreated.

5. … if ready.

6. Though no swimmer, …

7.Once you are over the pass,you will see the town below you.

Once over the pass, …

8. Whether by accident or by design, …

IV.

1. Once;

2. Though;

3. If;

4. when;

5. whether;

6. Unless;

7. Before;

8. After.

V.

1. c;

2. b;

3. b;

4. c;

5. a;

6. d;

7. d;

8. d.

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Translation

I.

1. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create激起欲望them —and to create them faster than any man’s budget预算资金can satisfy them.

广告是一项主要产业，它的存在与其说是为了满足人们的欲望；不如说是为了激发他们的欲望——而且是以超出任何人的收入所能承受的速度激发这些欲望。

2. They werecalling uponAmericans, as an act approaching patriotism实践爱国主义,to buyat once, with money they did not have,automobiles汽车they did not really need, and which they would be required togrow tired of变得厌倦by the time the next year’s models were released发布、面世.

他们号召美国公众采取爱国行动，立即用他们并没有的钱去购买他们并不需要的汽车，而且要求他们在第二年的新款汽车问世之前就对它们厌倦。

3.Thoreau certainly disapprovedof不赞成starvation, but he would put into feeding himself onlyas much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.

梭罗无疑不赞同挨饿，但他花在食物上的精力只是为了让自己得以从事更重要的活动。

4.What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is

the cardinal fact 最重要的事实thathappiness is存在于in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engagingand life-revealing揭示人生的,which is to say, in the idea of becoming.

倘若他们能预见到“幸福市场”的话，他们或许会强调这个至为重要的事实，即幸福存在于追求它的过程中，存在于追求值得用生命去追寻、揭示生命真谛的富有意义的过程中，换言之，幸福是一种过程。

II

1. 1935年10月，中国红军历尽苦难和牺牲，最后终于到达了陕北。（endure, make/ fight one’s way to）

Translation:

In October, 1935, the Chinese Red Army, having endured all hardships and sacrifices, finally made / fought their way to the north of Shaanxi province.

2.在经济危机中，政府发表了一个声明，号召人们尽可能购买当地的产品。（release, call

upon）

Translation:

In the economic crisis, the government released a statement, calling upon the people to buy the local products as far / many as possible.

3.世界各国政治家们正在尽一切努力利用原子能，恢复人类安全的自然环境。（harness,

restore）

Translation:

The politicians / statesmen in various countries are trying to harness nuclear energy and restore the safe environment for the human race.

4．他没有听见门铃声，因为他正在聚精会神地工作。(rapt)

He didn’t hear the doorbell because he was rapt in his work.

5.这个国家经常发生暴乱，一方面是因为广泛的赤贫现象，另一方面则因为人民对腐败政

府固有的不信任。(inherent)

This country suffers from frequent riots because of widespread extreme poverty, as well as people’s inherent dist rust of the corrupt government.

6.这位经济学家在作关于当前经济形势的报告时，在PPT上用许多具体的数字来强调这场

危机的严重性。(underline)

In his lecture on the current economic situation, the economist used a lot of figures on the PPT to underline the seriousness of the crisis.

7.他笑着回答说，“不用谢。我做这件事不光是为了你，也是为了我自己。”（as much as）Translation:

He answered with a smile, “Not at all. I did this as much for you as for myself.”

8.评价一个人，并不看他说了什么，而看他为自己的国家和人民做了些什么。(measure)

A man is measured not by what he says, but by what he does for his country and people.

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I.Dictation

Wealth achieved through dishonest means / does not bring happiness. / Lottery winnings do not bring happiness. / Wealth left by parents / does not bring happiness. / In fact, / money alone is almost worthless. / If you have both self-esteem and money, / you may be well on the way to happiness. / However, what is still missing in both self-esteem and money / is productive work and a real contribution / towards the happiness of others. / The secret to happiness / lies in the contribution towards the happiness of others. / You can

fool others / but you can never fool yourself. / If you obtain wealth through luck / or dishonest means, / you will know / you did not earn it. / If you have taken advantage of / or hurt others to earn your wealth, / you will not be happy. / You will not like yourself. / You will not feel you are capable.

II.

Long-term happiness (1) is based on honest, productive work, contribution, and

self-esteem. Happiness is not (2) an end; it is a process. It is a continuous process of honest,productive work which (3) makes a real contribution to others and makes you feel like a worthwhile person. (4) As Dr. Wayne wrote, “There is no way to happiness. Happiness(5) is the way.” There is no use saying “Some day when I (6) achieve these goals, when I get this car, build this house and have this business ... then I will be really happy.” Life just does not work (7) that way. If you wait for certain things (8) to happen and depend on external circumstances of life to make (9) you happy, you will always feel unfulfilled. There will always be (10) something missing.

Oral activities

Giving a talk

Being an abstract notion, “happiness” defies easy definition. Most ordinary people, though failing to define happiness in clear terms, will not deny that they have experienced the feeling of happiness in their lives. Every one of us can recall some happy moments or events in our lives. Can you describe to your classmates at least one of such moments or events and proceed to present what happiness means to you Hopefully, you will arrive at a definition of happiness of your own.

For reference:

1.You may use the following words or expressions in your talk:

love, pleasant, dream, goal, wealth, enjoy, family reunion, excitement, possession,

blessing, beauty, sweet, satisfaction, relaxation, success, meaningful pursuit, precious, touching, obtain, good mood, satisfy desire

2.You may want to give the definition of happiness as follows:

— Happiness means one can enjoy every day with good health.

— Happiness means you have someone to love and you are loved by someone.

— Happiness lies in the joy of achievement.

Having a discussion

In this essay two kinds of happiness are discussed, . materialistic and spiritual, such as the kind represented typically by the advertisements and by the holy man of India respectively. Now divide yourselves into two groups, each in favor of one of these two concepts of happiness, and argue for the stand you take.

Viewpoints for reference:

— In my opinion, some people focus more on the pursuit of material needs than that of spiritual needs. They think materialistic things are visible and tangible and can be

seized, which will give them a sense of security. They also tend to regard the

possession of wealth or material comforts as happiness. The more wealth they possess, the happier they feel. They have many or even endless desires to satisfy and are fond of comparing their own fortune with others’. By comparison, people with greater

wealth obtain a sense of so-called happiness.

— In my opinion, some people focus more on the pursuit of spiritual needs than that of material needs. They believe spiritual needs such as meaning, goal, love, trust, hope

and forgiveness can never be bought by any kind of wealth. To pursue such needs is to search for one’s inner life and to ask “Who am I” and “What can I be” When one can answer these questions, one can feel an elusive inner peace and great satisfaction, in other words, great happiness. The more they search for the inner self, the more

happiness they will attain.

Writing Practice

Paragraph development — Argumentation

Discussion: Informing the reader of possible objections to our opinion about a debatable issue and then arguing against them is a strategy we often employ to develop a paragraph. To write such a paragraph, we eitherstate our position in the topic sentence and then immediately present a major argument against us, or directlyintroduce the rival argumentin the very first sentence. Then we may needto identify the cause of the argumentbefore we start our attack. Attack fiercely, but also carefully and kindly.Fiercely, because our position must be clear and our criticism must be powerful.Carefully, because we need to pay serious attention to the opposing argument, study it hard and reason logically before we can find the real problems with it. In this way, we argue effectively. We also must arguekindlyby acknowledging the sensible, reasonable, or even admirable part of the opposing position. In addition,do not use the first person toooften in an argumentative piece. We can use the first person occasionally and employ expressions such as I personally (strongly) believe, in my opinion, I see the issue in this light,etc. However, if we want to make our argument sound really formal and powerful, avoid using the first person, for it would weaken the force of the argument.

Exercises: Write two paragraphs based on the following topic sentences. First anticipate an objection to your viewpoint and then argue against the objection.

1. As an 18-year-old, I strongly believe in expressing my own individuality rather than trying to be “just like everybody else” (OR: believe in conforming to the customs and practices of our society rather than expressing my individuality).

Ideas for reference:

Everybody is born unique.

If we just grow to think like others and act like others, we will all become unsuspecting conformists.

A person who wants to be “different” will learn more effectively and efficiently and finally makes a big difference.

Sample:

As an 18-year-old, I strongly believe in expressing my own individuality rather than trying to be “just like everybody else.” Everybody is born unique, so am I. The idea encouraged by our parents that follow the “rules” of society and truly conform to the custo ms and practices of society will help us learn and grow up soundly isn’t completely true. Just as a wise man once put it, “the surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently.” If we just grow to think like others and hence always act like others, we will all become unsuspecting conformists. No culture would really be healthy and robust if it were made up of conformists and conformists only. What’s more, by thinking and acting differently from the majority, we will learn even more quickly and become mature even sooner. A youth who tries to be “just like everybody else” is like a student who just copies the teacher by rote. And only those who always challenge and question their teachers and textbooks have the potential to excel. A person who wants to be “different” will learn more effectively and efficiently and finally makes a big difference. Therefore, my fellow pals, be our own man or woman please. We will be proud of ourselves by our own personality one day.

2. It is quite a popular belief that the current method of selecting students for higher education should be eliminated, but I believe in the contrary.

Ideas for reference:

The real cause of the fierce competition isn’t th e method of selecting students for higher education.

There is limited availability of places in the institutions of higher learning.

Chinese culture overemphasizes the importance of formal schooling for personal development. Sample:

It is quite a popular belief that the current method of selecting students for higher education should be eliminated, but I believe in the contrary. The major argument for the elimination theory is that the college entrance examinations make the competition for college entrance too fierce to be good for the mental as well as physical growth of teenagers, but such an objection actually falls wide of the mark. The real cause of the fierce competition isn’t the method of selecting students for higher education but the limited availability of places in the institutions of higher learning and the culture which overemphasizes the importance of formal schooling for personal development. Firstly, compared with developed countries, China’s higher education is still underdeveloped. Too many students want to go to college, but there are not enough universities available, thus causing fierce competition among students. Secondly, Chinese culture values too much on the importance of formal schooling for personal development. A student who fails to get admitted to a “good” university is often regarded as a failure. From this perspective, we can say that the real problem is not with the current student enrolment method which relies heavily on the matriculation examinations and it isn’t workable to eliminate the

exams. Even if we eliminated them, the competition between students would not become any less fierce. Besides, other new problems would arise.

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Listening

B.Listen again and complete the following statements. The verbs you are going to fill in

Script

How to Grow Happiness

Step One

Plant yourself deep in a bed of faith, and pack it down solid and tight. Drench daily with positive thinking, and keep saturated just right. Mulch often with forgiveness, for this will help you grow. Quickly remove any seeds of worry, for they will soon germinate, and keep out the weeds of despair. Nourish disappointments with hope whenever it is needed, and always stay cool and shaded when you feel irritated or heated. Trim away guilt or depression, for they create decay, and cultivate with happy memories as often as every day.

Step Two

Harvest the lessons of the past; just dig, pick, and hoe. And nurture the roots of the present, for now is when you flourish and grow. Start planting for the future; set your goals in a row. Spade the bed well for all your dreams to grow.

Step Three

Remember that grief is a natural predator, so learn to tolerate some damage. Protect your garden with gratitude, for this will help you manage. Bury the criticism and complaining, for they are injurious pests. Sow the seeds of love wherever you may go — for joy, love and laughter are surely bound to grow. Although the thorns of life may be here to stay, just sprout a smile along the way ... and be thankful for what you have today!

In life, there are enough times when we are disappointed, depressed and annoyed. We don’t really have to go looking for them. We have a wonderful world that is full of beauty,

light and promise. Why waste time in this world looking for the bad, disappointing or annoying when we can look around us and see the wondrous things before us

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